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1.
Louis W. Chang 《Biological trace element research》1987,13(1):77-88
The extent of trimethyltin (TMT) induced lesions in the rat hippocampal formation was reviewed. Adult rats were treated with
a single dose of 6.0 mg TMT/kg body wt and were sacrificed between 3–60 d following exposure. In the hippocampal formation,
the granule cells of fascia dentata showed early changes, which subsided considerably at a later time of the intoxication.
On the other hand, destruction of the pyramidal neurons in the Ammon’s horn became more pronounced with time, resulting in
an extensive destruction of this structure. It is interesting to note that the CA3 neurons in the septal portion of the Ammon’s horn were more vulnerable than those located more temporally, whereas the reverse
pattern was observed for the dentate granule cells as well as for the CA1,2 neurons of the Ammon’s horn. Special stain for zinc (Timm’s method) also revealed a progressive depletion of zinc in the
mossy fibers. When neonatal rats were treated at various times with a single injection of TMT, rapid and progressive destruction
of the Ammon’s horn was observed in animals injected between postnatal day (PND) 5–15. The progression of neuronal involvement
was CA3b
→CA3a, b
→CA3(a,b,c)→CA3+CA2→entire Ammon’s horn (CA1,2,3). This pattern of pathological lesion was in good concert with morphological development and functional maturity of the hippocampal
formation. Destruction of the Ammon’s horn neurons was proposed to be the result of hyperexcitation of the dentate granule
neurons under the influence of TMT. Other possible mechanisms are also discussed.
Author to whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. 相似文献
2.
So K Ganguly K Jimenez J Gastpar MC Carmena JM 《Journal of computational neuroscience》2012,32(3):555-561
Redundant encoding of information facilitates reliable distributed information processing. To explore this hypothesis in the
motor system, we applied concepts from information theory to quantify the redundancy of movement-related information encoded
in the macaque primary motor cortex (M1) during natural and neuroprosthetic control. Two macaque monkeys were trained to perform
a delay center-out reaching task controlling a computer cursor under natural arm movement (manual control, ‘MC’), and using
a brain-machine interface (BMI) via volitional control of neural ensemble activity (brain control, ‘BC’). During MC, we found
neurons in contralateral M1 to contain higher and more redundant information about target direction than ipsilateral M1 neurons,
consistent with the laterality of movement control. During BC, we found that the M1 neurons directly incorporated into the
BMI (‘direct’ neurons) contained the highest and most redundant target information compared to neurons that were not incorporated
into the BMI (‘indirect’ neurons). This effect was even more significant when comparing to M1 neurons of the opposite hemisphere.
Interestingly, when we retrained the BMI to use ipsilateral M1 activity, we found that these neurons were more redundant and
contained higher information than contralateral M1 neurons, even though ensembles from this hemisphere were previously less
redundant during natural arm movement. These results indicate that ensembles most associated to movement contain highest redundancy
and information encoding, which suggests a role for redundancy in proficient natural and prosthetic motor control. 相似文献
3.
Nicholas De Genova 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(2):283-286
Workplace training offers a distinctly explicit and uniquely articulate site for the ethnography of the capital–labor relation
as an ideological phenomenon, where the everyday work of hegemony is shown to be deeply grounded in the everyday hegemony of work. In this
ethnographic account of a factory classroom devoted to introducing production workers to the precepts of Total Quality Management
and training them in Statistical Process Control, the neoliberal reform of the labor process—which sought to accomplish a
class decomposition of the company’s workforce in favor of an individualizing regime of workers’ personal responsibility and
accountability for various quality control operations—repeatedly provoked the company’s Latino workers into angry and vociferous
expressions of antagonism to management. Indeed, insofar as the management’s efforts to reform labor by decomposing the workforce
as a class formation merely intensified the prevailing preconditions of their racial formation, they thereby only exacerbated anew the Latino workers’ antagonism as workers to the terms of their subordination. Thus, the generic (ostensibly race-neutral) reform of the labor process initiated under the aegis of “Total Quality Management” implicated the presumed management of “quality” in a concomitant
reconfiguration of what was, effectively, a contemporary regime of racial management. 相似文献
4.
Trevor Pearce 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(3):493-528
In 1749, Linnaeus presided over the dissertation “Oeconomia Naturae,” which argued that each creature plays an important and particular role in nature’s economy. This phrase should be familiar
to readers of Darwin, for he claims in the Origin that “all organic beings are striving, it may be said, to seize on each place in the economy of nature.” Many scholars have
discussed the influence of political economy on Darwin’s ideas. In this paper, I take a different tack, showing that Darwin’s
idea of an economy of nature stemmed from the views of earlier naturalists like Linnaeus and Lyell. I argue, in the first
section of the paper, that Linnaeus’ idea of oeconomia naturae is derived from the idea of the animal economy, and that his idea of politia naturae is an extension of the idea of a politia civitatis. In the second part, I explore the use of the concept of stations in the work of De Candolle and Lyell – the precursor to Darwin’s concept of places. I show in the third part of the paper that the idea of places in an economy of nature is employed by Darwin at many key
points in his thinking: his discussion of the Galapagos birds, his reading of Malthus, etc. Finally, in the last section,
I demonstrate that the idea of a place in nature’s economy is essential to Darwin’s account of divergence. To tell his famous
story of divergence and adaptation, Darwin needed the economy of nature. 相似文献
5.
Obi Nwakanma 《Dialectical Anthropology》2007,31(1-3):65-72
Ezenwa-Ohaeto’s life encapsulates what the critic and novelist Isidore Okpewho has described as the “dignity of intellectual
labour.” This becomes clear as we take into consideration, the range of his production as a poet, scholar, and occasional
journalist. Ezenwa-Ohaeto’s work grapples with a vast range of areas of specifically Nigerian literature and culture in the
20th century, but in general with the literature of the postcolonial world as they have come to express distinct, recognizable
moral and aesthetic values. His untimely death in 2005 therefore, has implication for the study of this literature, particularly
because it marks the closure of the questic imagination of a poet/scholar whose interventions were critical in the formation
of the critical values of contemporary African writing. This paper examines Ezenwa-Ohaeto’s contributions in the light of
this, and puts in some perspective, aspects of his life and work, and its implications in the formal canon that he helped
to shape and stabilize. 相似文献
6.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(2):326-333
I review George Levine’s provocative and highly original book Darwin Loves You. Levine, whose “home discipline” is English Literature, offers a compelling interpretation of Darwin’s works, evaluating
their content and Darwin’s prose style to identify a distinctly Darwinian attitude toward nature as a source of meaning and
value. Levine believes that Darwin exemplifies the capacity to feel “enchantment” about the natural world, suggesting that,
if Darwin’s example were followed, a “Darwinian re-enchantment of the world” would be brought about. This would offer a secular,
non-supernatural basis for purpose, meaning, and value. I conclude with a few critical remarks about the scope and cogency
of Levine’s proposal. 相似文献
7.
D. A. Brown 《Neurophysiology》2007,39(4-5):243-247
Vladimir Skok and his colleagues did much of the pioneering work on fast excitatory synaptic transmission in sympathetic ganglia
and on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that mediate fast transmission. I and my colleagues (including Alex Selyanko, one
of Vladimir’s protégés) have studied the additional process of slow synaptic excitation that is mediated by the action of
acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors. This results primarily from the closure of “M-channels,” a subset of voltage-gated
potassium channels composed of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 channel subunits. These channels require membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
(PIP2) for their opening, and their closure by muscarinic receptor activation is now thought to result from the reduction in PIP2 levels that follows receptor-induced PIP2 hydrolysis. The dynamics of these two forms of synaptic excitation are compared.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, Nos. 4/5, pp. 284–289, July–October, 2007. 相似文献
8.
Tobias Siebert Tom Weihmann Christian Rode Reinhard Blickhan 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2010,180(2):199-209
Hunting spiders are well adapted to fast locomotion. Space saving hydraulic leg extension enables leg segments, which consist
almost soley of flexor muscles. As a result, the muscle cross sectional area is high despite slender legs. Considering these
morphological features in context with the spider’s segmented C-shaped legs, these specifics might influence the spider’s
muscle properties. Moreover, these properties have to be known for modeling of spider locomotion. Cupiennius salei (n = 5) were fixed in a metal frame allowing exclusive flexion of the tibia–metatarsus joint of the second leg (counted from
anterior). Its flexing muscles were stimulated supramaximally using needle electrodes. Accounting for the joint geometry,
the force–length and the force–velocity relationships were determined. The spider muscles produce 0.07 N cm maximum isometric
moment (corresponding to 25 N/cm2 maximum stress) at 160° tibia–metatarsus joint angle. When overextended to the dorsal limit at approximately 200°, the maximum
isometric moments decrease to 72%, and, when flexed to the ventral hinge stop at 85°, they drop to 11%. The force–velocity
relation shows the typical hyperbolic shape. The mean maximum shortening velocity is 5.7 optimum muscle lengths per second
and the mean curvature (a/F
iso) of the Hill-function is 0.34. The spider muscle’s properties which were determined are similar to those of other species
acting as motors during locomotion (working range, curvature of Hill hyperbola, peak power at the preferred speeds), but they
are relatively slow. In conjunction with the low mechanical advantage (muscle lever/load arm), the arrangement of three considerably
actuated joints in series may nonetheless enable high locomotion velocities. 相似文献
9.
Yan Xu Haihui Ye Jun Ma Huiyang Huang Guizhong Wang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2010,46(8):708-717
Crustacean neurons, obtained from the cerebral ganglion of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, were successfully cultured in vitro. They maintained typical morphological characteristics and showed better outgrowth in
modified Medium 199 (M199) medium than that in Liebowitz’s L-15 medium. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), muscle extracts, and hemolymph
of the mud crab S. paramamosain were added as supplements. Only 20% FBS could promote neuron outgrowth, while muscle extracts and hemolymph of S. paramamosain did not improve neuron outgrowth. For cell dissociation, both collagenase type I and trypsin worked well as determined by
initial cell viability and following cell outgrowth potential. More than six kinds of cells with different morphological characteristics
were identified in the neuron outgrowth. They were “small cells”, “veilers”, “branchers”, “multipolar cells”, “super-large
cell”, and “bipolar cells”. Among all of the cells, bipolar cells were identified for the first time in crustacean neurons
culture and they could live longer than other cells. The neurons could grow for more than a week before retraction and eventual
degradation. 相似文献
10.
Gouin N Wright AM Miska KB Parra ZE Samollow PB Baker ML Miller RD 《Immunogenetics》2006,58(5-6):396-406
Modo-UG is a class I gene located in the MHC of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica, the gray, short-tailed opossum. Modo-UG is expressed as three alternatively spliced mRNA forms, all of which encode a transmembrane form with a short cytoplasmic tail that lacks phosphorylation sites typically found in classical class I molecules. The three alternative mRNAs would encode a full-length form, an isoform lacking the α2 domain, and one lacking both α2 and α3 domains. Genotyping both captive-bred and wild M. domestica from different geographic regions revealed no variation in the residues that make up Modo-UG’s peptide-binding groove. Modo-UG’s low polymorphism is contrasting to that of a nearby class I locus, Modo-UA1, which has a highly polymorphic peptide-binding region. Absence of functional polymorphism in Modo-UG is therefore not a general feature of opossum class I genes but the result of negative selection. Modo-UG is the first MHC linked marsupial class I to be described that appears to clearly have nonclassical features.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 相似文献
11.
12.
The neuroprotective effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) against hypoxia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and of humanin (HN) against
toxicity by familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related mutant SOD led us to hypothesize that HN might have a role
to increase the activity of SOD, which might be involved in the protective effects of HN on neuron against Alzheimer’s disease-unrelated
neurotoxicities. In the present study, we found that 4 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion induced a significant increase in lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH) release, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the number of karyopyknotic nuclei (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
dihydrochloride nuclear dyeing) and a decrease in the number of Calcein-AM-positive living cells and cell viability. Pretreatment
of the cells with HN led to a significant decrease in LDH release, MDA formation and the number of karyopyknotic nuclei, and
an increase in the number of Calcein-AM-positive living cells and cell viability in neurons treated with I/R. We also found
a significant decrease in SOD activity in neurons treated with I/R only, while pre-treatment with HN before I/R induced a
significant increase in the activity of SOD as compared with the I/R group. Our findings implied that HN protects cortical
neurons from I/R injury by the increased SOD activity and that the protective effect of HN on neurons against I/R is concentration-dependent. 相似文献
13.
The representation of the shape of a biconcave erythrocyte by a set of three parametric equations was achieved by using the
expressions that transform the curvilinear coordinates from the disc-cyclide coordinate system [denoted J2R; Moon and Spencer
(1988), Field Theory Handbook, Springer-Verlag, Berlin] to Cartesian coordinates. The equations are products of elliptic functions, so the challenge was
to relate the three major ’shape-defining’ measurements of the human erythrocyte in Cartesian coordinates to three parameters
in the new curvilinear coordinates, to give a realistic representation of the shape of the membrane-surface. The relationships
between the coefficients of the Cartesian degree-4 surface that describes the discocyte and the coordinate transformation
equations were derived with the aid of Mathematica; and the membrane-surface of the cell was drawn using the ParametricPlot3D function in this ‘package’. By having the erythrocyte
shape expressed in its new form it is readily amenable to further transformations that might be used to model those changes
in shape that are seen when the cells are immersed in media of various osmolalities, or when they change metabolic ’states’.
On the other hand, the relationship between the coefficients of the Cartesian expression for the disc-cyclide surface is relevant
to image analysis of erythrocytes, as determined by physical methods that rely on Cartesian imaging ’slices’. These methods
include confocal microscopy and various nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging procedures. 相似文献
14.
Olga?Tapia Rocío?Bengoechea Ana?Palanca Rosa?Arteaga J.?Fernando?Val-Bernal Eduardo?F.?Tizzano María?T.?Berciano Miguel?Lafarga
Type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss or mutations of the survival motor
neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The reduction in SMN protein levels in SMA leads to degeneration and death of motor neurons. In this study, we have
analyzed the nuclear reorganization of Cajal bodies, PML bodies and nucleoli in type I SMA motor neurons with homozygous deletion
of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene. Western blot analysis revealed a marked reduction of SMN levels compared to the control sample. Using a neuronal dissociation
procedure to perform a careful immunocytochemical and quantitative analysis of nuclear bodies, we demonstrated a severe decrease
in the mean number of Cajal bodies per neuron and in the proportion of motor neurons containing these structures in type I
SMA. Moreover, most Cajal bodies fail to recruit SMN and spliceosomal snRNPs, but contain the proteasome activator PA28γ,
a molecular marker associated with the cellular stress response. Neuronal stress in SMA motor neurons also increases PML body
number. The existence of chromatolysis and eccentric nuclei in SMA motor neurons correlates with Cajal body disruption and
nucleolar relocalization of coilin, a Cajal body marker. Our results indicate that the Cajal body is a pathophysiological
target in type I SMA motor neurons. They also suggest the Cajal body-dependent dysfunction of snRNP biogenesis and, therefore,
pre-mRNA splicing in these neurons seems to be an essential component for SMA pathogenesis. 相似文献
15.
The strain Penicillium purpurogenum P-26 was subjected to UV irradiation and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment and mutants were isolated capable of synthesizing cellulase under the conditions of a high concentration
of glucose. Initially mutants resistant to catabolite repression by 2-deoxy-D-glucose were isolated on Walseth’s cellulose/agar plates containing 15–45 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These mutants were again screened for resistance to catabolite repression by glycerol or glucose on Walseth’s cellulose/agar
plates containing 50 g/l glycerol or 50 g/l glucose respectively. Four mutants with different sizes of clearing zone on Walseth’s
cellulose/agar plates containing 50 g/l glucose were selected for flask culture. Among them, the mutant NTUV-45-4 showed better
carboxymethylcellulase activity in flask culture containing 1% Avicel plus 3% glucose than did the parental strain.
Received: 9 October 1995/Received revision: 27 November 1995/Accepted: 8 January 1996 相似文献
16.
A. Yu. Meigal 《Human physiology》2011,37(6):755-762
The review discusses the previously postulated natural adaptive motor strategies evolving during the human life span and their
link to sensory conditions, among which gravity and temperature play the predominant role. The initial FM strategy based on the dominance of fast-twitch motor fibers is characteristic of intrauterine immersion in the amniotic fluid
and microgravity in a real space flight (G∼0). According to this paradigm, the process of parturition when the newborn experiences a sensory attack of Earth’s gravity
(1G) and a lower temperature can be considered equivalent to an astronaut’s landing. This postnatal GE strategy is opposite to the FM strategy, because it decreases the motor unit (MU) firing and causes the activity of muscle fibers to slow down. The next
SJ strategy appears in normal aging, which is expressed in further dominance of slow-twitch MU and discreet motor control, thus
stimulating hypergravity (>1G). Cooling evokes similar adaptive reactions. The synergy of sensory inputs acting upon the motor system within the strategies
suggests the possibility of their mutual substitution. For example, a moderate sensory cold attack may serve as a partial
surrogate of gravity (∼0.2G), which could be used as a countermeasure for the unfavorable effects of a long-term space flight. 相似文献
17.
We calculated the wind-induced bending moments and stresses generated in the stems of five Prunus serotina conspecifics differing in height and canopy shape and size (based on detailed measurements of stem projected area and location
with respect to ground level) to test the hypothesis that wind-loads generate uniform and constant stress levels along the
lengths of tree twigs, branches, and trunks. These calculations were performed using five different wind speed profiles to
evaluate the relative importance of the shape of wind speed profiles versus the ’geometry’ of tree shape on stem stress distributions
and magnitudes. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of absolute tree size and stem taper on wind- induced stresses by scaling
the size of smaller conspecifics to the absolute height of the largest of the five trees yet retaining the original stem proportions
(i.e., diameter relative to stem length) for each plant. Finally, we also determined how the factor of safety for wind-loading
(i.e., the quotient of stem yield stress and wind-load stress) changed as a function of tree size (and, presumably, age).
Our results indicate that wind-load stress levels (1) vary along stem length even for the same wind speed profile and the
same maximum wind speed; (2) would increase to dangerous levels with increasing tree height if it were not for ontogenetic
changes in stem taper and canopy shape that reduce stress intensities to manageable levels; (3) tend to be more dependent
on stem taper and canopy shape and size than on the shape of the wind speed profile; and (4) the factor of safety against
wind-induced mechanical failure decreases as trees get larger, but varies along the length of large trees such that preferential
stem failure is likely and functionally adaptive. We thus (1) reject the hypothesis of constant wind-induced stress levels;
(2) support the view that size-dependent changes in stem taper are required to maintain wind-load mechanical reliability;
and (3) suggest that certain portions of mature trees are ’designed’ to fail under high winds speeds, thereby reducing drag
and the bending moments and stresses experienced by trunks.
Received: 24 May 1999 / Accepted: 8 October 1999 相似文献
18.
A comparative study of mmunoreactivity with respect to c-Fos protein in the motor (zones М1 and М2), medial prefrontal (PrL and IL), and cingular (Cg1 and Cg2) cortices allowed us to find significant differences between the intensities of expression of gene c-fos in these cortical regions in control rats (group 1) and animals trained to perform catching of food globules by the forelimb
(i.e., realizing an operant food-procuring reflex, group 2). The density of distribution of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons
in rats of group 2 in motor and limbic cortical zones at +2.2 to +0.2 levels rostrally from the bregma were significantly
lower than in control rats (Р < 0.05). In animals of group 2, we also found significantly greater numbers of Fos-ir neurons in the contralateral (with respect
to the active extremity) zones of the cortex at all examined levels. These changes are probably related to functional changes
in the cortex resulting from learning of motor habits in the course of training sessions for stabilization of the operant
reflex. Histochemical estimation of the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the motor and limbic cortex showed that, in
rats of both groups, the maximum number of labeled interneurons per slice in the М1 zone were observed in layers II/III, V, and VI (5.6 ± 0.4, 6.4 ± 0.5, and 14.0 ± 0.8, respectively, within 200 × 200 μm2 areas). In the limbic cortex, NADPH-d-reactive (NADPH-d-r) interneurons were also met in layers II/III, V, and VI. Cortical
NADPHd-r neurons with the Fos-ir nuclei were not found. The presence of spatial associations of the somata or processes of
NADPH-d-r neurons with intraparenchimal arterioles and microvessels was a typical feature of the distribution of NADPH-d-reactivity
in the М1 and М2 zones, as well as in Cg1, Cg2, PrL, and IL. The following succession of the density of neurovascular associations was observed: Cg1 > Cg2 > М1 > М2 > > PrL. As is supposed, NADPH-d-r neurons (i.e., cells generating NO) are involved in the control of regional blood flow in the
studied cortical regions.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 348–358, July–August, 2008. 相似文献
19.
G.?P.?Sutton J.?B.?Macknin S.?S.?Gartman G.?P.?Sunny R.?D.?Beer P.?E.?Crago D.?M.?Neustadter H.?J.?Chiel
Swallowing and biting responses in the marine mollusk Aplysia are both mediated by a cyclical alternation of protraction and retraction movements of the grasping structure, the radula and underlying odontophore, within the feeding apparatus of the animal, the buccal mass. In vivo observations demonstrate that Aplysia biting is associated with strong protractions and rapid initial retractions, whereas Aplysia swallowing is associated with weaker protractions and slower initial retractions. During biting, the musculature joining the radula/odontophore to the buccal mass (termed the hinge) is stretched more than in swallowing. To test the hypothesis that stretch of the hinge might contribute to rapid retractions observed in biting, we analyzed the hinges passive properties. During biting, the hinge is stretched sufficiently to assist retraction. In contrast, during swallowing, the hinge is not stretched sufficiently for its passive forces to assist retraction, because the odontophores anterior movement is smaller than during biting. A quantitative model demonstrated that steady-state passive forces were sufficient to generate the retraction movements observed during biting. Experimental measures of the relative magnitude of the hinges active and passive forces at the protraction displacements of biting suggest that passive forces are at least a third of the total force.Abbreviations I1/I3 intrinsic buccal muscles 1 and 3 - I2 intrinsic buccal muscle 2 (nomenclature from Howells 1942) 相似文献
20.
Cipriani G Marrazzo MT Marconi R Cimato A Testolin R 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2002,104(2-3):223-228
We have isolated and sequenced 52 microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) from nearly 60 positive clones obtained
from two ’Frantoio’ olive genomic libraries enriched in (AC/GT) and (AG/CT) repeats, respectively. The repeat-containing fragments
obtained from genomic DNA restricted with Tsp509I were separated using a biotinylated probe bound to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads. Fragments were then cloned into
lambda ZAPII vector and sequenced. Thirty of the 36 primer pairs which gave correct re-amplification in the source genome
were used to assay the polymorphism of 12 olive cultivars, namely four well-known cultivars (’Coratina’, ’Frantoio’, ’Leccino’,
’Pendolino’) and eight ancient cultivars grown locally near Lake Garda (’Casaliva’, ’Favarol’, ’Fort’, ’Grignan’, ’Less’,
’Raza’, ’Rossanel’, ’Trep’). The local cultivars were each re- presented by two to four long-lived individuals. The analysis
was carried out using 33P-labelled primers and 6% polyacrylamide sequencing gels. All except two microsatellites showed polymorphism, the number of
alleles varying from 1 to 5. The average genetic diversity (H) was 0.55. The power of discrimination (PD) was 0.60. All cultivars, including the local ones, were easily separated from each other. Variations in the SSR pattern
were observed among individual plants of the same cultivar in four out of the eight local cultivars analysed. Several primer
pairs (17%) amplified more than one locus.
Received: 23 March 2001 / Accepted 17 May 2001 相似文献