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1.
A comparison of the mating behavior of adolescent and adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study compares adult and adolescent female rhesus macaques with regard to (1) characteristics of their copulatory partners,
(2) their proceptive behaviors, and (3) adult male behaviors toward them during estrus. We conducted focal follows of 24 adolescent
and 65 adult free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago during two mating seasons. Compared to adult females,
adolescents presented sexually to males at higher rates; copulated more frequently with rankless young male, and extra-group
males; and, in one of two mating seasons, were ignored more frequently by males to whom they presented sexually. Adolescents
tended to copulate with ranked, resident males at higher frequencies on days when the operational sex ratio (adult males:estrous
adult females) was high. Males directed “muzzle-up” signals to adolescents at lower rates than to adults in one of two mating
seasons, although this effect vanished when males who might have fathered adolescent females were excluded from analysis.
Adolescents did not differ consistently from adults in strength of the correlation between proximity maintenance (dyadic Hinde's
Index) and copulation rate, or in approach rate to males. Adolescent females, relative to adult females, presented sexually
more to rankless young males, but did not present more to ranked, resident males. Both proximate (e.g. endocrine) and ultimate
(e.g. differential fecundity; female-female mate competition) explanations may account for the reported differences between
adult and adolescent female rhesus macaque sexuality. 相似文献
2.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(3):285-288
Five adult and subadult sons of middle- and low-ranking female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were observed to hold high dominance rank in their natal groups during a 12-month study at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. Three
of these males also experienced high mating success during at least one mating season. These findings contrast with all previously
published accounts of rank acquisition by natal male rhesus macaques in provisioned colonies, and they present a challenge
to the hypothesis that natal transfer functions to increase male access to fertile females. 相似文献
3.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):417-433
Birth season adult heterosexual nonkin relationships of 50 free-ranging female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in two social groups at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico were examined using focal follow (289 hr) and ad lib data. Eighty-eight
percent of subjects had at least one relationship characterized by particularly high frequencies of spatial proximity, grooming,
or both. These were designated “friendships.” Males intervened in aggressive interactions more frequently on behalf of Friends
than non-Friends. Female aggressive support of males was extremely rare. Higher-ranking males experienced more friendships
than lower-ranking males. High-ranking females had higher-ranking Friends than low-ranking females. Older females had higher-ranking
Friends than younger females. Females groomed high-ranking Friends more than they were groomed by them, whereas they groomed
low-ranking Friends less than they were groomed by them. In one social group, high-ranking females were more likely than low-ranking
females to groom their Friends more than they were groomed by them. Males were more responsible than females for spatial proximity
maintenance in 9 of 14 Friend dyads for which sufficient data were available. Neither male nor female dominance rank affected
responsibility for proximity maintenance in Friend dyads.
Eight of 24 females had friendships with males with whom they had completed copulations during their conception peri-ovulatory
period of the preceding mating season. Two of 19 females completed peri-ovulatory copulations with Friends during the following
mating season. Friendship was not correlated with either of two demonstrated female mate choice indicators: (1) proximity
maintenance during estrus; or (2) cooperation with male “hip-grasp” courtship attempts. Males directed “muzzle-up” courtship
signals at lower rates toward Friends than toward non-Friends.
These and other investigators' results indicate that (1) protection from aggression is the primary benefit to female rhesus
macaques of birth season heterosexual relationships; (2) the most effective protectors are in greatest demand as Friends;
and (3) friendship has no effect or an inhibitory effect on mate choice in this species. Benefits to males of friendships
were not apparent from this study but may include coalitional support against lower-ranking males. 相似文献
4.
Carol Lauer 《American journal of physical anthropology》1975,43(3):333-339
Tooth areas correlate significantly with long bone measurements in a skeletal population of rhesus monkeys from Cayo Santiago. Correlations are relatively large for the troop as a whole, as well as for males and females separately. Femur and humerus length measurements show the highest correlations with tooth size. 相似文献
5.
Male rank,reproductive behavior,and reproductive success in free-ranging rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
John D. Berard Peter Nürnberg Jorg T. Epplen Jorg Schmidtke 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(4):481-489
Paternity assessment through DNA fingerprinting by synthetic oligonucleotide probes was applied to one birth cohort in a social
group of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. The 11 group males and 9 males from other groups were observed mating with the females. Paternity was
determined for 11 of the 15 infants. Male dominance rank was not associated with reproductive success. High-ranking resident
males (N=5) sired 27% of the infants born during a one-year study. Four of the 11 infants of known paternity were sired by males of
other social groups. The four infants of unknown paternity were sired either by males not observed mating with the females
or the low-ranking male who was not fingerprinted. Male dominance rank was not associated with reproductive activity during
conception cycles. These results suggest that the effect of rank on male reproductive success is not a predictable correlation,
but a conditional probability. 相似文献
6.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(4):439-456
The sexual relationships of 15 adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), of one social group in the Cayo Santiago colony, Puerto Rico, were studied during the 1981 mating season. Two criteria
were used to determine whether or not a focal male was in consort in a given 20-min observational sample. One hundred and
thirty-two consortships were recorded. The distribution and duration of all consortships, and the distribution of those consortships
that coincided with the estimated time of conception, were positively correlated with male dominance rank and length of tenure.
Correlations with dominance were stronger than those with tenure. Older females had more consortships with focal males than
younger females. There was no relationship between female rank and the distribution of consortships. Consortships did not
give exclusive access to receptive females although they may do in feral situations.
Males were primarily responsible for maintaining proximity in about two thirds of consortships. The four top-ranking males
were primarily responsible in all but one of their consortships. Almost all of those in which the female was primarily responsible
involved younger, slightly lower-ranking males. This pattern may have resulted from the females being attracted to the latter
males although other interpretations are possible. The partner who was primarily responsible for maintaining proximity also
tended to be the predominant groomer, supporting the view that grooming plays a role in the maintenance of sexual consortships.
Almost a third of consortships were with females who had conceived, suggesting that males could not accurately assess female
reproductive state. Consortships maintained by the male were longer than those maintained by the female. Males may try to
increase their chances of fertilising a female by prolonging the consortship. High-ranking males may have been more successful
at this, resulting in the positive correlation between male dominance rank and consortship duration. 相似文献
7.
Fitness-related patterns of genetic variation in rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Blomquist GE 《Genetica》2009,135(2):209-219
8.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(1):33-50
The social relationships of adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Group I of the Cayo Santiago colony were studied over a period of 14 months. Relationships were found in which adult
males and sexually mature females were persistently close to one another in nonsexual contexts, both within and across seasons.
Males of long tenure and high dominance rank tended to have more female partners, and more persistent relationships, than
more recent immigrants of lower rank. Correlations with length of tenure were stronger than those with dominance rank. Closely-related
females tended to have persistent relationships with the same male. In most cases the female was primarily responsible for
maintaining proximity in non-sexual contexts.
Dyads which were persistently within 5 m of each other in the birth season were more likely to form a consortship in the subsequent
mating season than those which had a brief relationship. A similar tendency was apparent in the 1 m data but it was not statistically
significant. There was no association between persistent proximity during the birth season and the occurrence of long, or
multiple consortships, nor with the maintenance of proximity or direction of grooming between consort partners. The pattern
of consortships was not closely related to the formation of persistent relationships in the subsequent birth season. Females
occasionally received protection from their male partners and, in some cases, spent more time in the feeding corral with them
than did other females.
Affiliative relationships can be very enduring and may have long-term benefits that were not apparent during the study period. 相似文献
9.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(4):425-440
Social relationships of adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were studied over a period of 14 months. Sixteen focal males were chosen from a single group in the Cayo Santiago colony,
Puerto Rico. Immatures were defined as infants, yearlings and 2-year-olds. There was a tendency for males to spend more time
in proximity to immatures in the birth seasons than in the mating season. Time spent in proximity to immatures was correlated
with male dominance rank. Several male-immature dyads had persistent relationships and nine were apparent throughout the study
period. Most of the latter involved the top-ranking males. There were no consistent effects of sex or rank of the immature
on the distribution of persistent relationships. In almost all male-immature dyads the immature was primarily responsible
for maintaining proximity. Two ways were found in which immatures could benefit from these relationships. Protection and agonistic
aiding of immatures by adult males were rare, but occurred exclusively in dyads with persistent relationships. In addition,
immatures apparently gained greater access to food resources as a result of their relationships with adult males. There was
no clear evidence of adult males benefiting from these relationships. 相似文献
10.
William C. Mahaney Anna Stambolic Mary Knezevich R. G. V. Hancock Susan Aufreiter Kandiah Sanmugadas M. J. Kessler M. D. Grynpas 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):323-333
Soil mining and eating (geophagy) behavior of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, is described and assessed with respect to the chemical, geochemical, and mineralogical composition
of the ingested materials. The samples forming the uneaten (control) and eaten (matrix and blocky) groups of soils come from
the top and flanks of a marine terrace underlain with volcanic tuff on Cayo Santiago, off the east shore of Puerto Rico. Both
the uneaten and geophagy samples were analyzed to determine particle size distributions, clay and primary mineralogy, and
soil chemical and geochemical compositions. Primary minerals such as orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar in the clay fraction
is higher in the control group than in the ingested samples. Both the control and matrix plus blocky samples have moderate
to abundant amounts of kaolinite and halloysite (both silicon:aluminum = 1:1 type clay minerals) that may be important as
a stimulus to geophagy behavior. The pH, total salts, and phosphorus levels in both the control and geophagy samples show
considerable overlap with little clear indication of causal factors. Analysis of the geochemical data showed no clear cut
elemental differences to suggest elemental supplementation as a possible explanation for mining and eating of tropical soil.
It is possible that rhesus macaques ingest clay to obtain kaolinite/halloysite minerals which may alter the taste of their
provided food, and may act as pharmaceutical agents to alleviate intestinal ailments such as diarrhea. 相似文献
11.
Normative age- and gender-related changes in body composition, serum lipids, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) were examined in the Cayo Santiago free-ranging rhesus macaques. In both adult males and females, body weights, crown-rump lengths, and circumference of the limbs were lowest in the oldest group (20+ years of age) as compared with other adult age classes. Body fat, as reflected in subcutaneous fatfold thickness and waist/thigh ratios, were higher in adult females than adult males. This gender dimorphism was first detectable among the 6-9 year old age group. Greatest body fat among females was observed in the 10-14 age group, whereas in males the highest values were observed in the 15-19 age group. Differences in body composition were also observed with respect to reproductive status. Although there were no gender differences in overall cholesterol levels, there were age-related differences between males and females, and only in males were cholesterol values positively related to adiposity. There were no age- or gender-related differences in triglyceride values, but levels were significantly higher in pregnant females in comparison with other reproductive states. Levels of testosterone were not significantly related to any morphometric parameter and values did not decrease significantly with age. Levels of IGF-1 exhibited a significant age-related decrease among adult males, and females had higher levels independent of age. The similarities between the present findings and human studies suggest that further studies in the free-ranging rhesus macaques would provide a bridge between studies of laboratory-housed primates and studies of human beings with respect to the etiology of obesity and life-history changes in body composition and endocrine and metabolic parameters. 相似文献
12.
Seroprevalence of B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies in a naturally formed group of rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eighty-two percent of a group of rhesus monkeys removed from Cayo Santiago were seropositive for B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) antibodies. Similar results were obtained from the Cayo Santiago macaque population two decades ago and from feral Indian rhesus monkeys. Thus it is likely that B virus has been enzootic in the Cayo Santiago population since 1938, when the colony was established with stock imported from India. 相似文献
13.
Joan Silk Jenny Short Jeffrey Roberts Jill Kusnitz 《International journal of primatology》1993,14(1):95-104
We describe some of the sources of variation in gestation length among rhesus macaques. the data were obtained from the timed-mating breeding program at the California Regional Primate Research Center (CRPRC). Information about approximately 700 pregnancies that resulted in spontaneous vaginal deliveries of liveborn young is presented. The average length of these pregnancies was 166.5 days. In this population, older females with higher parities had significantly longer pregnancies and significantly heavier infants than other females did. Other factors, including infant sex, month of conception, maternal reproductive history, and paternal identity, had no consistent effect upon gestation length. 相似文献
14.
Reproductive strategies of rhesus macaques 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Fred B. Bercovitch 《Primates; journal of primatology》1997,38(3):247-263
Reproductive strategies incorporate a multitude of mechanisms that have evolved to promote the reproductive success of individuals.
Evolutionary perspectives tend to emphasize the advantages of male-male competition and female choice as mediators of differential
reproduction. Male rhesus macaques have not been observed to fight for access to sexually receptive females, although they
suffer more wounds during the mating season. An increased likelihood of attacks appears to coincide with male troop entry.
Males who spend more time in consort and mate with more females tend to sire more offspring. Genetic analysis of paternity
has pinpointed age and endurance rivalry, rather than agonistic competition, as key variables associated with variation in
progeny production. Female rhesus macaques often copulate with multiple males during their ovulatory period, and tend to conceive
on the first cycle of the mating season. Female reproductive success is more likely to be a function of offspring survivorship
than the identity of particular male partners. The role of female choice as a direct mediator of male reproductive success
is unresolved, but female mate selection seems to indirectly affect male reproductive success because female preference for
mating with novel males seems to foster male dispersal. Evaluating whether mating preferences for particular male phenotypes
affectsfemale reproductive success is a task for the future. A common denominator to the reproductive strategies of both female and male
rhesus macaques is that feeding patterns affect body condition which influences reproductive output and regulates relative
reproductive success. 相似文献
15.
David A. Hill 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(1):187-198
Long-term studies have shown remarkable similarity in the social behaviour and relationships of Japanese and rhesus macaques
living in free-ranging groups. The vast majority of these studies have been of provisioned groups and many key principles
have been derived from them. Provisioning is known to influence various aspects of life history and demography, as well as
quantitative aspects of social behaviour, such as the frequencies of grooming and aggression. It has been widely assumed,
however, that the fundamental characteristics of social behaviour and relationships observed in provisioned populations are
representative of those that would occur under natural conditions. This paper reviews findings from fieldwork on Japanese
macaques living under natural conditions, and compares them with patterns of social behaviour reported by multiple studies
of provisioned groups of both species. Differences are apparent in the nature of social relationships between adult females,
between adult males, and between adult males and females. Some of these differences can be attributed to the increased levels
of aggression associated with provisioning. Others appear to be related to demographic peculiarities of provisioned groups,
such as large size and skewed sex ratio. These differences can be used to generate predictions concerning the influence of
ecological variables on the dynamics of social relationships and social structure. Ways in which these predictions could be
tested by further fieldwork on provisioned and natural populations are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) provide well-established models for studying human disease pathogenesis and vaccine development. When challenged with infectious agents, macaques exhibit individual differences in susceptibility. An important determinant of these differences is the complement of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I sequences expressed by each animal. Although previous studies have reported strong associations between MHC expression and disease outcome, a rapid, cost-effective method for high-resolution MHC genotyping in macaques is lacking. In this study, we adapted a modified heteroduplex assay, reference strand-mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to an ABI 3130xl capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer for macaque MHC class I genotyping. For validation, we investigated the concordance of RSCA genotyping for 14 MHC class I sequences in 12 Chinese rhesus macaques whose genotypes were established through complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of MHC class I sequences. We observed a concordance greater than 98% between RSCA and the cloning and sequencing data. Furthermore, RSCA confirmed the presence of MHC haplotype sharing between three macaques as predicted previously by microsatellite analysis. RSCA genotyping of an additional 25 Chinese rhesus macaques demonstrated that the frequency of these 14 MHC class I sequences ranged from 5% to 32%, with the Mamu-A1*2601 sequence being most common in this cohort. Capillary RSCA genotyping has the potential to enable researchers to rapidly evaluate MHC class I genotypes in rhesus macaques and associate specific MHC sequences with disease susceptibility. 相似文献
17.
Joseph H. Manson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1996,37(2):145-154
Male rhesus macaques sometimes give loud calls while thrusting or dismounting during multi-mount copulations.Hauser (1993) has proposed that these calls (1) impose a cost (increased risk of aggression) on calling males, and (2) increase
callers' copulation frequencies, supporting the hypothesis that calls function as honest signals (handicaps) that females
use to evaluate male quality during mate choice. This hypothesis was re-examined using data collected at Cayo Santiago, Puerto
Rico on 40 focal females and their 56 observed copulatory partners. Although attacks by males against copulating pairs were
frequent, they were usually directed only against the female of the pair. Males that called were no more likely than silent
males to suffer male escalated attack during or immediately following mount series. Male-female dyads in which the male called
during copulation were significantly more likely than non-calling dyads to complete the most copulations observed for any
given female. Males that called at least once were significantly more likely than non-calling males to complete at least one
copulation with a peri-ovulatory female. A log-linear model revealed that male rank and calling were both associated with
likelihood of experiencing at least one peri-ovulatory copulation. However, calling was not associated with reception of demonstrated
female mate choice behaviors. Controlling for dominance rank, callers did not experience more female proximity maintenance
than non-callers. Nor were callers' hip-grasps refused less frequently than non-callers' hip-grasps. These results cast doubt
on the hypothesis that rhesus macaque copulation calls are costly, honest indicators of intrinsic male quality. A contrasting
alternative hypothesis, that a male's copulatory calls advertise relative immunity from attacks against his copulatory partners,
was not supported either. Thus, the function of rhesus macaque copulatory calls remains unknown. The unusually high rate of
copulations amongHauser's (1993) subjects may explain the discrepancy in results, but it is unclear how high copulation rates would increase the cost
of copulatory calling to males. 相似文献
18.
The feeding ecology of rhesus monkeys,Macaca mulatta, was studied between 1978 and 1981. The study site, located in the Murree Hills of northwestern Pakistan, supported a mixed
coniferous-deciduous forest community and was characterized by a high degree of human disturbance. We used a linear transect
method to sample the species composition and structure of the vegetation. Comparison of these data with historical records
showed that the forest has undergone major changes in the last hundred years. Data on feeding behavior were collected through
on-the-minute focal animal sampling. The monkeys spent about 45% of the day feeding. Their preferred foods were grass, clover,
and other ground herbs that occur in the disturbed sites. Fruit accounted for less than 9% of feeding records. The rhesus
monkey may be pre-adapted to living in disturbed-site, forest-edge communities. The evolutionary history of Macaca mulatta
may be tied closely to the disappearance of forest and the spread of meadows and savannahs over the last million years. 相似文献
19.
A 15-year study of the association between dominance rank and reproductive success of male rhesus macaques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David Glenn Smith 《Primates; journal of primatology》1993,34(4):471-480
The reproductive success (RS) of 32 males in a captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) between 1978 and 1992 was determined using paternity exclusion analysis. Dominance rank of each male over age 4 was assessed
at the end of each breeding season based on agonistic dyadic interactions. The dominance rank and RS of these males were strongly
correlated whether or not subadult males were included. The high reproductive success of males that eventually reached alpha
rank is primarily responsible for this outcome. These results support the theory that social dominance has evolved in genusMacaca by sexual selection but some changes in male dominance rank and RS during the 15-year period suggest that priority of access
is not the sole focus for such selection. 相似文献
20.
The sexual behavior displayed by nine old (20-year and older) rhesus (Macaca mulatta) males in 10-min tests was compared to that displayed in 1-hr tests. The tests were part of a long-term study on the decline
in male sexual activity that accompanies old age. The males were paired with 10 ovariectomized, estrogentreated females in
two blocks of 10 tests; each male was tested once with each female in each test block. The percentages of males that achieved
intromissions and ejaculated in the two test blocks were the same (P < 0.05). Although the percentage of tests in which males
displayed these behaviors was higher in the longer-test block (P > 0.05), there was a significant positive correlation of
performance in 10-min tests with performance in 1-hr tests. Assuming a random distribution of contacting, mounting, intromission,
and ejaculation throughout the hour, we would have predicted a significantly lower number of these behaviors in the first
10 min of the 1-hr tests than we actually observed. The mean percentages of 1-hr tests with contacting, mounting, intromission,
and ejaculation was significantly lower than that of 10-min tests conducted with the same males 11 years earlier. Thus, the
decline in sexual performance was not an artifact of the limited (10-min) test duration. 相似文献