Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections After Vaginal Surgery

The technique of care of the bladder and indwelling catheter during the postoperative period was altered to determine whether the incidence of urinary tract infections following vaginal surgery could be reduced. Sixty-nine patients undergoing various types of vaginal reparative surgery were studied. Irrigation of the bladder was carried out with a closed system, four times daily, using chlorhexidine diacetate 1:20,000. Only 12 of the 69 patients showed urinary infection after removal of the catheter, a marked reduction in the usual incidence. It is suggested, therefore, that this technique is helpful in preventing urinary infection after vaginal surgery. It was noted, however, that a further 12 patients who were free of infection at the time of removal of the catheter subsequently developed infection as a result of catherization for residual urine. It is recommended that routine catheterization for residual urine be abandoned.     

阴道消毒治疗护理器的临床应用

目的:探讨妇科手术后病人的阴道护理的新方法、新手段,旨在提高临床疗效。方法:随机选取398例妇科手术后的病人做常规会阴护理,对其中172例使用阴道消毒治疗器做阴道护理。结果:试验组的172例术后病人在尿路感染率、阴道炎、宫颈炎、息肉发生率明显低于常规组。结论:妇科手术后病人在应用新式阴道消毒治疗器后,不但能弥补传统阴道护理方法的不足,还明显扩大了会阴护理的消毒范围,减少妇科手术后阴道、尿道逆行感染的发生率,有效的提高临床疗效。新式阴道消毒护理器应是目前临床应用中的较理想的护理方法和手段。     

系统保留盆腔自主神经的广泛子宫切除术治疗宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌的临床效果分析

目的:探讨系统保留盆腔自主神经广泛子宫切除术治疗宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌的临床效果及安全性。方法:收集2013年6月至2014年6月我院收治的宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者82例,将其随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各41例。观察组行系统保留盆腔自主神经的广泛子宫切除术,对照组行传统根治性子宫切除术,比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后拔除尿管时间、残余尿量、术后排气以及排便时间以及术中及术后并发症的发生情况。结果:两组的手术时间及术中出血量比较无明显差异(P0.05),但观察组的术后拔管时间、尿残余量、排气及排便时间均较对照组显著缩短或降低(P0.05)。两组的手术并发症主要包括便秘、血便、腹泻、尿路感染、尿失禁、尿频尿急,观察组并发症的总发生率较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。结论:广泛子宫切除术中系统保留盆腔自主神经有利于保护宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌患者的膀胱和直肠功能,降低手术相关并发症,提高患者的术后康复质量与生活质量。     

Methods of hysterectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objective To evaluate the most appropriate surgical method of hysterectomy (abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic) for women with benign disease.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, and Biological Abstracts.Selection of studies Only randomised controlled trials were selected; participants had to have benign gynaecological disease; interventions had to comprise at least one hysterectomy method compared with another; and trials had to report primary outcomes (time taken to return to normal activities, intraoperative visceral injury, and major long term complications) or secondary outcomes (operating time, other immediate complications of surgery, short term complications, and duration of hospital stay).Results 27 trials (total of 3643 participants) were included. Return to normal activities was quicker after vaginal than after abdominal hysterectomy (weighted mean difference 9.5 (95% confidence interval 6.4 to 12.6) days) and after laparoscopic than after abdominal hysterectomy (difference 13.6 (11.8 to 15.4) days), but was not significantly different for laparoscopic versus vaginal hysterectomy (difference -1.1 (-4.2 to 2.1) days). There were more urinary tract injuries with laparoscopic than with abdominal hysterectomy (odds ratio 2.61 (95% confidence interval 1.22 to 5.60)), but no other intraoperative visceral injuries showed a significant difference between surgical approaches. Data were notably absent for many important long term patient outcome measures, where the analyses were underpowered to detect important differences, or they were simply not reported in trials.Conclusions Significantly speedier return to normal activities and other improved secondary outcomes (shorter duration of hospital stay and fewer unspecified infections or febrile episodes) suggest that vaginal hysterectomy is preferable to abdominal hysterectomy where possible. Where vaginal hysterectomy is not possible, laparoscopic hysterectomy is preferable to abdominal hysterectomy, although it brings a higher chance of bladder or ureter injury.     

中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的临床效果评价

目的:评价中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的临床效果和安全性。方法:选择2013年12月至2016年9月我院收治的60例宫颈癌术后出现尿潴留症状的患者,按其意愿将其分为对照组(30例)与研究组(30例),对照组接受水流声诱导、盆底肌锻炼等常规治疗方法,研究组在对照组基础上加以中医多途径综合疗法,比较两组治疗前后中医症状症状积分、自主排尿功能恢复时间、膀胱残余尿量、尿路感染率等情况。结果:治疗前,两组排尿无力、小腹坠胀、倦怠乏力、腰膝酸软积分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组以上指标均较治疗前明显降低,且研究组小腹胀痛、倦怠乏力积分均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组自主排尿功能恢复时间、膀胱残余尿量均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组尿路感染率为6.78%,明显低于对照组(23.33%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的疗效肯定,可明显缩短病程,并降低尿路感染发生率。     

非脱垂子宫阴式全切除136例的临床分析

目的探讨基层医院开展阴式子宫切除术（TVH）的可能性、必要性及其价值。方法对我院妇科2007年8月至2009年1月行阴式、腹式全子宫切除的193例进行研究,比较阴式与腹式两种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间。结果两种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胃肠功能恢复时间,均有明显差异（P〈0．01）．结论TVH组手术时间短,出血量少,腹部皮肤不留疤痕,术后康复快,住院时间短,医疗费用少,患者满意．     

Study of Childhood Urinary Tract Infection in General Practice

A study of bacteriuria was conducted among 426 of the 436 children under the age of 13 in a general practice in north-west London. Three girls and one boy were found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria, and a further girl with bacteriuria presented with abdominal pain and fever. The calculated incidence of urinary tract infection was 1·4% per annum. Most of the childhood urinary infections in this practice occurred before the age of 5 years, and the incidence of significant bacteriuria in this age group was 4·9% per annum. Five other children (four girls and one boy) in the practice were known to have had proved urinary tract infection. Of the total of eight children known to have had significant bacteriuria and investigated radiologically, three girls and two boys had radiological abnormalities in the urinary tract.Pyuria and proteinuria did not prove to be useful in the prediction of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Urinary tract infection with renal tract abnormality was found in this practice to be at least five times as common as diabetes in childhood.     

阴式全子宫切除术和腹腔镜下全子宫切除术的临床对比分析

目的:比较阴式全子宫切除术与腹腔镜下全子宫切除术的临床治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2014年6月-2015年6月我院收治的137例子宫良性病变患者的临床病历资料,按照手术方式将其分为阴式组(行阴式全子宫切除术)和腹腔镜组(行腹腔镜下全子宫切除术),比较两组患者的术中、术后临床指标及术后并发症情况。结果:阴式组手术时间及术中出血量均少于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。阴式组肛门排气时间、下床活动时间以及住院时间均短于腹腔镜组,住院总费用低于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者并发症发生情况差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:阴式全子宫切除术较腹腔镜下全子宫切除术而言,具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快的特点,值得临床推广。     

Epidemiology of urinary tract diseases in general practice

During a one-year morbidity survey of urinary tract diseases in general practice 741 cases were diagnosed. Only about half of all the patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection had significant bacteriuria. In young women urinary tract infections and symptoms from the urinary tract without bacteriuria—in particular urethritis—were found to predominate. In middle-aged women, the urinary tract symptoms were ascribed increasingly to genital prolapse, while incidence of urolithiasis was the highest in any group, and urinary tract infections became less frequent. The prevalence of urinary tract infection showed another increase in elderly women, and recurrent/chronic pyelonephritis, which occurs with a steadily increasing prevalence throughout all age groups, became common.In younger male urological patients diseases with symptoms of urinary tract infection without bacteriuria were predominant, whereas prostatitis and urinary tract infections were less frequent. In middle-aged men, urolithiasis was especially frequent, while an increasing proportion of elderly men had prostatic hypertrophy, urinary tract infections, and recurrent/chronic pyelonephritis.     

胰十二指肠切除患者术后腹腔感染的危险因素和病原学特征及药敏试验分析

目的:探讨胰十二指肠切除患者术后腹腔感染的危险因素,并对其进行病原学特征及药敏试验分析。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月到2018年12月期间在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第967医院接受胰十二指肠切除术治疗的60例患者的临床资料,分析术后腹腔感染的危险因素。根据细菌培养结果和药敏试验情况对术后腹腔感染患者的病原菌分布情况及其耐药性进行分析。结果:单因素分析显示术中输血量、肺部感染、胆瘘、胰瘘均与腹腔感染的发生有关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术中输血量≥1000 mL、肺部感染、胆瘘、胰瘘均是胰十二指肠切除患者术后发生腹腔感染的危险因素(P0.05)。20例术后腹腔感染患者的腹腔引流液中共培养出54株菌株,其中革兰阳性菌23株(42.59%)、革兰阴性菌28株(51.85%)、真菌3株(5.56%),主要革兰阳性菌(粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌)对环丙沙星、红霉素敏感率低,均低于17.00%,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素敏感率高,均为100.00%,主要革兰阴性菌(大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌)对头孢他啶、头孢唑林和哌拉西林的敏感率较低,均低于或等于25.00%,对庆大霉素、亚胺培南的敏感率较高,均高于或等于80.00%。结论:术中输血量过多以及发生了肺部感染、胆瘘、胰瘘均是胰十二指肠切除患者术后发生腹腔感染的危险因素,临床上应根据药敏试验结果针对性地使用抗菌药物。     

Chemonucleolysis.

A double-blind trial of perioperative intravenous metronidazole treatment to prevent infections at the operative site and unexplained fever after abdominal hysterectomy was conducted in 106 patients. Metronidazole prophylaxis reduced the rate of recovery of anaerobes from vaginal swabs for several days and prolonged the high rate of vaginal carriage of enterococci and aerobic gram-negative bacilli following hysterectomy. Although the fever index, calculated from the duration of a temperature above 37.3 degrees C, was significantly lower in the metronidazole-treated group than in the placebo-treated group, the frequency of postoperative infections, the proportion of patients requiring antibiotic treatment and the average duration of hospital stay were similar in the two groups. These results do not support the reported value of perioperative metronidazole prophylaxis in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy.     

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women with urogenital symptoms.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 30 to 100 women attending a family physician''s office with dysuria, frequency or vaginal discharge, compared with 2 of 30 asymptomatic women. Multiple infections were common: C. trachomatis coexisted with Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis or a bacterial cause of urinary tract infection in 15 patients. C. trachomatis was isolated alone from 15 symptomatic women. The source of the positive culture was not always the site of symptoms. C. trachomatis was isolated from both the cervix and the urine of 9 patients, either simultaneously or sequentially. The probability of finding a chlamydial infection was 30% in young women with vaginal discharge alone, 33% in those with dysuria and frequency alone and 53% in those with abdominal or pelvic pain in addition to lower urogenital tract symptoms.     

子宫动脉栓塞术与子宫切除术应用于胎盘因素所致严重产后出血产妇中的效果比较

摘要 目的：比较子宫动脉栓塞术与子宫切除术应用于胎盘因素所致严重产后出血产妇中的效果。方法：回顾性分析南京鼓楼医院集团宿迁医院和南京医科大学第二附属医院于2014年1月至2021年12月期间收治的86例胎盘因素所致严重产后出血产妇的临床资料,根据手术方式分为子宫切除组（34例）与介入组（52例）;其中子宫切除组采用子宫切除术治疗,介入组采用子宫动脉栓塞术治疗。比较两组止血效果、出血量、围术期相关临床指标（手术时间、术后首次下床活动时间、术后住院时间）、术后并发症发生情况、凝血功能要因子、女性性功能指数量表（FSFI）评分和生活质量评分量表（SF-36）评分。结果：两组出血量、止血有效率比较无差异（P＞0.05）;介入组手术时间、术后首次下床活动时间、术后住院时间均短于子宫切除组（P＜0.05）;两组均无严重并发症发生,在感染、伤口渗血、疼痛、阴道出血及恶心呕吐的发生率无差异（P＞0.05）;其中介入组未见栓塞综合征,且发热发生率低于子宫切除组（P＜0.05）;术后6个月,两组孕妇血清APTT,PT升高,FIB下降,且介入组的FIB短于子宫切除组,PT、APTT高于子宫切除组（P＜0.05）;介入组术后6个月的FSFI评分和SF-36评分均高于子宫切除组（P＜0.05）。结论：子宫动脉栓塞术与子宫切除术应用于胎盘因素所致严重产后出血产妇中的效果相当,前者在促进术后康复、改善凝血功能和提高性生活质量、生活质量上具有优势,值得进一步研究应用。     

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Backgroud and Objective

Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) may be associated with lower postoperative morbidity than radical hysterectomy (RH). We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of abdominal or laparoscopic NSRH and RH for treating cervical cancer through systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched for all relevant studies. Data were abstracted independently by two reviewers. A meta-analysis was performed to compare intra- and postoperative outcomes for the two techniques.

Results

A total of 17 clinical trials were identified. Meta-analysis showed that although operating time was significantly longer for abdominal or laparoscopic NSRH than for RH, NSRH based on laparotomy or laparoscopy proved more effective for postoperative recovery of bladder function. NSRH was also associated with lower bladder dysfunction morbidity and fewer postoperative complications. Two abdominal trials and one laparoscopic study further suggested that NSRH was associated with shorter time to recovery of anal/rectal function. In contrast, RH and NSRH based on laparotomy or laparoscopy were similar in terms of extent of resection, recurrence rate, survival rate, blood loss and frequency of intraoperative complications. The meta-analysis showed that abdominal NSRH was not significantly different from RH in length of hospital stay, while one trial suggested that length of hospital stay was shorter after laparoscopic NSRH than after the corresponding RH.

Conclusion

NSRH may be a reliable technique for treating early cervical cancer. Available evidence suggests that it is better than RH for postoperative recovery of pelvic organ function and postoperative morbidity, while the two techniques involve similar clinical safety and extent of resection. These results should be considered preliminary since they are based on a relatively small number of controlled trials, most of which were non-randomized. The findings should be verified in larger, well-designed studies.     

The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials,one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy,the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy

Objective To compare the effects of laparoscopic hysterectomy and abdominal hysterectomy in the abdominal trial, and laparoscopic hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy in the vaginal trial.Design Two parallel, multicentre, randomised trials.Setting 28 UK centres and two South African centres.Participants 1380 women were recruited; 1346 had surgery; 937 were followed up at one year.Primary outcome Rate of major complications.Results In the abdominal trial laparoscopic hysterectomy was associated with a higher rate of major complications than abdominal hysterectomy (11.1% v 6.2%, P = 0.02; difference 4.9%, 95% confidence interval 0.9% to 9.1%) and the number needed to treat to harm was 20. Laparoscopic hysterectomy also took longer to perform (84 minutes v 50 minutes) but was less painful (visual analogue scale 3.51 v 3.88, P = 0.01) and resulted in a shorter stay in hospital after the operation (3 days v 4 days). Six weeks after the operation, laparoscopic hysterectomy was associated with less pain and better quality of life than abdominal hysterectomy (SF-12, body image scale, and sexual activity questionnaires).In the vaginal trial we found no evidence of a difference in major complication rates between laparoscopic hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy (9.8% v 9.5%, P = 0.92; difference 0.3%, -5.2% to 5.8%), and the number needed to treat to harm was 333. We found no evidence of other differences between laparoscopic hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy except that laparoscopic hysterectomy took longer to perform (72 minutes v 39 minutes) and was associated with a higher rate of detecting unexpected pathology (16.4% v 4.8%, P = < 0.01). However, this trial was underpowered.Conclusions Laparoscopic hysterectomy was associated with a significantly higher rate of major complications than abdominal hysterectomy. It also took longer to perform but was associated with less pain, quicker recovery, and better short term quality of life. The trial comparing vaginal hysterectomy with laparoscopic hysterectomy was underpowered and is inconclusive on the rate of major complications; however, vaginal hysterectomy took less time.     

Hysterectomy and sexual wellbeing: prospective observational study of vaginal hysterectomy,subtotal abdominal hysterectomy,and total abdominal hysterectomy

Objectives To compare the effects of vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy on sexual wellbeing.Design Prospective observational study over six months.Setting 13 teaching and non-teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.Participants 413 women who underwent hysterectomy for benign disease other than symptomatic prolapse of the uterus and endometriosis.Main outcome measures Reported sexual pleasure, sexual activity, and bothersome sexual problems.Results Sexual pleasure significantly improved in all patients, independent of the type of hysterectomy. The prevalence of one or more bothersome sexual problems six months after vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy was 43% (38/89), 41% (31/76), and 39% (57/145), respectively (χ² test, P = 0.88).Conclusion Sexual pleasure improves after vaginal hysterectomy, subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy. The persistence and development of bothersome problems during sexual activity were similar for all three techniques.     

全子宫切除术后盆腔肿块的发生因素调查分析

目的:调查与探讨全子宫切除术后患者出现盆腔肿块的发生因素。方法:2017年9月至2019年3月选择在北部战区总医院(本院)进行择期全子宫切除术的女性患者178例,所有患者都给予全子宫切除术,患者取膀胱截石位,选用连续硬膜外麻醉或静脉复合麻醉,宫颈扩张棒扩张宫颈口,切除病灶部位。记录所有患者的一般资料(包括疾病类型、孕次、产次、年龄、体重指数等)与围手术期指标(包括手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后住院时间),以及术后并发症发生情况;在术后6个月进行经阴道超声观察,判断患者术后盆腔肿块发生情况并进行调查分析。结果:术后随访6个月,178例患者中发生盆腔肿块14例,发生率为7.9%。发生其他并发症17例,其中切口感染4例,淋巴囊肿6例,尿潴留5例,下肢静脉血栓2例。在178例患者中,不同手术时间、术中出血量、孕次、产次、年龄、疾病类型患者的盆部肿发生率对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以单因素分析中有统计学意义的指标作为自变量,以盆腔肿块作为因变量,Logistic回归分析显示手术时间、孕次、产次、疾病类型等为导致盆腔肿块发生的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论:女性全子宫切除术后患者盆腔肿块比较常见,手术时间、孕次、产次、疾病类型等为导致盆腔肿块发生的主要因素。     

Urethral plugs and urine retention in male mice

Because MM male mice suffer from a high incidence of urinary tract infection, an assessment was made as to whether the urethral plugs, which occur in male rodents, might be involved in its aetiology. When killed, males more commonly retained urine in their bladders than females but there was no significant difference between strains or method of killing. Males also voided urine more often during stressful handling followed by abdominal pressure, but also retained some urine more often than females. The study of sexually immature mice demonstrated no sex differences and no urine was retained in any bladder. It was concluded that the high frequency of urine retention in mature males is attributable to the presence of urethral plugs but these could not be implicated in the cause of MM urinary tract infection because of comparable findings in the controls. However, the possibility was considered that the plugs might facilitate infection of the kidneys once a bladder infection had become established.     

口服益生菌对结直肠癌患者术后感染影响的Meta分析

目的 系统评价口服益生菌对结直肠癌患者术后感染的影响.方法 计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集有关益生菌干预结直肠癌患者术后感染的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCTs),检索时...     

小切开EST联合EPBD与单纯EST对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者疗效的比较

目的:对比内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌(expressed sequence tags,EST)小切开术联合内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation,EPBD)与单纯EST对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者的疗效。方法:选择我院于2014年1月～2020年2月收治的85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者150例,根据入院顺序随机分成两组,每组各75例,给予对照组单纯小切开EST术治疗,给予研究组小切开EST+EPBD术治疗。对比两组的一次取石成功率、机械碎石、结石复发率等指标;术中操作时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后排便天数等临床指标;术后胆道感染、急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症、术后腹痛等并发症的总发生率。结果:研究组一次取石成功率显著高于对照组,机械碎石、结石复发率均显著低于对照组(P0.05);研究组的术中操作时间、术中出血量、住院天数、术后排便天数均显著低于对照组(P0.05);研究组术后胆道感染、急性胰腺炎、高淀粉酶血症、术后腹痛、术后迟发性出血等并发症的总发生率为9.33%(7/75),显著低于对照组37.33%(28/75),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:小切开EST联合EPBD对85岁以上老年胆总管结石患者的疗效显著,该方法可有改善患者临床指标,降低术后并发症发生率,值得推荐至临床广泛应用。