南京堇菜属植物资源及其园林应用前景分析

通过对南京市堇菜属植物资源进行调查与分析,介绍了南京市堇菜属植物资源的种类、分布及观赏特性,阐述了堇菜属植物在园林绿化中的观赏应用价值,认为其在南京园林绿化中具有很大的开发应用前景。     

福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及其应用

彩叶植物因其叶色丰富、观赏性高,在园林绿化中占有重要地位。本文对福建泉州市彩叶植物种类及应用现状进行调查研究,并对彩叶植物的引种与应用提出建议。     

乡土植物在广州城市园林绿化中的应用

通过对广州市园林绿化植物的种类进行调查并对其组成特点进行分析,结果表明,目前广州市园林植物种类较多,但在组成上仅一小部分植物占有优势,且乡土植物种类不多,外来物种却占有较大比例,有毒植物的种植也很普遍。在对广州地区野外植物资源状况调查的基础上,选择了具有较高观赏和应用价值的11种乔木、6种灌木和3种草本地被乡土植物,对其特性及园林用途做了简要介绍。     

银川市色叶植物景观的调查与评价

色叶植物因其色彩绚丽,且易于形成大面积的群体景观,已广泛用于园林绿化美化中,丰富了城市的色彩。目前我国色叶植物种类的开发及园林应用还存在着很大的空间,本文以银川地区色叶植物资源为主要对象,对色叶植物在园林中的应用现状及其景观价值进行了调查与分析评价,并就色叶植物在园林绿化中的配置提出几点建议,为银川地区色叶植物的引种、驯化、开发利用提供借鉴。     

彩叶地被植物在南京园林绿地中的应用

简要阐述了彩叶地被植物的概念、分类以及南京园林绿地中应用的常见种类、应用原则,提出了彩叶地被植物在园林景观中林下、林缘、疏林、水景、边坡、道路、空旷地及花境中的应用形式,供园林绿化者参考。     

藤本植物在鄂尔多斯地区的园林应用初探

藤本植物进行垂直绿化是拓展城市绿化空间、提高绿化覆盖率、改善生态环境的重要途径。随着城市园林绿化面积愈来愈小,利用藤本植物营造园林绿化景观已成为当下热点。本文主要对鄂尔多斯地区藤本植物资源、园林绿化应用方式及具开发价值的藤本植物资源进行了初步探讨,旨在对藤本植物园林应用提供理论参考依据。     

10种野牡丹科植物引种栽培及应用研究

通过对广州地区6个野牡丹科植物野生种及国外引进4个园艺栽培种进行物候学、抗寒性系统观察,综合评价观赏价值和适应性后对其打分,筛选出7个野牡丹科植物可大规模应用于广州及周边地区园林绿化,丰富了本市园林植物品种种类。     

荆条节肢动物群落时序动态的研究

本文对荆条上节肢动物群落的种群数量、种类数、所属科目数量、多样性指数及主要节肢动物个体数量的时序动态进行了研究.结果表明,荆条上栖居的节肢动物的种群数量、种类数、所属科目数量、多样性指数及主要节肢动物个体数量与荆条的花期密切相关,且荆条上栖居的节肢动物多为天敌和传粉昆虫,而园林绿化中常见灌木上栖居的节肢动物种类和数量极少或多为植食性昆虫.因此,荆条对于提高园林绿地的自我调控能力有着非常重要的作用.     

福建梅花山观赏蕨类植物资源及其开发利用

对闽西梅花山国家级自然保护区的观赏蕨类植物资源进行调查,发现具有观赏价值的野生蕨类植物29科48属68种。对该区各种观赏蕨按观赏用途分为园林绿化、盆景配置、切花配叶和盆栽观赏等4个别类,并对其种类组成、垂直分布、水平分布与生态分布、优势资源以及利用途径进行分析,同时提出开发利用建议。     

我国的观赏蕨类资源及其开发利用

我国约有蕨类植物2 600种,其中观赏价值较高的种类有数百种,按照观赏用途可分为园林绿化、室内盆栽、切花配叶、点缀盆景假山、吊篮栽培和制作干花或观赏标本等6类.观赏蕨类的绿化和美化效果好,耐荫性强,市场开发潜力大.综述了我国观赏蕨类的研究和应用现状、主要种类、园林用途和繁殖方法.并就我国观赏蕨类的开发利用提出了几点建议.     

Scale‐dependent effects of forest restoration on Neotropical fruit bats

Neotropical fruit bats (family Phyllostomidae) facilitate forest regeneration on degraded lands by dispersing shrub and tree seeds. Accordingly, if fruit bats can be attracted to restoration sites, seed dispersal could be enhanced. We surveyed bat communities at 10 sites in southern Costa Rica to evaluate whether restoration treatments attracted more fruit bats if trees were planted on degraded farmlands in plantations or island configurations versus natural regeneration. We also compared the relative influence of tree cover at local and landscape spatial scales on bat abundances. We captured 68% more fruit bat individuals in tree plantations as in controls, whereas tree island plots were intermediate. Bat activity also responded to landscape tree cover within a 200‐m radius of restoration plots, with greater abundance but lower species richness in deforested landscapes. Fruit bat captures in controls and tree island plots declined with increasing landscape tree cover, but captures in plantations were relatively constant. Individual species responded differentially to tree cover measured at different spatial scales. We attribute restoration effects primarily to habitat structure rather than food resources because no planted trees produced fruits regularly eaten by bats. The magnitude of tree planting effects on fruit bats was less than previous studies have found for frugivorous birds, suggesting that bats may play a particularly important role in dispersing seeds in heavily deforested and naturally regenerating areas. Nonetheless, our results show that larger tree plantations in more intact landscapes are more likely to attract diverse fruit bats, potentially enhancing seed dispersal.     

The community structure of bird assemblages on urban strangler figs

Figs have been regarded as keystone plant resources that support diverse tropical vertebrate frugivore communities. Planting or conserving large fig trees, such as stranglers, have therefore been proposed for enhancing urban biodiversity. We compared the diversity and community structure of bird assemblages on strangler figs with non‐fig urban trees as well as between the fruiting and non‐fruiting fig trees in an urban setting in Singapore. The total bird abundance across all the fig trees when in fruit was 4.5‐fold higher than on non‐fig trees and 3.5‐fold higher than when the same fig trees were not fruiting, but only attracted two more species. On individual trees, after accounting for the presence of mistletoes, tree height, the area covered by buildings, road lane density, and the distance to natural vegetation, mean diversity was not different between non‐fig trees and fig trees when they were not in fruit. On the other hand, when fruiting, each fig tree on average had 1.4 more species, 3 more counts of non‐native birds, and 1.6 more counts of insectivorous birds than when not fruiting. There was significant compositional turnover between non‐fig trees and non‐fruiting fig trees, while community dispersion was significantly lower among fig trees in fruit. Our results demonstrate that fig trees provide fruit and non‐fruit resources for birds in an urban landscape but do not necessarily support more diverse total bird assemblages than non‐fig trees. Instead, bird communities on fruiting urban figs would be highly homogeneous and dominated by a few species. Abstract in Malay is available with online material.     

The occurrence of cavities in fruit trees: effects of tree age and management on biodiversity in traditional European orchards

The formation of tree-cavities is an important ecological factor since many animals in woody habitats are cavity users. Recent research focuses on tree-cavity formation and the associated cavity networks in forest ecosystems. However, although traditional European orchards are important habitats for secondary cavity users, ecological research on the factors associated with the occurrence of cavities in fruit trees is widely missing. In particular, fruit tree pruning management may affect decay-cavity formation due to the pruning wounds allowing heart rot and decay to enter the tree. Here, we present a cross-sectional study investigating 608 fruit trees in 30 study plots of three European fruit-growing regions to identify factors associated with decay-cavity occurrence in fruit trees. Presence of decay-cavities was positively related to trunk diameter. Moreover, fruit trees of low vitality and with woodpecker-cavities featured more often decay-cavities than trees of high vitality or without woodpecker-cavities. Apple trees featured higher numbers of cavities at younger age than other fruit trees. Occurrence of decay-cavities was also related to the past removal of large main branches. Accordingly, traditional orchards are cavity-rich habitats if they comprise high proportion of old fruit trees, in particular apple trees, and if pruning management produces large pruning wounds. Thus, differential tree pruning and fruit-growing traditions across Europe result in different cavity densities in traditional orchards. Preservation of existing and potential cavity trees and selective removal of large branches from apple trees are recommended as conservation measures establishing high cavity densities and increasing the associated biodiversity in the agricultural landscape.     

热带果树资源的引种及园林应用探讨

对厦门华侨亚热带植物引种园50年来引自国（境）外的热带果树资源进行调查,评析其在当地生长状况、适应性,并对生长正常果树的观赏特性进行评价,同时提出园林应用建议。     

Uses of trees in paddy fields in Champasak Province, southern Lao PDR

The species and uses of trees located in paddy fields were investigated in three villages in Champasak Province, Lao PDR. The villages were different in their distance from Pakse City, the capital of the province, and age since foundation. A total of 71 species were recorded, and most were used by local people. The most frequent use was for fruit, firewood, and medicine, though most trees also offered shade for cattle and people. Species composition differed among villages. The youngest paddy supported more trees, remnants of the original forest, for timber. Older paddies supported fewer trees for timber but more for fruit and firewood. The introduced species increased according to the age of the paddy. Products other than timber obtained from the trees were common among villages. The significance of trees in rice cultivation in Laos was compared with that in the Satoyama landscape of Japan.     

苹果蠹蛾成虫产卵特性

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是全球温带地区果园主要害虫之一,是中国的重要检疫性有害生物,对我国苹果、梨等水果的安全生产造成极大危害及威胁。为详细了解苹果蠹蛾的产卵特性,从而为进行有效的监测与防控提供基础信息,作者于2006年在甘肃省山丹县梨果园中对树冠不同高度与朝向的蛀果率进行了调查,并于2010在内蒙古阿拉善左旗对梨树果枝上不同部位的产卵量进行了详细调查。主要研究结果如下:1)树冠2.5m以上的蛀果率显著高于2.5m以下的蛀果率,树冠东面的蛀果率最高,南面的蛀果率最低;2)在整个果园中,靠近北侧的果树上果实受害程度要高于南侧果树上的果实受害程度,整个果园中蛀果率由北向南逐渐降低;3)叶片上的卵数最多,占总卵数的73.1%,果实上的卵数次之,占总卵数的14.6%,枝条上的卵数最少,占总卵数的12.2%;4)在产卵的叶片上,卵主要产在叶背面,叶片背面卵量是叶正面的6.65倍。鉴于以上研究结果,在开展化学防治或颗粒体病毒防治时,应注意充分喷施果树上层树冠,且在对果实进行处理的同时,叶片和枝条也需要充分喷药。     

Fruit biomass availability along a forest cover gradient

Habitat loss is the main driver of the current high rate of species extinction, particularly in tropical forests. Understanding the factors associated with biodiversity loss, such as the extinction of species interactions and ecological functions, is an urgent priority. Here, our aim was to evaluate how landscape‐scale forest cover influences fruit biomass comparing different tree functional groups. We sampled 20 forest fragments located within landscapes with forest cover ranging from 2 to 93 percent in the Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, Brazil. In each fragment, we established five plots of 25 × 4 m and carried out phenological observations on fleshy fruit throughout 1 year on all trees ≥5 cm dbh. We estimated fruit availability by direct counting of all fruits and derived fruit biomass from this count. We used spatial mixed linear models to evaluate the effects of forest cover on species richness, abundance, and fruit biomass. Our results indicated that forest cover was the main explanatory variable and negatively influenced the total richness and abundance of zoochoric and shade‐tolerant but not shade‐intolerant species. A linear model best explained variations in richness and abundance of total and shade‐tolerant species. We also found that forest cover was positively correlated with the fruit biomass produced by all species and by the shade‐tolerant assemblages, with linear models best explaining both relationships. The loss of shade‐tolerant species and the lower fruit production in fragments with lower landscape‐scale forest cover may have implications for the maintenance of frugivore, seed dispersal service, and plant recruitment.     

厦门地区冬季观果与观花植物及其园林应用分析

通过实地调查,对厦门地区冬季观果和观花园林植物进行统计,分析其生活型、观赏特征、色彩和应用频度。结果表明,厦门冬季具有观赏价值的观果植物有20科22属25种(含种下等级),观花植物有33科51属63种(含种下等级)。厦门冬季观果植物以常绿乔木、灌木为主,果色以红色系为主,高应用频率的观果植物优势不明显;观花植物以乔木为主,花色以红色系、黄色系为主,高应用频率的观花植物优势明显,开花呈衬式花相的种类占多数。厦门冬季观果与观花植物资源较为丰富,但冬季表现较好的观果种类较少,而一些表现较好的植物未普遍应用,植物景观营造不合理,针对此问题提出改善厦门冬季植物配置的建议。     

Foliar application of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) delays fruit ripening and reduces pre-harvest fruit drop and ethylene production of bagged “Kogetsu” apples

Covering apple fruits with double layer waterproof bags to enhance fruit quality and evenness of blush colour is typical on many cultivars in Korea and Japan. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applied to unbagged apple fruits at 3–4 weeks before commercial harvest reduces ethylene production in the fruit, delays fruit ripening and reduces pre-harvest fruit drop. Spray application of AVG to trees of bagged apples should have no effect on apple ripening as there is␣no direct contact with the fruit and the translocation of AVG in apple trees is regarded as negligible. However, preliminary experiments suggested that AVG applied to trees of bagged apples reduced pre-harvest fruit drop in “Kotgetsu” apples. This study investigated the effect of spray treatments of 125 ppm of AVG on fruit drop, fruit ripening (firmness, starch conversion and soluble solids) and ethylene production to whole trees with bagged or unbagged “Kogetsu” fruit, as well as sprays of only the bagged or unbagged fruit on trees on two orchards. AVG applied to whole trees with unbagged apples reduced fruit drop from an average of 58.9% to 10.4%, delayed starch conversion and decreased ethylene production. AVG applied to whole trees with bagged fruit was equally effective in reducing pre-harvest drop, delaying fruit ripening and reducing ethylene production. Application of AVG to unbagged fruit only was nearly as effective as application to whole trees with unbagged fruit but application to bagged fruit only had no effect on fruit ripening or ethylene production. Application of AVG to bagged fruit only did reduce fruit drop to an average of 42.5% but this was not as effective as spraying unbagged fruit only or whole trees with bagged fruit. Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.     

Importance of spruce swamp-forests for epiphyte diversity and flora on Picea abies in southern and middle boreal Finland

The epiphyte (lichens and bryophytes) species richness, diversity and composition on basal trunks of Picea abies in spruce swamp-forests were compared to adjacent mesic forests, on mineral soil in two southern and two middle boreal sites in old-growth forest patches in Finland The sampling was carried out along four line transects parallel to swamp-forest margin 1) in the spruce swamp-forest, 2) at the swamp-forest margin, 3) on mineral soil c 10-20 m off the swamp-forest margin and 4) on mineral soil at least 50 m off the swamp-forest margin In the two southern boreal sites there was a decreasing trend in the average species number per tree from the trees m swamp-forests (21-25 species) to the trees on mineral soil (17-18 species), whereas in the two more humid and virgin middle boreal sites a similar trend was not detected (25-28 species on all trees) There were no major differences in the epiphyte flora between the locations or study sites the dominant species occurred on nearly all sample trees The crustose lichens Cliostomum leprosum Arthoma leucopellaea and Lecanactis abietina were the most common species that were mainly confined to the swamp-forests m the southern boreal sites, C leprosum also in the middle boreal sites In addition, several rare species occurred exclusively on the swamp-forest trees Lecanactis abietina extended significantly higher on the swamp-forest trees than on the trees on mineral soil m the southern boreal sites The spruce swamp-forests proved to be one of the most important habitats for maintaining the epiphyte diversity in the boreal forest landscape