针阔叶混交林

泛指一切由针叶树和阔叶树组成的森林,但在生态学、森林学中,是指温带落叶阔叶林带与寒带针叶林带之间过渡地带上的典型森林群落——寒温带针阔叶混交林。它是以红松为主与多种阔叶树,如椴、桦、榆、槭、白腊等组成的红松针阔     

如何营造松杉混交林

如何营造松杉混交林梁仰贞杉木和马尾松均为南方的优良用材树种。杉木是浅根树种，对立地条件要求较高，需要温暖湿润的环境和土层深厚、质地疏松。肥沃湿润的林地条件，在立地条件较差的林地造林则难以成林成材。马尾松是深根树种，根系穿透力强，耐干旱，在立地条件较差...     

松阔混交林林分空间结构分析

利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3种结构参数结合树种组成,分析了松阔混交林林分空间结构。结果表明,优势树种马尾松多呈单种聚集,其余树种中、强度混交占了相当大的比例;马尾松在空间大小对比上占有一定的优势,其余树种则分化严重,既有占优势的树种,也有受压的树种;从林木水平分布格局上看,该地林分是以团状分布为主。     

桤柏混交林的初步研究

桤柏混交林是四川盆地近年兴起并正在大力推广的人工林。桤木(Alnus cremas-togyne)是我国的特有种,原系常绿阔叶林区的散生和伴生树种。它喜温,阳性,现已成为荒山造林的重要树种之一。它和柏混交形成一种新的混交林型。四川盆地森林郁蔽率仅5%左右,有的县尚不足1%。桤柏混交林营造三年左右郁闭成林,打破了过去多年造林不见林的局面,并由于桤木固氮量高,叶肥高效促进了农田增产,现已引起各方面的重视;     

针阔混交林的生态优势

建国以来,我国的林业有了很大的发展,但也暴露了一些值得注意的问题。在我国南方很多地方的人工造林中,往往偏重营造针叶纯林,甚至把原来生长良好的杂木林(包括各种阔叶林和针阔混交林)全部毁掉,统统种上杉木纯朴,或马尾松纯林。结果造成了森林生态平衡失调,一方面削弱了森林植被对生态环境的保护和调节功能;另一方面也给林木本身带来极其不利的影响。大面积的马尾松纯林松毛虫危害严重。土层浅薄向阳山坡的人工杉木纯林,常     

桤柏混交林根系的研究

研究了桤柏混交林和柏木纯林的根系组成、根系形态特征和根量分布,并比较了这两种林型根系的生物量、生产力和氮元素在根库中的积累与分布规律。结果表明,不同物种、同一物种在不同林型中根系的重量、组成、形态和分布有较大差异。在桤柏混交林中,桤木根系分布线,侧根发达,细根相对比例少;柏木根系分布较深,在不同土层分布较均匀,吸收根和细根相对含量较高。与混交林相比,柏木纯林根系主要集中在０￣４０ｃｍ土层中,吸收根     

京西油松混交林枯立木空间结构特征

枯立木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的稳定和发展具有重要的作用。以京西1.08 hm~2油松混交林样地调查数据为基础,从树种组成、径级结构、树高结构和空间结构参数的一元与二元分布等方面分析了枯立木的空间结构特征。结果表明:样地内有枯立木191株,密度约为177株·hm~(-2),优势科为松科,占枯立木的64%,且华北落叶松占有较大优势;径级结构呈倒"J"型,以小径阶为主,集中分布在11 cm以下;树高结构则呈单峰分布,幅度较窄;华北落叶松、北京丁香和油松分布于大部分径级和树高级;枯立木总体呈现随机分布状态,大小分化较为明显,种间混交较弱,且周边绝大部分是活立木,华北落叶松、油松、北京丁香和山杏的结构特征与整体大致相同;多数枯立木处于低度混交和劣势状态,其周围均为同种或只有1株为其他种;约有1/2的枯立木呈随机分布,大部分都处于劣势状态,且其周围大多是相同树种的活立木;不同优势度的枯立木有不同的概率,但劣势木多于优势木。油松混交林枯立木的空间结构特征反映了密度制约下的林木种内竞争是枯立木形成的主要原因,本研究结果为该区针阔混交林的保护与可持续经营提供科学依据。     

杭州的落叶常绿阔叶混交林

 1、描写了杭州五个森林群落,它们的优势种类变化很大,有时且缺少明显的优势种类。群落间一般种类成分的相似性亦不很大,因此一般的群层概念用来处理这一地区的植被不很方便。 2、对这些群落的外貌,提出了一个新的群落名称“落叶常绿阔叶混交林”来表示。对这种群落下了定义,并论证其在欧亚大陆的水平地带性分布。 3、提出一些在华东地区植被调查中可行的方法,例如“群落表”、“颜色树冠剖面图”等。     

托里桉混交林小气候特点初探

1982年8月份,我们对3年生已经郁闭的托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)+大叶相思(Acaciaauriculiformis)混交林与托里桉纯林,进行了全月小气候观测,前者与后者比较:地面日平均温度低1.7℃;日平均最高温度低6.7℃;5、10、15、20厘米土深日平均温分别低1.6℃、1.5℃、1.4℃,1.4℃;地面与1.5米高的平均光照强度分别减少3.7倍与6.7倍。表现出混交林良好的生态效应。由于观测时期为广东的台风雨季,常有间歇性降雨,故相对湿度与蒸发量差异不显著。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.