THE ALLERGIC ASPECTS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

For the past ten years there has been an increasing acceptance of the theory that allergenic reaction is a causative factor in multiple sclerosis. In the study of a series of patients the author traced many attacks directly to allergenic insults. When the offending substances were removed, a quiescent period often ensued. The severest symptoms of multiple sclerosis were most often associated with food allergens, the moderately severe with molds and fungi and the least severe with pollens and chemical offenders.The earlier the diagnosis and the beginning of treatment, the better the chance of arresting the disease and preventing serious crippling conditions. In cases of longer duration where the patient has become crippled or bedridden, physical therapy with relaxing medication is of great value.     

sICAM-1在多发性硬化症发病机制中的作用探讨

目的：探讨可溶性粘附分子－1（sICAM-1）在多发性硬化症发病机制中的作用。方法：用ELISA（双抗体夹心法）检测15例未经治疗的多发性硬化症患者血清中sICAM-1的水平,以15例正常人作对照。结果：患者血清中sICAM-1水平显著高于正常对照组（P＜0．01）;复发期患者sICAM-1水平显著高于缓解期。结论：sICAM-1可能是中枢神经系统急性炎症的标志之一;血清中sICAM-1水平的测定对临床诊断,预测复发具有一定意义。     

A THIOL PROTEINASE HIGHLY ELEVATED IN AND AROUND THE PLAQUES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A thiol dependent proteolytic enzyme (tentatively identified as carboxypeptidase B) which liberates phenylalanine from CBZ-glutamyl-phenylalanine at pH 5.3 was shown, by a sensitive micromethod, to be greatly increased in activity in and around MS plaques. These increases exceeded those of other hydrolases previously measured. Plaque tissue, on the basis of lipid-free dry weight, is up to 3-fold richer in this enzyme than control white matter, and most samples of apparently uninvolved MS white matter already show elevated activities. The enzyme is highly dependent on the presence of dithiothreitol. It is unaffected by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pepstatin, but inhibited by iodoacetate and leupeptin. Macrophages or lymphocytic infiltrations in the tissue do not appear to be the main source of the enzyme. In conjunction with measurements of DNA, reflecting gliosis, invasion by hematogenom cells and proliferation of phagocytes as well as oligodendrocyte loss, and acid lipase-esterase, indicative of the survival or degeneration of oligodendrocytes, these results are interpreted as probably reflecting predominantly the activity of astrocytes. The incidental finding that most samples of unaffected white matter from MS patients contain more DNA per unit lipid free dry weight than average control white matter is considered significant in pointing to more widespread tissue changes independent of or preceding plaque formation.     

HISTAMINE TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Histamine was administered intravenously or by iontophoresis to 19 patients with clearly established diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In each of the three classifications of the disease (stationary, progressive, acute), no significant difference in improvement between treated and control groups was observed. (Controls were recorded cases in which treatment was identical except for histamine therapy.)In four of seven cases of progressive disease further deterioration occurred despite histamine therapy. Of the other three patients one died a year later and another returned to hospital in three months with severe symptoms which were not relieved on further histamine treatment.In two patients with remittent disease new symptoms (presumably caused by new lesions of the central nervous system) developed while histamine therapy was in progress.In cases of stationary disease histamine treatment was of no benefit.Reports are given of six typical cases in which histamine treatment was used.     

GANGLIOSIDE ABNORMALITIES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Abstract— Gangliosides were isolated from plaque tissue and normal appearing white matter of multiple sclerosis (MS) brain. All four plaques showed decreased ganglioside concn relative to normal human white matter on a wet wt basis, but significant elevation in terms of dry wt. The wet wt and dry wt concn of MS white matter gangliosides showed smaller but statistically significant decreases below normal. Thin-layer patterns of the plaques showed several departures from normal white matter, including decrease of G₄ and G₅, and complete loss of G₇ (sialosylgalactosylceramide). Most of the plaques had significant elevation of G_2A and G_3A along with increases of the slower-migrating polysialogangliosides. An additional ganglioside was present between G₂ and G_2A which was not seen in normal white matter. The TLC pattern of MS white matter gangliosides was essentially normal. The evidence for a general decrease of acidic lipids within normal appearing white matter is discussed.     

PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY AND BASIC PROTEIN LOSS IN AND AROUND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PLAQUES: COMBINED BIOCHEMICAL AND EIISTOCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS

Abstract— This combined histochemical and biochemical study has shown that acid proteinase activity (PH 3.5) is increased around histologically-defined active plaques of multiple sclerosis (MS). Biochemical estimation showed that the enzyme is more active in most samples of 'normal' white matter in MS than in controls. A gradient of enzyme activity was observed: control white matter-white matter distant from plaqueclose white matter-edgsplaque. Both electrophoretic and histochemical techniques revealed a reduction or absence of basic (encephalitogenic) protein in the plaques. Electrophoresis showed a diminution of encephalitogenic protein outside some plaques. Phospholipids that remain on the base-line of thin-layer chromatoplates were shown to be predominantly phosphoinositides combined with encephalitogenic protein     

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Proteins isolated from bovine spinal cord exhibit encephalitogenic activity. One of these proteins, of collagen type, was found to be homogeneous. This protein, however, is not considered to be the main encephalitogenic agent; other proteins with different physicochemical characteristics were found to possess higher activity.The use of these proteins will make it possible to study the allergic nature of the experimental disease and may lead to disclosure of the underlying mechanism of the pathological process not only in allergic encephalomyelitis but in multiple sclerosis.     

几种具无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察

报道6种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔(Fortunellamargarita (Lour.)Swingle)、蜜桔(Citrus unshiu Marcoritch)和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为97.50％、100％和45.00％;多胚种子的胚数范围分别为2～49,3～54和2～6。草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)、滨草(Elymus rectisetus)和湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis(pampon.)Rehd.)具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为34.25％、8.11％和37.50％;前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为2～3,后者为2～15。蜜桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子萌发多苗的频率分别为22.00％、6.14％和2.22％。描述了多胚种子中胚的形态、位置和分布。对6种植物含单胚种子的胚的来源进行了分析。初步结论:1.具无融合生殖现象的植物种子含多胚和萌发多苗的特性可作为寻找具无融合生殖特性的植物的形态学指标;2.对其筛选的材料进行大孢子发生、胚囊形成和早期胚胎发育的研究,以期阐明多胚来源和生殖类型。     

雌性动物多次交配行为的机制及进化

雌性动物的后代数量不可能超过她的卵子数。在理论上, 一个生殖季节内, 一次或几次交配就足够使雌性所有卵子受精, 最大化其生殖潜能。但与理论预测相反, 许多物种的雌性经常与同一个或多个雄性发生多次交配。交配通常要付出较高的代价, 所以很难理解为什么雌性动物要反复进行多次交配。本文综述了解释此行为的一些适应性和非适应性假说。从获得直接收益和间接收益二个角度介绍了适应性假说。直接收益主要包括求偶喂食和“彩礼”、受精保证、亲代抚育、生殖刺激和护卫交配权等5 个方面。还着重介绍了多次交配对雌性后代的间接遗传受益, 即获得优质基因、提高后代遗传多样性和遗传互补性3 个假说。非适应性假说包括了遗传相关假说和顺从雄性行为假说。     

ON MULTIPLE BROODS AND THE BREEDING STRATEGY OF ARCTIC SANDERLINGS

Sanderlings on Bathurst Island in the Canadian arctic have two patterns of incubation. At some nests the eggs are covered soon after the fourth egg has been laid and at others incubation is delayed for 5–6 days. Because the delay is about the same time required to lay a second clutch and because a single individual alone incubates at any one nest, we suspected that Sanderlings might normally lay two clutches in a season, the male caring for one brood and the female for the other.
Histological and gross examination of the ovaries of two females taken as the birds began incubation showed eight freshly ovulated follicles in each female. The size gradation and histological appearance of the follicles indicated that two clutches of four eggs each had been laid within 8–10 days by a single female. The ovary of one female had additional large yolky follicles, suggesting a physiological capability of further ovulations.
Field conditions in the arctic summer are highly variable, and the small eggs and the rapid sequence of broods of Sanderlings may be breeding adaptations that permit them to multiply the traditional wader clutch of four eggs by 2 or 3 in favourable years. Selection for mating systems characterised by brief pair bonds and by polyandry is expected in precocial birds where some broods are incubated and cared for by the male, but further field work is required to determine the precise mating system of Sanderlings.