魔芋无土栽培营养液配方研究初报

分别采用全MS、1／2MS、1／5MS、1／10MS(含大量元素、微量元素和铁盐)、1／10MS大量元素营养液(不含微量元素和铁盐)定期浇灌用蛭石栽培的不同级别的魔芋,前50d生长状况没有差异,50～80d以1／2MS～1／10MS营养液为佳,80～110d时1／5MS～1／10MS生长较好;魔芋在缺乏微量元素的营养液中后期生长不良,提前倒苗;产量分析结果表明：35g以上的种芋以1／2MS最高,35g以下的种芋以1／10MS最高,魔芋的耐盐浓度在2．25％。以下,高盐浓度对块茎的形成有毒害作用,造成产量大幅度下降,添加微量元素和铁有较好的增产作用。     

臭氧对无土栽培营养液的消毒作用研究

采用稀释平板法和MPN法,测定了臭氧对无土栽培营养液的消毒杀菌作用。结果表明,随着臭氧浓度(时间)的增加,对微生物杀灭率明显上升;连续处理20min,可杀灭90%以上的细菌、真菌和藻类;臭氧间歇曝气消毒营养液,有效控制微生物的滋生,对莴苣根系无不良影响,增加产量36.8%。     

营养液酸碱度及光照强度对魔芋生长的影响

研究了pH3~10的不同营养液酸碱度在不同光照强度下对魔芋的生长状况及软腐病的发生率的影响。结果表明:魔芋最适宜的营养液环境为pH6~8,光照应控制在7000 Lux以下。在实际栽培中,应根据不同的光照强度适当调节营养液的酸碱度,以控制病害的发生。     

魔芋试管芋营养液栽培生产原原种技术研究

在温室对魔芋试管芋立体多架层营养液栽培生产原原种技术进行了研究。以不同质量分数和比例的N、P、K、Ca、Mg等大量元素和MS培养基的微量元素配制成营养液,对魔芋试管芋进行立体多架层无土栽培试验,结果表明:生长状况和原原种的产量均以N∶P∶K∶Ca:Mg的比例为4∶1∶2.4∶0.2∶0.7的Ⅴ号营养液最高,光照强度以2000~6000 Lux为宜。该试验为魔芋营养液的配方研制及栽培管理技术提供了理论依据。     

无土栽培的营养液及其管理技术

无土栽培和生物技术是当今对农业生产上影响较大、引起人们普遍关注的高新技术,它们的特特点是在于摆脱了传统的一贯做法。无土栽培的最大特点是可合理地调节作物生长的根际环境,结合地上部设施环境的调控,可以完全摆脱自然条件的影响,实现农业的工厂化生产。     

营养膜无土栽培技术

前言营养膜技术(Nutrient Film Technique简称NFT)是国外广泛采用的一种特殊的无土栽培方法。它是将植物栽植在一个狭长的不透水的营养槽中,槽中有缓慢流动的营养液。植物根系的一部分浸没在营养液中,一部分露在空气中,植物从这种小环境中吸收水、营养物和氧气。由于这种方法采用很薄一层营养液在根际周围流动,裸露的根     

营养膜无土栽培技术

营养膜技术(Nutrient Film Technique简称NFT)是国外广泛采用的一种特殊的无土栽培方法。它是将植物栽植在一个狭长的不透水的营养槽中,槽中有缓慢流动的营养液。植物根系的一部分浸没在营养液中,一部分露在空气中,植物从这种小环境中吸收水、营养物和氧气。     

蔬菜无土栽培营养液中的氮素及其调控

综述了蔬菜无土栽培营养液配方中氮素形态、浓度对蔬菜生长发育的影响,以及环境条件对不同形态氮素吸收的影响。经分析认为：蔬菜对氮素形态的吸收因作物种类、基质、pH值等条件而异。多数人认为：不使用或部分使用NH4^ —N有利于蔬菜生长发育,其适宜配比因蔬菜种类、气候等条件而异。在低温弱光下,部分使用NH4^ —N有利于蔬菜生长发育;在高温强光下,使用NH4^ —N不利于蔬菜生长发育。蔬菜作物营养液的氮素浓度大部分在100～250mg／L,在其适宜范围内,增加氮素浓度有利于作物高产。     

魔芋及魔芋多糖

魔芋是天南星科魔芋属(Amorphophallus)植物的泛称,种类很多,主要产于东半球热带、亚热带。魔芋属中的一些种类块茎富含人类需要的魔芋多糖(KGM),在食品、化工、医药等领域,用途广泛。中国魔芋资源丰富,含魔芋多糖多的种类主要有花魔芋(A.rivieri)和白魔芋(A.albus)两种,常年产魔芋精粉(主要含魔芋多糖)约7000吨,四川省的产量占50％以上。     

白魔芋和花魔芋葡甘露聚糖研究

从白魔芋和花魔芋的块茎中分离纯化出两种魔芋葡甘露聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,简称KGM),分别名为白魔芋葡甘露聚糖(aKGM)和花魔芋葡甘露聚糖(rKGM)。通过超离心、玻璃纤维纸电泳和凝胶过沪证明aKGM和rKGM都是均一的多糖。这两种多糖都由甘露糖(M)和葡萄糖(G)组成,其克分子比G/M:aKGM为1:1.69,rKGM为1:1.60,分子量前者为8.09×10~5,后者为7.37×10~5。酶水解实验和红外光谱分析说明aKGM和rKGM都是由甘露糖和葡萄糖以β-1,4-糖苷键连接的杂多糖;有O-乙酰基的特征吸收峰,说明在某些糖残基上可能有乙酰基团。     

金蛇王营养液对老龄鼠细胞因子产生的影响

本文报导了金蛇王营养液（ＧＫＳ）对老龄鼠细胞因子产生的影响。实验表明,细胞因子分泌功能下降的老龄鼠饲喂金蛇王营养液后,ＩＬ－２和ＩＦＮ－ｒ水平明显增加。进而证明金蛇王营养液是一种良好的免疫增强剂,能增强老龄机体抗肿瘤、抗感染等作用     

The Nutrition of Parauronema acutum*

SYNOPSIS. A symbiote-free strain of Parauronema acutum, 110–3, a small marine hymenostome ciliate has been cultured in a synthetic medium consisting of amino acids, purine derivatives, vitamins, lipids and artificial sea water. Populations of ～ 1.3 × 10⁶ per ml were obtained in 5 to 6 days at 27 C in the dark in medium prepared in sea water, density = 1.015 g/cc at a surface to volume ratio of 5 cm²/ml. The pH optimum was 7.2. The following amino acids were determined to be essential for the growth of this strain: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine (or glycine), threonine, tryptophan and valine: guanine, guanosine or guanylic acid, but not adenine, adenosine, adenylic acid, hypoxanthine, inosine, inosinic acid, xanthine, xanthosine, or xanthylic acid, satisfied the need for a purine for growth of this organism. Pyrimidines were not required for growth. Of the vitamins tested, folic acid, nicotinamide, d-pantothenic acid, pyridoxal HCl, riboflavin, thiamine HCl and thioctic acid were essential for growth; biotin was not. Growth in the absence of lipids was transplantable, but amounted to ～ 3% that obtained in medium containing a mixture of asolectin, animal cephalin and Tween 80. Asolectin alone at high concentrations was almost as effective as the lipid mixture in supporting growth. Purified phospholipids such as phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol were less effective on an individual basis. In minimal medium containing only the “essential” amino acids, growth was less than 5% that obtained in the complete medium, but could be restored to maximal by the addition of either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. A number of substances, including sugars, amino acids and Krebs cycle intermediates, partially restored growth under these conditions. Only glycogen, starch and glucose-1-phosphate, tested individually, were as effective as glutamic acid or aspartic acid in restoring growth to optimal levels.     

畜禽钙磷和微量元素营养研究进展

矿物元素在畜禽生长发育、新陈代谢、神经活动、免疫功能、内分泌等几乎所有的生命活动过程中都发挥着重要的生理作用,分为钙、磷、钠、镁等常量元素和铁、锰、钴、铜等微量元素。某种矿物元素摄入不足或在体内过量蓄积、矿物元素间比例失调,都将引起严重后果。随着畜禽养殖业的集约化规模化发展,饲用矿物元素用量迅速增加,但存在不合理使用的情况,造成了资源浪费和环境污染。因此,在满足畜禽营养需要量的前提下,合理地使用矿物元素剂型及剂量,实现降低矿物元素经畜禽粪污向环境中的排放量,不仅利于集约化畜禽养殖业的发展,同时也能有效降低畜禽粪污中的重金属含量,为种植业提供优良的有机肥来源,维护生态系统的平衡,促进种植业和养殖业的可持续健康发展。基于此,以畜禽体内含量最高的常量元素钙磷和微量元素为切入点,介绍了饲用矿物元素的应用现状、畜禽矿物元素基础需要量及合适的添加范围,着重综述了新型饲用微量元素的开发与应用进展,并探讨了矿物元素动态饲喂模式的可行性及有效性,以期为合理利用矿物元素资源及进一步解决全球生态农业研究的畜禽矿物元素导致的环境污染提供参考。     

不同基质配比对毛桃营养生长的影响

以毛桃幼苗为试材,研究不同基质配比对其无土栽培生长的影响。结果表明,毛桃幼苗栽植于蛭石与珍珠岩按1:1混合的基质中,植株株高、茎粗、生物量均最高,而在粘土与沙土混合基质中生长最差。本试验结果可供开展桃树无土栽培参考。     

两种间种对油茶林地土壤养分含量的影响

为研究油茶Camellia oleifera幼林间种豆科植物对土壤养分含量的影响,在油茶林地分别间种大豆Glycine max和花生Arachis hypogaea两种作物,连续测定花生和大豆生长到收获期间每个月土壤全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量变化情况。结果表明,间种2种作物均能改善林地土壤,与对照组相比,间种组土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量均有显著提高,但有机质与有机磷含量无明显变化;2种豆科植物均可作为油茶间种作物。间种大豆组土壤各养分含量均高于花生组,表明大豆更适合用于油茶林间种。     

地膜覆盖玉米对土壤微生物量的影响

通过田间小区试验,对不同施肥条件下黄土塬区地膜覆盖栽培玉米与裸地种植玉米各生长期土壤微生物生物量C、N,P进行了研究,其结果表明：地膜覆盖栽培各生长期玉米地的微生物量C均低于裸地种植玉米地,微生物量N与C的趋势基本一致,其中苗期表现最明显;而微生物量P有所不同,拔节期地膜覆盖玉米地的微生物量P明显低于裸地种植玉米地,抽雄期则是前者明显高于后者。研究表明地膜覆盖种植玉米对土壤微生物量C,N,P产生重要影响,其影响程度与作物生育期有关。     

光生物反应器培养微藻研究进展

微藻具有固定CO2和净化有机废水的能力,在环保、食品饲（饵）料、医药和生物能源开发等领域备受关注,但规模化培养及其产业化仍是研究的难点,亟待解决。就常用于大规模培养微藻的光生物反应器的特点和结构进行了综述。其中,封闭式微藻光生物反应器能够较好地调控藻种的培养条件、不易遭受污染,藻种的纯度容易控制,但培养规模小,生产成本较高;而开放式微藻光生物反应器无法精确控制藻种生长环境,但生产规模大、产量高、生产成本低,因此应用广泛。最佳的方法是综合两者优点,即首先利用封闭式微藻光生物反应器进行中试放大,大量繁殖藻种,然后投入开放式微藻光生物反应器内进行大规模商业生产,此方法有望成为微藻光生物反应器的发展方向,以期为微藻大规模培养提供参考借鉴。     

土壤干旱条件下氮素营养对小麦水分状况和光合作用的影响

轻度土壤干旱下,小麦叶片仍能维持较好的水分状况,高氮营养对叶片光合作用有明显的促进作用。中度以上土壤干旱下,叶片水势和相对含水量明显降低,高氮叶片降低的幅度显著大于低氮,同时叶片净光合率(P_n)也趋于降低,高氮叶片降低的幅度较大。高氮叶片的叶肉光合活性明显大于低氮叶片,干旱下P_n降低与其气孔限制作用较大有关。高氮叶片的渗透调节大于低氮叶片,但渗透调节对气孔导度和P_n的维持有限。     

Manure Application and Cannabis Cultivation Influence on Speciation of Lead and Cadmium by Selective Sequential Extraction

The contamination of agricultural soils by heavy metals is a worldwide problem. Degradation of organic matter (OM) from organic amendments used in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils leads to changes in soil chemical properties shortly after their addition, which may affect the soil metal distribution. The effects of four differing organic amendments on chemical forms of Pb and Cd in a contaminated soil were investigated in a pot experiment of control unamended soil and soils amended with dry cow and poultry manures (20 g CM or PM kg^?1 soil), and cow and poultry manure extracts (2 g CME or PME kg^?1 soil) cultured with cannabis sativa. After eight weeks, a sequential extraction scheme was used to fractionate soil Pb and Cd into soluble-exchangeable (Sol-Exch), organic matter associated (AOM), and carbonates associated (ACar) forms. The addition of animal manures and their extracts increased the DTPA-extractable Pb and Cd in soil significantly. Soil Pb and Cd in Sol-Exch fraction were increased by manure applications. Both Pb and Cd in AOM fraction were increased by application of manures and their extracts. This increase was more obvious for Pb in application of cow and poultry manure extracts. The ACar chemical forms of Pb and Cd were also increased by application of manures and their extracts. The increases of Pb and Cd in Acar fraction was noticeable in soils treated with cow manure. Soil cultivation with cannabis sativa increased available, Sol-Exch, and AOM chemical forms of Pb in soil significantly compared to control soil. However, soil Pb and Cd in ACar fraction were decreased significantly by cannabis cultivation. The effect of cannabis cultivation on all of the Cd chemical forms (except on Sol-Exch) was similar to the results of Pb chemical forms. Plant cultivation had no significant effect on Cd in Sol-Exch chemical form.