五氯酚厌氧生物降解体系中细菌的多样性分析

为了解五氯酚(PCP)降解过程中参与PCP降解的微生物多样性,本文应用16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对PCP厌氧生物降解体系中细菌群落的组成和相对丰度进行了研究.结果表明,TM7类群的微生物在整个细菌群落中占有最大丰度(48.6%),检测到的序列与在三氯乙烯污染的地下水中检测的克隆子有一定的序列相似性(93.6%).丰度位居第二的微生物类群为β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)细菌,其中的一些克隆子(10.8%)与脱氯微生物Dechlorosoma suillum具有极高的序列同缘性(99.7%).此外,也检测到少数Clostridium属[厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)类群]的微生物.克隆文库中发现许多序列(占整个克隆文库的51.3%)与GenBank中已报道的序列具有较远的同源性(小于93.4%),它们可能代表新的微生物.本研究进一步拓宽了对PCP降解微生物多样性的认识.     

青藏高原冻土区土壤垂直剖面中微生物的分布与多样性

【目的】冻土区储存着大量的有机碳,全球气候的变化导致冻土不断融解退化,土壤微生物对冻土有机碳的分解作用在一定程度上将会加重全球温室效应。在研究中,为了解冻土区土壤微生物的分布与多样性,对青藏高原冻土区垂直剖面中的微生物组成进行研究。【方法】采用分子生物学方法,对剖面土壤样品中的古菌与细菌的16S r RNA基因和真菌的ITS序列进行PCR扩增,并分别构建其基因文库,通过序列的同源性比较进行系统发育学分析和多样性指数分析。【结果】垂直剖面土壤中古菌序列分别属于泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota)两个门,它们分别占克隆序列总数的29.0%和71.0%;其中泉古菌门只包括Group1.3b/MCG-A这一种类型,在古菌序列中所占的比例为29.0%,广古菌门包括4种类型,其中Methanomicrobiales序列在古菌克隆文库中所占比例较高(52.0%);分层位看,冻土活动层古菌优势类群包括Group1.3b/MCG-A、Methanomicrobiales和Methanosaetaceae,过渡层的优势类群包括Group1.3b/MCG-A和Methanomicrobiales两类,而古菌在冻土层的优势类群只有Methanomicrobiales这一种类型。细菌序列分属于10个类群,其中放线菌(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)与变形菌(Proteobacteria)为剖面主要的优势类群,分别占克隆序列总数的28.9%、16.9%和12.1%;在冻土活动层,细菌的优势类群为Proteobacteria和Firmicutes,而在冻土过渡层与冻土层,细菌优势类群仅包括Actinobacteria一种类型。所有真菌序列均属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),分别占克隆序列总数的75.3%和24.7%;子囊菌以Cladosporium sp.和Pseudeurotium bakeri为主要的优势类群,担子菌以Dioszegia sp.为主要的优势类群,所占比例分别为35.5%、34.4%和22.6%;真菌在冻土活动层的优势类群只包括Pseudeurotium bakeri这一种类型,而在冻土过渡层与冻土层,真菌优势类群则包括Dioszegia sp.和Cladosporium sp.两类。【结论】该剖面在垂直剖面上古菌、细菌与真菌多样性较高,冻土活动层与冻土层之间群落组成差异明显。     

南海西沙海槽表层沉积物微生物多样性

利用非培养的分子技术研究了西沙海槽表层沉积物中的微生物群落.沉积物中扩增的古菌16S rDNA 序列分属两个大类:泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota).以Marine Crenarchaeotic GroupⅠ (古菌16S rDNA文库的49.2%)和Terrestrial Miscellaneous Euryarchaeotal Group (16.9%)为主要类群;其余为Marine Benthic Group B (9.7%)、 Marine Benthic Group A (4%)、 Marine Benthic Group D (1.6%)、Novel Euryarchaeotic Group (0.8%)和 C3(0.8%).细菌克隆子多样性明显高于古菌,16S rDNA序列分别来自变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)(细菌16S rDNA文库的30.5%)、浮霉菌(Planctomycetes)(20.3%)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)(14.4%)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)(15.3%)、屈桡杆菌(Chloroflexi)(8.5%)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)(3.4%)、candidate division OP8 (2.5%)、拟杆菌/绿菌(Bacterioidetes/Chlorobi)(1.7%)和疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)(1.7%).变形杆菌为优势类群(包括Alpha-和Delta-Proteobacteria亚群).多数克隆子为未培养细菌和古菌.结果表明南海表层沉积物中蕴含大量未知的微生物资源.     

云南热带户用沼气池的原核生物群落结构研究

【目的】揭示云南热带农村户用沼气池中的原核生物(细菌和古菌)的群落结构特征。【方法】采用16S r RNA基因克隆文库技术对云南(北)热带代表性气候区的户用沼气池中的原核生物(细菌和古菌)多样性进行研究。【结果】得到细菌330条有效序列,划分为108个OTUs,文库覆盖度为81.5%;古菌有效序列185条,划分为17个OTUs,文库覆盖度为97.8%。通过Gen Bank数据库进行相似性比对与系统发育分析,结果表明:大部分细菌为未知细菌(Unclassified bacteria,占24.19%),优势细菌类群归属拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,占23.58%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,占21.46%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,占13.91%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,占8.74%);古菌主要的优势类群为乙酸盐营养型的甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)的鬃毛甲烷菌属(Methanosaeta,占76.75%);此外还检测到少量未培养的泉古菌门细菌(Crenarchaeota,占9.19%)。【结论】云南(北)热带代表性气候区的农村户用沼气池中的微生物种类十分丰富,不同微生物种类的丰度存在明显差异,并存在明显优势种群,且细菌比古菌具有更丰富的多样性。     

云南洱源牛街热泉原核微生物多样性分析

【目的】通过分析富含高分子有机物的云南洱源牛街热泉原核微生物16SrRNA基因克隆文库,丰富对高温热泉原核微生物多样性的认识,为进一步开发和利用该热泉微生物资源奠定基础。【方法】构建洱源牛街高温热泉原核微生物16SrRNA基因克隆文库,通过测序和序列相似性比对以及聚类分析研究该热泉原核微生物的多样性。【结果】该热泉原核微生物以细菌为主,包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)等在内的约10个细菌类群,其中变形菌门中的β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)为优势菌群,其次为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、绿菌门(Chlorobi);古菌的生物量和丰度较细菌少,分属广古菌(Euryarchaeota)和泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)两个类群,以广古菌为优势类群。     

南海南部陆坡表层沉积物细菌和古菌多样性

从南海南部陆坡表层沉积物中扩增了细菌和古菌16S rDNA序列,并对克隆子文库进行系统发育分析.细菌序列以变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)居多,其次是浮霉菌(Planctomycete)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)和candidate division OP10,另外还有少量铁还原杆菌(Deferrobacteres)、candidate division OP3、OP11、OP8、TM6、疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)和螺旋体(Spirochaetes).古菌序列分别来自泉古生菌(Crenarchaeota)和广古生菌(Euryarchaeota),以Marine Benthic Group B(MBGB)、MarineCrenarchaeotic Group Ⅰ(MGⅠ)、Marine Benthic Group D(MBGD)和South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group(SAGMEG)为主.少量序列为C3、甲烷杆菌(Methanobacteriales)和Novel Euryarchaeotic Group(NEG).结果表明海底表层沉积物中有丰富多样的微生物群落.     

东北太平洋深海沉积物细菌多样性

采用两种方法提取中国结核合同区东区沉积物不同层次总DNA,通过克隆测序构建了含有79个克隆子的细菌16S rRNA基因文库,分析了该海域沉积物中细菌的多样性.79个克隆在系统发育树中形成了11个大分支,包括Gamma proteobacteria(22.8%),Alpha proteobacteria(16.5%),Planctomycetacia(7.6%),Delta proteobacteria(6.3%), Nitrospira(6.3%),Actinobacteria(6.3%),Beta proteobacteria(5%),Acidobacteria(5.1%),Sphingobacteria(3.8%),Firmicutes(2.5%),Other bacteria(17.7%),其中Gamma proteobacteria在总文库中所占比例最高,该分支细菌在0～2cm、4～6cm层也是优势菌种.Gamma proteobacteria中假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)为优势属(22.2%).各个层次中所含细菌类群有所不同,Alpha proteobacteria、Gamma proteobacteria、Delta proteobacteria 、Planctomycetacia、Nitrospira 、Actinobacteria和Acidobacteria为三层样品共有类群.     

新疆沙湾冷泉沉积物中免培养古菌多样性初步研究

【目的】了解新疆沙湾冷泉沉积物的古菌组成及多样性。【方法】采用免培养法,液氮研磨提取冷泉沉积物总DNA,使用古菌通用引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增,构建16S rRNA基因文库。对阳性克隆进行HhaI限制性酶切分型,选出具有不同酶切图谱的序列进行测序,将所得序列与GenBank数据库中序列比对并构建16S rRNA基因系统发育树。【结果】从冷泉沉积物古菌16S rRNA基因文库中随机挑选了121个阳性克隆,共得到22个不同的可操作分类单元,BLAST结果表明全部克隆子归属于泉古菌门(Crenarchaeote)中免培养类群。系统发育分析归类为Soil-Freshwater-subsurface group和MarinegroupI,2个亚群并且各占整个文库的50%。其中40%左右的克隆子与具有无机碳和硝酸盐同化能力的泉古菌有高的相似性。此外还发现40%的克隆子与低温泉古菌类群具有很高的相似性。【结论】新疆沙湾冷泉沉积物中古菌类群多样性较低,但存有大量高度适应此低温、贫营养环境的泉古菌类群。     

南海北部表层沉积物中原核微生物多样性

[目的]为研究南海北部沉积物原核微生物的多样性和群落结构.[方法]从南海北部XSCS13站位表层沉积物中扩增古菌和细菌的16S rDNA并构建文库,随机挑出阳性克隆子进行测序,选出所有的OTU构建系统进化树,进行系统发育学分析.[结果]多数克隆子来自于未培养原核微生物,沉积物中的古菌分属3大门类:泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)、奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)和广古菌(Euryarchaeota),其中泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)为主要门类,占71％;广古菌(Euryarchaeota)最少,只有3个克隆子.泉古菌(Crenarchaeota)又以MG Ⅰ为主要类群,占61％.细菌多样性明显高于古菌,共9个门类:变形杆菌(Proteobacteria)(32.6％)、疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)(3.0％)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete)(5.2％)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)(4.4％)、绿弯菌(Chloroflexi)(6.0％)、厚壁菌(Firmicute)(3.7％)、浮霉菌(Planctomycete)(5.2％)、芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadete)(11.1％)、放线细菌(Actinobacteria)(4.4％).变形杆菌为优势类群(包括α-Proteobacteria、γy-Proteobacteria和δ-Proteobacteria 3个亚群),其中γ-Proteobacteria是Proteobacteria中的优势种群,占54.5％.另外所有原核微生物总共有超过50％的克隆子与硫酸盐的还原以及甲烷的形成相关.[结论]结果表明南海北部XSCS13站位表层沉积物中原核微生物的多样性非常丰富,其中蕴含大量未知的微生物资源;另外古菌和细菌群落结构表明该位点可能处于富含甲烷的冷泉活动区.     

沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水细菌多样性分析

[目的]了解沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌群落组成和物种多样性。[方法]采用免培养法提取煤层水中微生物总DNA,利用细菌通用引物构建16S r DNA基因克隆文库。采用HhaⅠ、MspⅠ限制性内切酶对克隆子进行RFLP分析,测序并构建16S r DNA基因系统发育树。[结果]从文库中筛选出234个阳性克隆,覆盖度为97.4%,聚类为28个操作分类单元。BLAST比对、RDP归类及系统发育分析将这234个克隆归为变形菌门、拟杆菌门、螺旋体门、疣微菌门、黏胶球形菌门。其中变形菌门为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌克隆文库的80.1%。变形菌门中的ε-变形菌纲,占整个基因文库的35%。[结论]应用16S r DNA克隆文库技术,分析沁水盆地寺河地区煤层水中细菌类群的多样性不高。     

海南东寨港红树林不同植被土壤微生物群落结构比较

【目的】比较不同植被下红树林土壤细菌和古菌的多样性及群落结构,认识红树林土壤微生物资源多样性。【方法】直接提取红树林土壤总DNA,采用细菌通用引物27F/1492R和古菌通用引物Arch21F/Arch958R进行PCR扩增,构建细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因文库,对海南东寨港自然保护区秋茄林、无瓣海桑林和无红树林裸滩土壤的细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构进行分析和比较。【结果】3种土壤样品的细菌类群包括变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)等16个类群,其中变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)与绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)是优势类群;古菌包括6个嗜泉古菌界(Crenarchaeota)类群和7个广域古菌界(Euryarchaeota)类群,分别以Marine Benthic Group C、Marine Benthic Group D为优势类群。多样性指数(H’)和物种丰富度指数(Schao1)表明,本地种秋茄林下土壤细菌和古菌的多样性指数最高,外来种无瓣海桑显著低于秋茄林,甚至明显低于相邻无红树林裸滩沉积物;不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌群落结构存在显著差异,秋茄林土壤微生物群落结构和无红树林裸滩沉积物更相似。【结论】红树林土壤微生物类群丰富,不同植被下土壤细菌和古菌多样性和群落结构存在显著差异。     

中国南海北部陆坡沉积物古菌多样性及丰度分析

【目的】海洋沉积物中的古菌在全球生物地球化学循环中充当重要的角色,深入了解沉积物中古菌群落的结构及功能特征是探究海洋沉积物中古菌参与生物地球化学循环和生态学功能的基础。【方法】采用高通量测序技术,分别对南海北部陆坡不同海域(东部,西部和神狐海域的7个站位)沉积物中古菌16SrRNA基因进行Illumina Mi Seq测序。【结果】中国南海北部陆坡沉积物中古菌的主要门类是Bathyarchaeota、Thermoplasmata、Woesearchaeota(DHVEG-6)、Thaumarchaeota(Marine Group I)、Lokiarchaeota和Marine Hydrothermal Vent Group(MHVG),还存在少量的AK8、Marine Benthic Group A和Terrestrial Hot Spring Crenarchaeota Group(THSCG)等。在潜在水合物区沉积物中还发现了甲烷代谢相关古菌(Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea,ANME)类群,主要为ANME-1、ANME-2ab和ANME-2c等。甲烷代谢古菌的分布特征也从甲烷代谢保守功能基因mcr A(Methyl coenzyme-Mreductase A)的扩增中得到了验证。利用定量PCR对南海沉积物中的细菌、古菌的16SrRNA基因和mcrA基因进行了定量,发现细菌16SrRNA基因拷贝数为10~5-10~7 copies/g(湿重),古菌16SrRNA基因拷贝数为10~5-10~6 copies/g(湿重),潜在水合物区mcrA基因拷贝数为10~3-10~5 copies/g(湿重)。【结论】揭示了中国南海北部陆坡沉积物中具有丰富的微生物资源,其中古菌种类多样且丰度较高,同时发现冷泉特征古菌群落,为深入认识和理解南海沉积物中微生物丰度和古菌多样性,以及解析古菌地球化学功能奠定基础。     

Characterization of Archaeal Community in Contaminated and Uncontaminated Surface Stream Sediments

Archaeal communities from mercury and uranium-contaminated freshwater stream sediments were characterized and compared to archaeal communities present in an uncontaminated stream located in the vicinity of Oak Ridge, TN, USA. The distribution of the Archaea was determined by pyrosequencing analysis of the V4 region of 16S rRNA amplified from 12 streambed surface sediments. Crenarchaeota comprised 76% of the 1,670 archaeal sequences and the remaining 24% were from Euryarchaeota. Phylogenetic analysis further classified the Crenarchaeota as a Freshwater Group, Miscellaneous Crenarchaeota group, Group I3, Rice Cluster VI and IV, Marine Group I and Marine Benthic Group B; and the Euryarchaeota into Methanomicrobiales, Methanosarcinales, Methanobacteriales, Rice Cluster III, Marine Benthic Group D, Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeota 1 and Eury 5. All groups were previously described. Both hydrogen- and acetate-dependent methanogens were found in all samples. Most of the groups (with 60% of the sequences) described in this study were not similar to any cultivated isolates, making it difficult to discern their function in the freshwater microbial community. A significant decrease in the number of sequences, as well as in the diversity of archaeal communities was found in the contaminated sites. The Marine Group I, including the ammonia oxidizer Nitrosopumilus maritimus, was the dominant group in both mercury and uranium/nitrate-contaminated sites. The uranium-contaminated site also contained a high concentration of nitrate, thus Marine Group I may play a role in nitrogen cycle.     

Archaeal phylotypes in a metal-rich and low-activity deep subsurface sediment of the Peru Basin, ODP Leg 201, Site 1231

Site 1231 of the Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) was characterized by low concentrations of organic carbon, as well as low cell numbers and biological activity rates. A 16S rRNA survey was performed in order to analyse the microbial community composition of these central oceanic sediments. Archaeal 16S rRNA genes from subsurface sediments at Site 1231 (1.8, 9.0, and 43 mbsf) were affiliated with uncultured lineages from subsurface or hydrothermal vent habitats. Members of the Marine Group I (MGI) found in the 1.8 mbsf sediment formed distinct clusters, some dominated by phylotypes from Site 1231 and other subsurface environments. The archaeal community survey at Site 1231 indicated that several archaeal lineages were widespread in subsurface environments, marine sediments as well as hydrothermal habitats.     

Active Archaeal Communities at Cold Seep Sediments Populated by Siboglinidae Tubeworms from the Storegga Slide

Siboglinid tubeworms in cold seep sediments can locally modify the geochemical gradients of electron acceptors and donors, hence creating potential microhabitats for prokaryotic populations. The archaeal communities associated with sediments populated by Oligobrachia haakonmosbiensis and Sclerolinum contortum Siboglinid tubeworms in the Storegga Slide were examined in this study. Vertical distribution of archaeal communities was investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis based on 16S rRNA genes. The active fraction of the archaeal community was assessed by using reverse-transcribed rRNA. Archaeal communities associated with sediments colonized by tubeworms were affiliated with uncultivated archaeal lineages of the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The composition of the active archaeal populations changed with depth indicating a reorganization of microbial communities. 16S rRNA gene libraries were dominated by sequences affiliated to the Rice Cluster V which are unusual in marine sediment samples. Moreover, this study provides the first evidence of living Crenarchaeota of the Rice Cluster V in cold seep sediments. Furthermore, the Storegga Slide sediments harbored a high diversity of other minor groups of uncultivated lineages including Terrestrial Miscellaneous Euryarchaeotal Group, Marine Benthic Group (MBG)-D, MBG-E, Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotal Group, Lake Dagow Sediment, Val Kotinen Lake clade III, and Sippenauer Moor 1. Thus, we hypothesize that the vertical geochemical imprint created by the tubeworms could support broad active archaeal populations in the Siboglinidae-populated Storegga Slide sediments.     

珠三角养殖水体中参与氮循环的微生物群落结构

【目的】为了研究珠三角地区养殖水体中各种含氮化合物循环转化的特征及其相关功能微生物的群落结构。【方法】构建人工模拟养殖系统,采用15N-稳定性同位素探测技术(stable isotope probing,15N-SIP)标记参与氮素迁移的微生物,通过氯化铯-溴化乙锭密度梯度超高速离心法分离15N标记的DNA,并以此构建含15N-DNA的细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库。【结果】15N标记的基因组DNA经过超高速密度梯度离心后成功与14N-DNA分离;对克隆文库序列的分析表明:细菌文库得到的19个可操作分类单元(Operational TaxaUnits,OTUs)分别归为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。变形菌门为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌克隆文库的99.2%,其中优势菌群为丛毛胞菌属(Comamonas)(15.7%)、亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)(12.4%)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)(11.5%)和硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)(11.5%);古菌文库得到的9个OTUs归为奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)和广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。【结论】将15N-SIP技术应用于珠三角养殖水体氮素循环微生物群落结构的研究中,得到了丰富的氮素循环微生物群落的组成,这些信息为进一步分离纯化氮素降解微生物提供了重要的参考,为营造健康的水产养殖环境提供科学依据。     

Archaeal communities associated with shallow to deep subseafloor sediments of the New Caledonia Basin

The distribution of the archaeal communities in deep subseafloor sediments [0–36 m below the seafloor (mbsf)] from the New Caledonia and Fairway Basins was investigated using DNA- and RNA-derived 16S rRNA clone libraries, functional genes and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A new method, Co-Migration DGGE (CM-DGGE), was developed to access selectively the active archaeal diversity. Prokaryotic cell abundances at the open-ocean sites were on average ∼3.5 times lower than at a site under terrestrial influence. The sediment surface archaeal community (0–1.5 mbsf) was characterized by active Marine Group 1 (MG-1) Archaea that co-occurred with ammonia monooxygenase gene ( amoA ) sequences affiliated to a group of uncultured sedimentary Crenarchaeota . However, the anoxic subsurface methane-poor sediments (below 1.5 mbsf) were dominated by less active archaeal communities, such as the Thermoplasmatales , Marine Benthic Group D and other lineages probably involved in the methane cycle ( Methanosarcinales , ANME-2 and DSAG/MBG-B). Moreover, the archaeal diversity of some sediment layers was restricted to only one lineage (Uncultured Euryarchaeota , DHVE6, MBG-B, MG-1 and SAGMEG). Sequences forming two clusters within the Thermococcales order were also present in these cold subseafloor sediments, suggesting that these uncultured putative thermophilic archaeal communities might have originated from a different environment. This study shows a transition between surface and subsurface sediment archaeal communities.     

3 次连续重复提取DNA 能较好反映土壤微生物丰度

【目的】研究同一个土壤需要反复提取几次才能在最大程度上反映土壤微生物的丰度,探讨风干土壤代替新鲜土壤用于微生物丰度研究的可行性。【方法】针对两种理化性质具有较大差异的旱地和稻田新鲜土壤及其风干土壤,分别对土壤微生物进行5次连续裂解提取DNA。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析连续反复提取对土壤古菌和细菌16S rRNA gene数量、氨氧化古菌和细菌功能基因amoA数量的影响。【结果】3次连续提取DNA占5次提取DNA总量的76%以上,氨氧化古菌、氨氧化细菌、古菌和细菌4类微生物的3次连续提取最低回收率为77.5%;与新鲜土壤相比,风干处理导致氨氧化古菌、氨氧化细菌、古菌、细菌的数量分别降低84.3%、81.2%、12.5%和90.3%,然而,2种土壤风干过程中主要微生物类群的数量变化规律基本一致,表明土壤微生物对风干处理的响应可能受土壤类型的影响较小。【结论】土壤微生物连续3次裂解能较好反映微生物丰度。与新鲜土壤相比,风干过程显著降低了土壤微生物丰度,然而,通过风干土壤中微生物丰度的变化趋势反映新鲜土壤中微生物数量变化规律具有一定的可行性。     

Bacterial and Archaeal 16S rRNA Genes in Late Pleistocene to Holocene Muddy Sediments from the Kanto Plain of Japan

Microbial communities in ancient marine sediments composed of clay and silt obtained from the terrestrial subsurface were phylogenetically analyzed based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Chloroflexi and Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group were predominant in bacterial and archaeal clone libraries, respectively. Of 44 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that had close relatives in the database, 30 were close to sequences obtained from marine environments. Some sequences belonged to the candidate groups JS1, ANME-I, and Marine Benthic Group-C, which are typically found in marine sediments. Low chloride concentrations in the sediments suggest that these marine-affiliated sequences may not reflect currently active microbial communities. Our results indicate the existence of long-term preserved DNA or descendants of ancient oceanic microbial components in subsurface muddy sediments in a temperate region, which may reflect indigenous population of paleoenvironments.