雪雀属系统发育关系的研究（雀形目：文鸟科)

雷雀属Montifringilla7种36个形态特征作为分类单元,进行支序分析。以麻雀属Passer、石雀属Petronia部分种类作为比较外群,讨论雪雀属的分类地位及其与近缘属麻雀属、石雀属系统发育关系;分析了雪雀属内种间的系统发育。支序分析的结果表明雪雀属为单系群,建议将雪雀属划分成两个亚属,讨论了雪雀属种类在进货上的位置,在3个近缘属的系统发育关系中,麻雀属类群较原始,雪雀属类群较进化,石雀属在进货中介于二之间。     

中国蚌螨属支序分类分析(蜱螨亚纲:蚌螨科)

选择35个特征对我国蚌螨属15种的支序分析结果表明:蚌螨P-Ⅳ(胫节)端腹部的指状突是将它们聚集成两群的主要特征.今村蚌螨P-Ⅳ端腹部仅具有短矩,与外群最近,认为是我国的蚌螨属水螨中最原始的种类;雌螨前殖吸盘板的形态影响戊蚌螨亚属与多盘蚌螨亚属的种类聚类,由此推测可以将蚌螨P-Ⅳ端腹部的指状突与雌螨前殖吸盘板的形态也作为蚌螨亚属的区分特征.由于殖吸盘结构简单是祖征态之一,因此认为具有5对殖吸盘的邻近蚌螨比6对殖吸盘的厚蚌螨更原始.雌螨具有1对殖吸盘板的寄蚌螨亚属种类与沃蚌螨亚属种类在支序系统树中形成姊妹群,结果支持Vidrine 将沃蚌螨亚属从寄蚌螨亚属中分离的修订.     

西藏熊蜂三新种(膜翅目:蜜蜂科,熊蜂属)

丽熊蜂亚属 Nobilibombus 是 Skorikov,A.S.(1933)发表的一新属,但 Richards,O.W.(1968)将此属列为熊蜂属 Bombus 中的一亚属。此亚属的主要特征是上颚具六齿,颚眼距几呈方形,长于触角第3节。与高山熊蜂亚属 Alpegenobombus 相似,但后者颚眼距横宽,并短于触角第3节。 这个亚属主要分布于喜马拉雅山系,目前被确定的种:仅有 B.(N.)morawitziides Skorikov,及B.(N.)sikkimi Friese.但 B.sikkimi Friese 种根据 Friese 的原始描述此种与本亚属的主要特征是不相符的。本文记述本亚属二新种及污熊蜂亚属 Mendacibombus 一新种。     

水蛇亚科形态学特征的支序分析

水蛇亚科属于游蛇科,包含10个属。其中7个属为单型属。选取水蛇亚科14个形态学特征进行支序分析,并利用计算机软件Hennig86对水蛇亚科中8个属之间的系统发育关系进行初步探讨,结果显示水蛇亚科分为两支Gerarda和Fordonia两个属构成姊妹群,Cerberus、Erpeton和Homalopsis三个属也构成单系群,与Vorisetal(2002)的分子系统树相同,但Cantoria属的地位则与Vorisetal(2002)的明显不同。     

中国灵猫科的支序系统学分析

选取分布于中国境内的8属9种灵猫科动物的88个骨骼性状、31个外部形态性状和1个行为性状,运用替代外群法分别以赤狐(犬科狐属)和青鼬(鼬科貂属)共同或单独作为外群进行支序分析,得出10个支序图,其步长(TL)为：106～136,一致性指数(CI)为0．581—0．660,保留指数(RI)为0．610—0．714。经合意分析得到4个相似的支序图,其TL为41—136,CI为0．581—0．732,RI为0．610—0．818,结果支持：①斑灵狸、大灵猫、小灵猫构成一个单系群,与传统分类一致(均属灵猫亚科);②椰子狸、花面狸、熊狸构成一个单系群,与传统分类一致(均属长尾狸亚科);③红颊獴、食蟹獴与灵猫科其他种为姐妹群关系(Bootstrap检验支持率100％),建议獴类为一亚科;④长颌带狸拥有较多自近裔性状如三个门齿孔,是一个高度特化的种类,其系统地位有待进一步研究。     

蝽科Dalpada属群的系统发育分析(半翅目)

作者对Halyini族中Dalpada属群的9个属级阶元的代表属作了形态学研究,选取头、翅、腹部、雌、雄外生殖器以及受精囊等方面的18项形态特征,运用PAUP程序进行支序分析,得出该属群的属级关系支序图,并对该属群的系统发育进行了讨论。     

熊蜂携带花粉的电镜鉴定及与采访植物协同演化关系的研究

通过对蜜蜂总科（Apoidea）熊蜂属Bombus15个亚属、20种的熊蜂蜂王花粉篮中携带的花粉进行电镜扫描鉴定,结果结合熊蜂及植物比较形态学、熊蜂亚属及采访植物间进化关系进行了分析。结果表明：熊蜂的采访植物包括被子植物的9目、10科,涉及原始、进化及中间3种植物类型,且颚眼距较长的熊蜂亚属既采访长管花也采访短管花植物,颚眼距较短的熊蜂亚属则只倾向于采访短管花植物。     

中国紫金牛属的分支分类学研究

基于60个形态学性状,对中国广义报春花科（Primulaceae s.l.）紫金牛属（Ardisia）90个分类群的系统发育关系运用分支分析方法进行了分析。采用最简约性分析得到了100个同等简约树。50%多数规则一致树的分支结构与以前建立的紫金牛亚属划分系统基本一致。外类群酸藤子属、铁仔属、密花树属聚在分支树的最基部,紫金牛属为一单系类群。形态分支树的一致性指数和保持性指数和各分支内部支持率均较低,只在种与变种或亚种之间获得较高的支持率。高木亚属、腋序亚属、短序亚属、顶序亚属处于分支树较为基部的位置,推测这四个亚属的类群在紫金牛属中较为原始;圆齿亚属和锯齿亚属共同组成一大支,二者亲缘关系紧密,推测这两个亚属为该属中最为进化的类群。结合形态学对属内系统发育关系进行了讨论和推测了一些性状的演化趋势,以期为分类修订提供依据。     

中国瓦娄蜗牛属系统发育关系和动物地理学初探(肺螺亚纲,柄眼目,瓦娄蜗牛科)

运用支序分析方法和Hennig86软件探讨了柄眼目瓦娄蜗牛科瓦娄蜗牛属中国种类的系统发育关系。中国瓦娄蜗牛属种类现已知16种,主要分布于中国北部,也分布在亚洲北部和西部,欧洲大部以及北美东南部。选择Acan-thinual属的代表种A．aculeata作为外群。系统分析所用特征为瓦娄蜗牛届的19个形态学特征。运用命令mh^*;和bb^*;对原始数据集进行运算,并进行逐步加权处理,结果共得到步长＝102,CI值＝61,RI值＝83的同等简约树一株。选择该树作为支序分析的首选支序图。支序分析的结果初步将中国瓦娄蜗牛属的16个种分为两群：西部瓦娄蜗牛群和东部瓦娄蜗牛群。运用扩散-隔离分析方法对该属的动物地理学进行了分析和讨论,认为瓦娄蜗牛居中国种类现有分布格局的形成可能是在中新世以前主要由该属的祖先在其起源地内蒙古一带逐步向现有分布地扩散的结果。     

细胞色素b基因序列与11种熊蜂的系统进化

通过比较一段357b的细胞色素b的序列,分析了熊蜂属5亚属11种熊蜂系统发育关系。5亚属包括Bombus( 5种）,Thoracobombus(3种）,Mendacibombus(1种）,Fervidobombus(1种）和Pyrobombus(1种）,该序列有65个单变异态位点和71个简约信息多态位点,翻译成119个氨基酸序列后有45个氨基酸变异位点。根据P－距离构建的邻接树（NJ tree)和最大简约树（MP tree)都显示同样的结果：Mendacibombus (B.avinovielllus)分化最早;Fervidobombus(B.pensylvanicus)次之;Pyrobombus(B.impatiens)和Bombus形成姊妹群;Bombus亚属是单系群,其中B.ignitus在所研究的5个种中分化最早。     

A STUDY ON PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE SUB-GENERA OF BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA:APIDAE)

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the 28 subgenera of bumble bees were studied by using morphological and behavioral characters. The results suggest that the traditional Bombus Latreille and Psithyrus Lepeletier are monophyletic groups. However, the position of Mendacibombus in cladograms is different from that of the traditional view. In addition, according to their geographical distribution and relative relationships Eurasian—Asian group and Eurasian—American group are recognized for Bombus Latreille.     

A preliminary phylogeny of the 'didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae' based on three molecular data sets: Incongruence with available tribal classifications

The 'didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae' (traditional subfam. Cyrtandroideae excluding Epithemateae) are the largest group of Old World Gesneriaceae, comprising 85 genera and 1800 species. We attempt to resolve their hitherto poorly understood generic relationships using three molecular markers on 145 species, of which 128 belong to didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae. Our analyses demonstrate that consistent topological relationships can be retrieved from data sets with missing data using subsamples and different combinations of gene sequences. We show that all available classifications in Old World Gesneriaceae are artificial and do not reflect natural relationships. At the base of the didymocarpoids are grades of clades comprising isolated genera and small groups from Asia and Europe. These are followed by a clade comprising the African and Madagascan genera. The remaining clades represent the advanced Asiatic and Malesian genera. They include a major group with mostly twisted capsules. The much larger group of remaining genera comprises exclusively genera with straight capsules and the huge genus Cyrtandra with indehiscent fruits. Several genera such as Briggsia, Henckelia, and Chirita are not monophyletic; Chirita is even distributed throughout five clades. This degree of incongruence between molecular phylogenies, traditional classifications, and generic delimitations indicates the problems with classifications based on, sometimes a single, morphological characters.     

Rethinking the phylogeny of scleractinian corals: a review of morphological and molecular data

Scleractinian corals, which include the architects of coral reefs, are found throughout the world's oceans and have left a rich fossil record over their 240 million year history. Their classification has been marked by confusion but recently developed molecular and morphological tools are now leading to a better understanding of the evolutionary history of this important group. Although morphological characters have been the basis of traditional classification in the group, they are relatively few in number. In addition, our current understanding of skeletal growth and homology is limited, and homoplasy is rampant, limiting the usefulness of morphological phylogenetics. Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for the order, which have been primarily focused on reef-building corals, differ significantly from traditional classification. They suggest that the group is represented by two major lineages and do not support the monophyly of traditional suborders and most traditional families. It appears that once a substantial number of azooxanthellate taxa are included in molecular phylogenetic analyses, basal relationships within the group will be clearly defined. Understanding of relationships at lower taxonomic levels will be best clarified by combined analyses of morphological and molecular characters. Molecular phylogenies are being used to inform our understanding of the evolution of morphological characters in the Scleractinia. Better understanding of the evolution of these characters will help to integrate the systematics of fossil and extant taxa. We demonstrate how the combined use of morphological and molecular tools holds great promise for ending confusion in scleractinian systematics.     

Molecular phylogeny of north mediterranean freshwater barbs (genus Barbus: cyprinidae) inferred from cytochrome b sequences: biogeographic and systematic implications

We investigated phylogenetic relationships among north Mediterranean species of the genus Barbus using sequences of the cytochrome b gene. Our results indicate that the species belong to two major clades that are consistent with those previously defined from morphological features. The first clade includes species ranging from France to the Black Sea. In this clade, there is a well-supported monophyletic group of large-sized fluvio-lacustrine barbs; however, the monophyly of the small-sized rheophilic species is not clear. The second clade comprises species found in Spain, Greece, and Asia Minor and probably represents the oldest group present in the north Mediterranean rivers. In general, there is good concordance between geography and phylogenetic relationships. These results are compared to those from previous morphological- and allozyme-based studies and demonstrate widespread discordance and polyphyly in the traditional taxonomy of the genus Barbus. This study is one of the first reporting the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of a genus that is widely distributed in European rivers and contains species that are a major component of the European ichthyofauna.     

Evolutionary relationships within the fungi: analyses of nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences.

Nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S) gene were used to investigate evolutionary relationships within the Fungi. The inferred tree topologies are in general agreement with traditional classifications in the following ways: (1) the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota appear to be basal groups within the Fungi. (2) The Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are a derived monophyletic group. (3) Relationships within the Ascomycota are concordant with traditional orders and divide the hemi- and euascomycetes into distinct lineages. (4) The Basidiomycota is divided between the holobasidiomycetes and phragmobasidiomycetes. Conflicts with traditional classification were limited to weakly supported branches of the tree. Strongly supported relationships were robust to minor changes in alignment, method of analysis, and various weighting schemes. Weighting, either of transversions or by site, did not convincingly improve the status of poorly supported portions of the tree. The rate of variation at particular sites does not appear to be independent of lineage, suggesting that covariation of sites may be an important phenomenon in these genes.     

从叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列论双参属的归属问题

双参属Triplostegia Wall．ex DC．由分布于东南亚地区的2个种组成,为多年生草本植物。它的归属一直存在争议,有时置于川续断科Dipsacaceae或败酱科Valerianaceae,有时单立一科,即双参科Triplostegiaceae。本研究对广义川续断目Dipsacales s．l．的21种植物(分别来自于败酱科、川续断科、双参属、刺参属Morina、广义忍冬科Caprifoliaceae s. l．、五福花科 Adoxaceae)和外类群人参Panax schin-seng Nees．的叶绿体 DNA trnL-F区进行了测序,并建立系统发育树状图。结果显示,败酱科、川续断科、双参属、刺参属和广义忍冬科的4个属(双盾木属Dipelta、虫胃实属Kolkwitzia、六道木属Abelia和北极花属Linnaea)形成 了一个单系群并得到了很强的支持(100％ bootstrap);双参属与川续断科有更近的关系,建议作为一个亚科置于川续断科;广义忍冬科为一多系类群;而刺参属与其他广义川续断目类群之间的关系尚不能确定。     

Morphological phylogenetics of the sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida)

Pycnogonids or sea spiders are a group of marine arthropods whose relations to the chelicerates have been an issue of controversy. Higher-level phylogenetic relationships among the lineages of sea spiders are investigated using 36 morphological characters from 37 species from all extant families and a Devonian pycnogonid fossil. This is one of the first attempts to analyze the higher-level relationships of the Pycnogonida using cladistic techniques. Character homoplasy (implied weights) is taken into account to construct a polytomous, most-parsimonious tree in which two major clades within Pycnogonida are obtained. Clade A includes Ammotheidae paraphyletic with Colossendeidae, Austrodecidae and Rhynchothoracidae, and clade B is formed by Nymphonidae, Callipallenidae (apparently paraphyletic), Pycnogonidae and Phoxichilidiidae. The analysis of equally weighted data is presented and helps to identify those characters less consistent. The reduction of the chelifores, palps and ovigers — shown independently within each of the clades as parallel evolution events — challenges the assumption of a gradual mode of reduction within the group, according to analysis of unordered vs ordered characters. Most of the phylogenetic affinities proposed here are compatible with traditional classifications. However, traditional taxonomic characters need to be complemented by sets of anatomical, molecular and developmental data, among others, to produce more robust phylogenetic hypotheses on the higher- and lower-level relationships of the sea spiders.     

Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei)

The history of ostariophysan classification is summarized and it is noted that traditional concepts of relationships have never been supported by characters found to be unique to the taxa. We present a new hypothesis of relationships among four of the five major ostariophysan lineages: Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluroidei, and Gymnotoidei (Otophysi). Cypriniforms are the sister-group of the remaining three (Characiphysi), and characiforms are the sister-group of siluroids plus gymnotoids (Siluriformes). Placement of the Gonorynchiformes as the sister-group of the Otophysi is supported by additional evidence. Each of the five lineages is monophyletic. Analysis was concentrated upon species thought to be the least specialized within each lineage; choices of these species are discussed. Chanos is determined to be a relatively primitive gonorynchiform morphologically and the sister-group of all other Recent members of the order. Opsariichthys and Zacco are found to be morphologically primitive cypriniforms. We propose that a monophyletic group comprising the Citharinidae and Distichodontidae forms the sister-group of all other characiforms. Within the two families, Xenocharax is the least specialized. We suggest that Hepsetus, the erythrinids, and the ctenoluciids are more derived than the distichodontids and citharinids, and may form a monophyletic group within die characiforms. The traditional hypothesis that Diplomystes is the primitive sister-group of all Recent siluroids is substantiated. Our evidence suggests that Sternopygus is the most primitive gymnotoid morphologically; but rather than being the sister-group of all other gymnotoids, it is the primitive sister-group within a lineage called the Sternopygidae by Mago-Leccia. Previous explanations of otophysan distribution have been based on notions of relationships which are unsupported by the evidence presented herein. Our own analysis of relationships serves primarily to make clear the extent of sympatry, and therefore the probability of dispersal, among the major ostariophysan lineages. The extent of sympatry, together with the widespread distribution of ostariophysans, suggests that the group is older than previously supposed, and our hypotheses of relationships among the characiforms implies that many of the extent characiform lineages evolved before the separation of Africa and South America. Further understanding of ostariophysan distribution must await phylogenetic analysis within each of the five major lineages so that distributions linked with vicariance patterns and dispersal events can be sorted out.     

Phylogeny and classification of the Culicidae (Diptera)

The generic relationships and higher classification of the family Culicidae are examined on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis. New and traditional morphological characters studied and compared throughout the Culicidae resulted in the acquisition of character data relative to the majority of species within each genus. Polymorphisms and morphological observations are discussed and additional information and illustrations are provided for the majority of characters and their character states. The analysis of seventy-three adult, pupal and fourth-instar larval characters coded for the thirty-eight currently recognized genera of mosquitoes resulted in relationships and groupings which differ significantly from traditional hypotheses. The analysis supports the monophyly of the subfamily Anophelinae and the tribes Culicini and Sabethini. The Anophelinae form the most basal clade of the family. The results indicate that Aedini is a paraphyletic assemblage with respect to the Mansoniini, each of which is monophyletic in itself. The Aedini + Mansoniini form a sister group to the Culicini + Sabethini, with the Aedini and the Culicini placed in ancestral relationships to the Mansoniini and the Sabethini, respectively. Based on the topography of generic relationships among more 'generalized' mosquitoes, the boundaries and relationships of the tribes Aedeomyiini, Uranotaeniini, Ficalbiini, Hodgesiini, Orthopodomyiini and Culisetini appear to be problematic. Relationships between genera of the tribe Aedini are generally poorly resolved due to a significant amount of polymorphism, especially within the genus Aedes as currently defined. There is no support for separate subfamily recognition for the genus Toxorhynchites , which is downgraded to tribal status as a result of the analysis. The results are discussed in relation to previous hypotheses based on subjective inference and cladistic analyses.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Bombycidae s.l. (Lepidoptera) based on analyses of complete mitochondrial genomes

The family Bombycidae (sensu Minet, 1994) is a diverse group of species belonging to the superfamily Bombycoidea. It is an economically important group of moth species, containing well‐known silk‐producing insects, as well as many pests of agriculture and forestry. The morphology‐based hypothesis of Minet (1994) on the composition of Bombycidae is in conflict with subsequent phylogenetic hypotheses for the superfamily based on nuclear genes. In this paper, the complete mitochondrial genomes of nine species of Bombycidae are presented for the first time. Based on these genomes, four dataset partitions and three gblocks parameter settings, phylogenetic relationships among Bombycidae were reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Bombycidae was confirmed as a polyphyletic group, with the traditional subfamilies Prismostictinae and Oberthueriinae forming a single well‐supported clade that is distant to Bombycinae. The phylogenetic relationships within Bombycoidea were supported as ((((Bombycinae, Sphingidae), Saturniidae), (Prismostictinae, Oberthueriinae)), Eupterotidae).