一种新的具有多肽性质的β-肾上腺素能受体激动剂

从蚯蚓中分离出一种能增强离体豚鼠心耳收缩作用的物质。用分子筛层析,阴离子交换层析及高效液相色谱法进行了纯化,进一步分析表明,它是分子量约为30,000daltons的多肽(称为蚯这多肽制剂),可被肾上腺素能受体阻断剂——心得安对抗,能竞争性抑制~3H标记心得舒与大鼠心肌膜制剂内β-肾上腺素能受体的结合,为一种新的β-肾上腺素能受体激动剂。     

雌激素的心脏保护作用——与β1-肾上腺素受体的相互作用及其信号通路

雌激素是女性体内主要的类固醇性激素。对于心肌缺血性伤害,切除卵巢的成年雌性大鼠在β-肾上腺素受体激动时,比正常雌性大鼠呈现更严重的心肌损伤：而去卵巢后的雌激素替补组大鼠对β-肾上腺素受体激动时心肌缺血性伤害的反应则又回复到正常雌性大鼠水平,这为雌激素对抗缺血性伤害的心脏保护作用提供了证据。雌激素的这种保护作用是通过下调β1-肾上腺素受体的表达来实现的。也有研究证明,雌激素能抑制蛋白激酶A（protein kinaseA,PKA）的表达和活性,PKA是Gs蛋白／腺苷酸环化酶（adenylyl cyclase,AC）／cAMP／PKA通路的第二信使,而该通路最终影响心肌的收缩功能。有初步证据表明雌激素还能抑制β1-肾上腺素受体通路下游的另一种第二信使钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ．δc（Ca^2＋/calmodulin kinaseⅡ-δc,CaMKⅡ-δc）的活性,而CaMKII-δc参与PKA非依赖性的细胞凋亡。即时给予生理浓度雌激素可不通过雌激素受体而直接抑制心肌β1-肾上腺素受体并减弱Ca^2＋内流。此外,脑研究也显示雌激素能抑制负责调节动脉血压脑区的β1-肾上腺素受体活性。因此,雌激素和β1-肾上腺素受体之间的相互作用及其信号通路十分复杂。雌激素不仅主导性别决定,在机体其它功能例如心脏保护方面也具有重要作用。     

β3肾上腺素能受体激动剂的减脂机制

肥胖症是一种由于机体能量过剩所导致的慢性代谢性疾病.β3肾上腺素能受体是β肾上腺素能受体的一种亚型,主要存在于棕色脂肪及白色脂肪组织中,参与棕色脂肪组织的产热和白色脂肪组织的脂质分解以及白色脂肪棕色化的过程,在脂肪代谢中起到减脂作用.β3肾上腺素能受体激动剂能与β3肾上腺素能受体结合,从而参与脂肪代谢的过程.本文对近年...     

不同pH值条件下利多卡因对淋巴细胞β受体的影响

用放射配基结合法和放免分析法测定了不同ｐＨ值下利多卡因对人血液淋巴细胞β受体结合和肾上腺素刺激的ｃＡＭＰ产量的影响。结果表明,ｐＨ值的增加有利于３Ｈ－ＤＨＡ与β受体结合,肾上腺素刺激的淋巴细胞ｃＡＭＰ的产量随ｐＨ值的增加而增加（Ｐ＜０．００１）;利多卡因抑制β受体结合和肾上腺素刺激的淋巴细胞ｃＡＭＰ产量,其抑制程度亦随ｐＨ值增加而增加（Ｐ＜０．００１）。提示心肺复苏期间不用利多卡因时β受体激动剂的效应随ｐＨ值的增加而增加,如同时使用利多卡因则β受体激动剂的效应并不随ｐＨ值的增加而增强,其机制可能与利多卡因随ｐＨ值的增加,改变了细胞膜脂质流动性,抑制β受体与激动剂的结合有关。     

氟烷对慢性缺氧兔心肌β肾上腺素能受体的影响

用放射配基结合法和高效液相色谱电化学法分别测定氟烷对慢性缺氧免心肌β肾上腺素能受体（简称β受体）和血浆儿茶酚胺的影响。结果表明：慢性缺氧后兔心肌β受体密度明显下降,受体亲和力无明显变化,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素明显升高。缺氧吸入氟烷后兔心肌β受体密度进一步下降,亲和力增加,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素无进一步变化。常氧吸入氟烷后心肌β受体密度无明显变化,亲和力升高,血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素反而降低。结果提示,氟烷抑制常氧兔交感神经活动而不能抑制缺氧兔交感神经活动,氟烷不改变常氧兔心肌β受体密度,但降低缺氧兔心肌β受体密度。β受体密度降低与缺氧后升高的儿茶酚胺下调β受体数目有关,同时可能与氟烷改变了缺氧心肌细胞膜脂质流动性使受体易向膜内移动有关。     

雌激素的心脏保护作用——与β1-肾上腺素受体的相互作用及其信号通路

雌激素是女性体内主要的类固醇性激素.对于心肌缺血性伤害,切除卵巢的成年雌性大鼠在β-肾上腺素受体激动时,比正常雌性大鼠呈现更严重的心肌损伤;而去卵巢后的雌激素替补组大鼠对β-肾上腺素受体激动时心肌缺血性伤害的反应则又回复到正常雌性大鼠水平,这为雌激素对抗缺血性伤害的心脏保护作用提供了证据.雌激素的这种保护作用是通过下调β1-肾上腺素受体的表达来实现的.也有研究证明,雌激素能抑制蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)的表达和活性,PKA是Gs蛋白/腺苷酸环化酶(adenylyl cyclase,AC)/cAMP/PKA通路的第二信使,而该通路最终影响心肌的收缩功能.有初步证据表明雌激素还能抑制β1-肾上腺素受体通路下游的另一种第二信使钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ-δc(Ca2+/calmodulin kinase Ⅱ-δc,CaMKⅡ-δc)的活性,而CaMKⅡ-δc参与PKA非依赖性的细胞凋亡.即时给予生理浓度雌激素可不通过雌激素受体而直接抑制心肌β1-肾上腺素受体并减弱Ca2+内流.此外,脑研究也显示雌激素能抑制负责调节动脉血压脑区的β广肾上腺素受体活性.因此,雌激素和β1-肾上腺素受体之间的相互作用及其信号通路十分复杂.雌激素不仅主导性别决定,在机体其它功能例如心脏保护方面也具有重要作用.     

辐射对小鼠骨髓细胞膜β-肾上腺素能受体的影响

本文以测定 cAMP 含量为手段,研究了~(60)Co-γ下线800 R 照射及合并β-肾上腺素能刺激剂对小鼠骨髓细胞膜上β-肾上腺素能受体的反应。β-肾上腺素能刺激剂可通过对β-肾上腺能受体作用而引起骨髓细胞内 cAMP 含量改变;照射和异丙基肾上腺素(IPR)均可使 cAMP含量增加,照射以后再注入 IRP 则 cAMP 含量增加的幅度超过单纯照射和 IPR,然而,IPR注入后再照射,cAMP 含量不增加。心得安(PPL)可有效地阻断由照射或 IPR 引起 cAMP升高的反应。     

β-肾上腺素受体调节蛋白及其功能

血管疾病成为威胁人类健康头号杀手,心血管受体在心血管疾病的发生、发展及预防和治疗中具有举足轻重的地位。β-肾上腺素受体作为G蛋白偶联受体家族的成员,是心血管药物最重要的靶点之一。β-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂被认为是继洋地黄后药物防治心脏疾病的最伟大突破,其在心血管领域的研究和应用一直是被关注的热点。2012年度诺贝尔化学奖再次授予了β-肾上腺素受体的研究。随着研究的深入,人们发现β-肾上腺素受体接受着细胞内调控蛋白的精密调控,不同调控蛋白介导着受体不同的生理信号通路和病理性信号通路。基于这些发现,近年来提出了受体功能选择性的配体药物,这也将成为未来药物的研究方向。本文综述了β-肾上腺素受体调节蛋白及相关信号通路及功能。     

心脏β肾上腺素受体信号转导研究与相关药物研发

β 肾上腺素受体作为重要的 G 蛋白偶联受体家族成员,在血液循环、代谢调节、肌肉收缩和舒张中都具有重要的作用。在心脏中, 急性激活 β 肾上腺素受体能够促进心脏功能,持续性激活 β 肾上腺素受体在心脏重构的病理生理过程中具有重要作用。心脏中的 β 肾上腺 素受体包括 3 个亚型:β1 肾上腺素受体、β2 肾上腺素受体和 β3 肾上腺素受体。文章重点讨论了 β1 和 β2 肾上腺素受体二者在心脏中不同甚 至截然相反的作用。在此基础上,提出基于 β 肾上腺素受体信号转导亚型特异性的心衰治疗新方法。     

β-肾上腺素受体与乳腺癌相关性的研究进展

精神和情绪对于肿瘤的发生、发展具有重要作用.通常,在急性或慢性应激状态下,由交感神经系统介导的正常生理应激机制导致神经递质肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素释放增多.对于恶性肿瘤患者,大量研究证实交感神经系统主要通过β-肾上腺素能受体途径介导的信号传导通路对肿瘤的进展和转移产生影响.乳腺癌患者多伴有焦虑预后不良而引起肾上腺素及去甲...     

Impact of Ca2+ on membrane catalyzed IAPP amyloid formation and IAPP induced vesicle leakage

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP, also known as amylin) is a 37 amino acid pancreatic polypeptide hormone that plays a role in regulating glucose levels, but forms pancreatic amyloid in type-2 diabetes. The process of amyloid formation by hIAPP contributes to β-cell death in the disease. Multiple mechanisms of hIAPP induced toxicity of β-cells have been proposed including disruption of cellular membranes. However, the nature of hIAPP membrane interactions and the effect of ions and other molecules on hIAPP membrane interactions are not fully understood. Many studies have used model membranes with a high content of anionic lipids, often POPS, however the concentration of anionic lipids in the β-cell plasma membrane is low. Here we study the concentration dependent effect of Ca²⁺ (0 to 50 mM) on hIAPP membrane interactions using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with anionic lipid content ranging from 0 to 50 mol%. We find that Ca²⁺ does not effectively inhibit hIAPP amyloid formation and hIAPP induced membrane leakage from binary LUVs with a low percentage of POPS, but has a greater effect on LUVs with a high percentage of POPS. Mg²⁺ had very similar effects, and the effects of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ can be largely rationalized by the neutralization of POPS charge. The implications for hIAPP-membrane interactions are discussed.     

Lateral mobility of β-receptors involved in adenylate cyclase activation

Cationized ferritin was found to inhibit the lateral mobility of intramembrane proteins in turkey erythrocyte membranes and the activation of adenylate cyclase by the (?)-epinephrine-bound β-adrenergic receptor. It was observed that cationized ferritin has only a small direct effect on the β-receptor and on the adenylate cyclase moiety. It is concluded that the cationized ferritin-induced inhibition of the hormone-dependent cyclase activity results from the inhibition of the lateral mobility of the receptor and therefore a decrease in the bimolecular rate of interaction between the receptor and the enzyme.     

Alpha-adrenergic receptors on human platelets.

[³H] dihydroergocyrptine, an α-adrenergic antagonist, binds specifically to sites on human platelet membranes. Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) stimulates the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in human platelets. Alpha-adrenergic agonists, 1-epinephrine and 1-norepinephrine, and antagonists, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and dihydroergocyrptine inhibit the binding of [³H] dihydroergocryptine. The α-adrenergic agonists inhibit PGE₁-stimulated cAMP production and the α-adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and dihydroergocryptine reverse this inhibition. The β-adrenergic agonist 1-isoproterenol and the β-adrenergic antagonists d1-propranolol and 1-alprenolol do not significantly alter binding or PGE₁-stimulated cAMP production. Clonidine, dopamine, and serotonin inhibit binding, but clonidine and dopamine are weak inhibitors of PGE₁-stimulated cAMP production, and serotonin is without effect. Tyramine, an amine without direct adrenergic activity fails to inhibit binding. Alpha-adrenergic agonists decrease the apparent affinity of a PGE₁-receptor activating cAMP production. The inhibition of PGE₁-stimulated cAMP production is a physiological measure of α-adrenergic agonist binding to the α-receptor.     

Effect of taurine on passive ion transport in rat brain synaptosomes.

Taurine, in concentrations greater than 10 mM, was found to have an inhibitory effect on passive calcium uptake and release in rat brain synaptosomal preparations. Amino acids similar to that of taurine in chemical structure, β-alanine, hypotaurine, homotaurine and γ-amino-butyric acid were also shown to inhibit calcium uptake in this preparation. Taurine, though, did not alter the permeability of these preparations to sodium or potassium. It thus appears that taurine and chemically related amino acids can alter calcium movements in these preparations. It is postulated that this effect is due to binding to specific taurine sites in the synaptosomal membranes.     

The LAR protein tyrosine phosphatase enables PDGF β-receptor activation through attenuation of the c-Abl kinase activity

The receptor tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) LAR negatively regulates the activity of several receptor tyrosine kinases. To investigate if LAR affects the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from mice where the LAR phosphatase domains were deleted (LARΔP), and wt littermates, were stimulated with 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB. In LAR phosphatase deficient MEFs, the phosphorylation of the PDGF β-receptor was surprisingly reduced, an event that was rescued by re-expression of wt LAR. The decreased phosphorylation of the PDGF β-receptor was observed independent of ligand concentration and occurred on all tyrosine residues, as determined by immunoblotting analysis using site-selective phosphotyrosine antibodies. This suggests that LAR is required for full PDGF β-receptor kinase activation. Downstream of receptor activation, phosphorylation of Akt and PLCγ were decreased in LARΔP MEFs, whereas Src and Erk MAP kinase pathways were less affected. The proliferation of LARΔP MEFs in response to PDGF-BB was also reduced. The inhibitory effect on the PDGF β-receptor in LARΔP cells was exerted via increased basal activity of c-Abl, since inhibition of c-Abl, by AG957 or siRNA, restored PDGF β-receptor phosphorylation. These observations suggest that LAR reduces the basal c-Abl activity thereby allowing for PDGF β-receptor kinase activation.     

Multiplicity of receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): differential effects of apamin on binding in brain, uterus and liver

Apamin is a neurotoxic octadecapeptide from bee venom, which has been shown to inhibit the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of the smooth muscle of the gut. Since vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been proposed as a possible inhibitory neurotransmitter, the effect of apamin on the receptor binding of 125I-VIP was studied using the following assays: (1) isolated synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex, (2) crude plasma membranes from hog uterine smooth muscle, and (3) purified plasma membranes and isolated hepatocytes from hog liver. Apamin inhibited the receptor-bound 125I-VIP on membranes from brain or myometrium, although the binding affinity was 100-1000 times lower than for VIP. The displacement curves for VIP and apamin were parallel suggesting that apamin interacts with both the low and high affinity VIP receptors. In membranes and cells from liver, apamin was unable to displace receptor-bound 125I-VIP in concentrations up to 50 mumol/l. The findings suggest that the VIP receptors in liver are different from those in the brain cortex and myometrium.     

Density-dependent inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-β on human fibroblasts involves the down-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor α-receptors

We have previously found that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) inhibits the mitogenic activity of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in cultures of human neonatal fibroblasts in a density-dependent fashion. In the present investigation we determined the effect of TGF-β1 on the PDGF α-receptor, which binds all PDGF isoforms, as well as on the β-receptor, which binds only PDGF-BB with high affinity. We found that the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on PDGF-AA-induced mitogenesis was density-dependent; when dense cell cultures were preincubated with TGF-β1, there was an complete inhibition of ³H-thymidine incorporation, whereas the effect was less in sparse cultures. A similar density-dependent effect of TGF-β1 was seen in PDGF-BB treated cells, although less pronounced. The binding of ¹²⁵I-labeled PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB to the α-receptor was significantly reduced after treatment with TGF-β1 in dense cultures, whereas the sparse cultures were less affected. A decrease of α-receptor mRNA was also seen. The levels of β-receptor protein and mRNA were unaffected. We conclude that the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 is cell density-dependent and involves down-regulation of PDGF α-receptors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Zinc inhibition of electron transfer: mechanism of beta receptor inhibition?

Zinc has been shown to inhibit β-receptor activation of adenylate cyclase at a post receptor site. We have postulated that the β-receptor is one of several receptors activated by reduction, followed by transmembrane elector transfer accelerated by GTP. GTP accelerates electron transfer in a model system and this accelerated electron transfer is inhibited by zinc. This could explain the mechanism of the post receptor inhibition by zinc of the adenylate cyclase stimulation which follows β-receptor activation.     

PAC1 receptor localization in a model nervous system: light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry on the earthworm ventral nerve cord ganglia

The presence and pattern of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) type I (PAC1) receptors were identified by means of pre- and post-embedding immunocytochemical methods in the ventral nerve cord ganglia (VNC) of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Light and electron microscopic observations revealed the exact anatomical positions of labeled structures suggesting that PACAP mediates the activity of some interneurons, a few small motoneurons and certain sensory fibers that are located in ventrolateral, ventromedial and intermediomedial sensory longitudinal axon bundles of the VNC ganglia. No labeling was located on large interneuronal systems such as dorsal medial and lateral giant axon systems and ventral giant axons. At the ultrastructural level labeling was mainly restricted to endo- and plasma membranes showing characteristic unequal distribution in various neuron parts. An increasing abundance of PAC1 receptors located on both rough endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes was seen from perikarya to neural processes, indicating that intracellular membrane traffic might play a crucial role in the transportation of PAC1 receptors. High number of PAC1 receptors was found in both pre- and postsynaptic membranes in addition to extrasynaptic sites suggesting that PACAP acts as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the earthworm nervous system.