Water temperature and pH influence olfactory sensitivity to pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory ovarian pheromones in male Barilius bendelisis

The attractive response and sexual activity elicited by pre-ovulatory steroid sulphate and post-ovulatory 15K-PGF pheromones are greater in wild caught tubercular males and immature males which express breeding tubercles on the snout (at 12–13 days post androgen implant) than in non-tubercular and non-androgen implanted males of freshwater fishBarilius bendelisis. This shows that circulatory androgens exert an activational effect on olfactory receptors of male fish. Wild caught tubercular males and androgen implanted juvenile males exhibit a high responsiveness to steroid sulphate at the water temperature and pH which fish experience during the pre-spawning phase. The male’s sensitivity to 15K-PGF is almost equally high at the water temperature and pH which they experience in wild during the both pre-spawning and spawning periods. This suggests that the differential olfactory sensitivity to the two classes of pheromones in androgen implanted males is due to the varied temperature and pH of water, and that during the breeding season the male’s olfactory sensitivity to PGF pheromone is more widespread than to the steroidal pheromone. An increased and decreased olfactory sensitivity in mature males to sex pheromones and L-alanine respectively during the breeding phase is in agreement with the hypothesis that pheromonal stimuli dominate over feeding stimuli to promote spawning success.     

Sex pheromones and olfactory proteins in Antheraea moths: A. pernyi and A. polyphemus (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Olfaction is essential for regulating the physiological and behavioral actions of insects with specific recognition of various odors. Antheraea moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) possess relatively large bodies and antennae so that they are good subjects for exploring molecular aspects of insect olfaction. Current knowledge of the molecular aspects of Antheraea olfaction is focused on the Chinese tussah silkmoth A. pernyi Guérin-Méneville and another species A. polyphemus (Cramer) in their pheromones, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), odorant receptors (ORs), odorant receptor coreceptors (ORCOs), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), and odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs). The first insect OBP, SNMP, and ODE were identified from A. polyphemus. This review summarizes the principal findings associated with the olfactory physiology and its molecular components in the two Antheraea species. Three types of olfactory neurons may have specific ORs for three respective sex-pheromone components, with the functional sensitivity and specificity mediated by three respective OBPs. SNMPs and ODEs are likely to play important roles in sex-pheromone detection, inactivation, and degradation. Identification and functional analysis of the olfactory molecules remain to be further performed in A. pernyi, A. polyphemus, and other Antheraea species.     

A comparative study of sex pheromone reception in the Hadeninae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract A comparative study of the olfactory responses to pheromone compounds was performed in twenty-four species of Hadeninae. Electroantennograms (EAG) were recorded on male moths in response to thirty compounds and the response profiles of each species were analysed by factorial correspondence analysis. A limited number of molecules were found active and the most effective stimuli were Z9 tetradecenes and Z11 hexadecenes. The species of the Mythimna genus were most sensitive to aldehydes. Tholera decimalis did not respond to any of the molecules tested. The species belonging to the Mamestra and the Orthosia genera responded to a variety of molecules and no simple correlation was found between the genus and the EAG sensibility. Pheromone reception is discussed in relation to the taxonomy and the evolution of olfactory communication in Hadeninae.     

Effect of zinc sources and levels on the growth and Zn nutrition of soybean (Glycine max. L.) in the presence of chloride and sulphate salinity

A study was conducted in a screen house in pots on a sandy loam soil deficient in Zn. Salinity was induced by adding 44, 88 and 132 me/l of chloride and sulphate salts in the saturation extract. To these treatments, 0, 5 and 10 ppm Zn were added as ZnSO₄·7H₂O or Zn-EDTA. The results indicated that the yield of soybean shoot was lowest at the highest salinity level and highest at the lowest level. Shoot yield improved markedly with Zn application. Both sources of Zn were equally effective in augmenting crop yields. Yields were low in Cl-salinity when compared with equivalent levels of SO₄-salinity. Application of ZnSO₄·7H₂O produced higher yields in SO₄-dominant salinity. Zinc content increased and Zn uptake decreased with increase in Cl-salinity regardless of Zn sources. In SO₄-salinity, ZnSO₄·7H₂O did not influence the Zn content, but uptake was suppressed with increase in SO₄-salinity. Increasing rates of SO₄-salinity enhanced Zn content in the presence of Zn-EDTA.     

Correlation between glycerolipids and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone gland of female tobacco hornworm moths,Manduca sexta (L.)

Analysis by TLC and HPLC revealed that the triacylglycerols comprise the most abundant lipid class in the sex pheromone glands of Manduca sexta females. Also, conjugated olefinic acyl analogs of the major pheromone aldehydes occur principally in the triacylglycerols. The amount of triacylglycerols with conjugated diene acyl moieties significantly decreased when the period of pheromone production was extended by 7 h beyond the normal period of pheromone production by 3 injections of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at 3 h intervals. This decrease indicates that the triacylglycerols stored in the gland may serve as major sources of pheromone precursors in the biosynthesis of the sex pheromone aldehydes. Furthermore, analysis of pheromone aldehydes and triacylglycerols in the gland from moths treated with PBAN showed that the proportions of the triacylglycerols with conjugated diene moieties were closely correlated with the proportions of aldehydes found in the same gland. This correlation suggests that the proportions of fatty acids bound to certain triacylglycerols regulates the proportions of aldehydes in biosynthesis of the pheromone blend in M. sexta. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

The effects of priming treatments using seaweed suspensions on the water sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caryopses

Two seaweed suspensions, one prepared from Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (ANS), another from Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Foslie (LHS), were evaluated for their effects on the water sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds. Priming in either seaweed suspension did not reduce viability. Priming in ANS was beneficial to seeds germinated in elevated water levels. The suspension of A. nodosum reduced the water sensitivity of barley seeds better than either water or polyethylene glycol (PEG) priming treatments. ANS also reduced the microbial population on the seeds by 86%. The hygroscopic properties and the antibiotic effect of the suspension of A. nodosum resulted in greater oxygen availability to the embryo, enabling more seeds to germinate under oxygen deficient conditions.     

The influence of tree species and edge effects on pheromone trap catches of oak processionary moth Thaumetopoea processionea (L.) in the U.K.

相似文献   

Interactions between male moths of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lep.: Tort.), landing on synthetic sex pheromone sources in a wind-tunnel

Abstract. This study was designed to determine whether landings of males of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on synthetic sex pheromone sources are influenced by other males which have preceded them in flying to and landing on the sources. The investigation comprised two separate experiments. In one, using a single pheromone source, insects released singly were compared with insects released in groups of three, and in the other, insects released in groups of five were presented with a choice between two identical sources. The resolution for changes in attractancy was higher in the choice experiment which demonstrated an increase in attraction for a source on which males had already landed and remained whilst the new male flew towards it. A single resident insect increased the source attractancy by a factor of 1.40 and a pair of insects by 1.77 compared with an empty source. With the single sources the data exhibited the same trend but the result was rendered not significant by an insufficient amount of data, although approximately equal times were allocated to each experiment. To achieve a significant result with the single sources at least 6 times as much data would need to be collected.     

PBAN regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in female tobacco hornworm moths,Manduca sexta (L.)

Manduca sexta females that were decapitated produced no pheromone during the scotophase following decapitation, indicating that they were free of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). When deuterated hexadecanoic or (Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid was applied to the sex pheromone glands of decapitated or intact females of the same age, and allowed to incubate in vivo for 24 h, deuterium labeled Δ-11- and Δ-10, 12-unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acids were produced in both types of females. Injection of PBAN into intact or decapitated females 23 h after application of labeled acids had no effect on the production of unsaturated labeled fatty acids. However, deuterium labeled aldehydes were produced only in females that were injected with PBAN. Therefore, in this species, PBAN activates the process by which fatty acyl precursors in the pheromone gland are converted into the pheromonal aldehydes. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

甜菜夜蛾对性信息素的行为反应及其田间诱捕效果

人工合成的甜菜夜蛾性信息素两组分（顺,反）-9,12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯（Z9,E12-14：Ac）和（顺）-9-十四碳烯醇（Z9-14：OH）按不同配比制成诱芯,在风洞中均能引起雄蛾搜索气迹、定向飞行及接近诱芯的行为反应.不同配比和剂量的诱芯诱虫效果差异显著（p＜0.05）.Z9,E12-14：Ac和Z9-14：OH按7：3配比,诱虫活性最高,表现在风洞中,搜索气迹、定向飞行和接近诱芯的蛾数最高,与处女蛾的引诱效果相当.以此配比制成的性诱剂在田间诱捕的虫量最多,与风洞的试验结果基本一致.诱芯剂量在0.05～0.5mg范围内均有显著的诱虫效果,但剂量过低或过高均导致诱捕率下降.同一配比诱芯在风洞中引起雄蛾接近诱芯的蛾量与田间诱蛾量呈显著相关（R1=0.968,R2=0.961）.并对这些结果在甜菜夜蛾田间性诱剂防治应用的前景进行了讨论.     

No inhibitory effect on receptor neurone activity by sulphur analogues of the sex pheromone component (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in the turnip moth, Agrofis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. Olfactory responses from the entire antenna and from single antennal sensilla of the male turnip moth, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptea: Noctuidae Schiff.), were recorded after stimulation of the antenna with the sex pheromone component, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10:OAc), and three sulphur analogues of this compound. Adaptation of olfactory receptor neurones tuned to Z5-10:OAc was investigated after pre-exposure of these receptor neurones to the key stimulus and to the three sulphur analogues. Both electro-antennographic and single sensillum recordings revealed that the sulphur analogues had a significantly decreased effect compared to the natural stimulus. The pre-exposure experiments demonstrated that no further inhibition of neural activity was observed than could be expected from receptor neurone adaptation. Earlier reports, describing sulphur analogues as possible hyperagonists acting on moth pheromone receptor neurones, are not supported by the present study.     

Role of host-plant stimuli in sexual behaviour of small ermine moths (Yponomeuta)

ABSTRACT. 1. Studies involving experiments with olfactometers and field experiments have shown that the release of sex-pheromone by females of Yponomeuta spp. is stimulated by the presence of host plants.
2. While in Y.evonymellus L. less females emitted pheromone in the absence of host plants, in Y.padellus L. the initiation of pheromone release was delayed.
3. Females of Y.evonymellus, Y.cagnagellus Hüb., Y.padellus and Y.plumbellus D. & S. all preferred a place with host-plant odour to one with non-host odours for sex-pheromone release.
4. Male preference for host-plant odour was demonstrated in the laboratory only for Y.cagnagellus.
5. Trap catches in the field indicated a reinforcement of female attractiveness by host-plant stimuli.     

Effect of age and mating on pheromone production in the female olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel.)

Virgin female olive fruit flies began producing sex pheromone on the third day after emergence. Production of sex pheromone appears to be cyclical with peaks of production recurring at about 10-day intervals, each peak lasting 2–3 days. As the female ages, the quantity of sex pheromone produced during the period of high pheromone production decreases, but it is always higher than the quantity present in the pheromone gland during the rest of female life.Mated females produced less sex pheromone the first 10 days after mating which then increased to near the same level of that in virgin females.     

Effects of decapitation and PBAN injection on amounts of triacylglycerols in the sex pheromone gland of Manduca sexta (L.)

The correlation between triacylglycerols containing conjugated diene fatty acyl moieties and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone glands of females of Manduca sexta was investigated. Females decapitated 15 h after adult emergence neither called nor produced pheromone during the natural period of pheromone production on the subsequent two nights. However, these females could be stimulated to produce sex pheromone for prolonged periods by repeated injection of synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Gas chromatographic analysis of methanolysis products of lipids extracted from the pheromone glands of decapitated and intact females showed no differences in the amounts of fatty acyl precursors of pheromone. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the triacylglycerols containing conjugated diene analogues of the pheromone components (diene TG), obtained 24 and 48 h after decapitation, showed that the total amounts of these components were not affected by decapitation. The amounts of all diene TG peaks declined significantly when decapitated females were stimulated to produce pheromone during a 7 h period by repeated injection of PBAN at 3 h intervals but recovered when pheromone production subsided. These results indicate that PBAN induces liberation of pheromone precursors from the triacylglycerols during pheromone biosynthesis but does not induce replenishment of this storage pool. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America

     

Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere,fine-root and needle chemistry in aPicea abies (L.) Karst. stand

Rhizosphere, fine-root and needle chemistry were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The uptake and allocation pattern of plant nutrients and aluminium in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatments started in 1988. Current year needles, one-year-old needles and cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and the mineral soil layers were sampled in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Compared to the control plots, pH decreased significantly in the rhizosphere soil in the NS plots in 1989 and 1990 while the SO₄-S concentration increased significantly. Aluminium concentration in the rhizosphere soil was generally higher in the NS plots in all soil layers, except at 0–10 cm depths, both in 1989 and 1990. Calcium, Mg and K concentrations also increased after treatment with ammonium sulphate. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment significantly reduced Mg concentrations in fine roots in all layers in 1990. A similar trend was found in the needles. Ca concentrations in fine roots were significantly lower in the NS plots in the LFH layer in 1990 and the same pattern was found in the current needles. The N and S concentrations of both fine roots and needles were significantly higher in the NS plots. It was suggested that NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg, Ca and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

Assessment of some innate immune responses in dab (Limanda limanda L.) from the North Sea as part of an integrated biological effects monitoring

The marine flatfish dab (Limanda limanda), which lives in direct contact with contaminated sediments, is frequently used as a sentinel species in international monitoring programmes on the biological effects of contaminants. In this study, immune responses were recorded as indicators of sublethal chronic effects of contaminants, in addition to measurement of the induction of mono-oxygenase ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in liver cells, the inhibition of acetylcholin esterase (AChE) in muscle and a quantification of grossly visible diseases and parasites. In total, 336 dab were analysed from five sampling areas in the North Sea, including the German Bight, the Dogger Bank, the Firth of Forth, and two locations close to oil and gas platforms (Ekofisk and Danfield). When considering plasma lysozyme levels, pinocytosis and respiratory burst activity of head kidney leucocytes, a clear gradient could be observed with decreased levels in individuals collected from the Firth of Forth and locations near the oil or gas platforms compared with dab from the Dogger Bank or the German Bight. Individuals with induced EROD activity displayed reduced lysozyme and respiratory burst activities. Lysozyme levels were also reduced in dab with lymphocystis or with nematodes. The data obtained indicate that the assessment of innate immune parameters in a monitoring programme provides supplementary information about immunomodulatory effects associated with the exposure of fish to contaminants. In particular, concentrations of plasma lysozyme, which can be analysed in an easy and inexpensive assay, are considered to be an appropriate parameter for use in a battery of other bioindicators. Communicated by H. von Westernhagen and A. Diamant     

Venom as an interspecific sex pheromone, and species recognition by a cuticular pheromone in Paper Wasps (Polistes, Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

ABSTRACT. The venoms of Polistes fuscatus (subspecies fuscatus) (F.) and P. exclamans Viereck from sympatric populations in North Carolina, U.S.A., contain a pheromone which attracts males and stimulates sexual behaviour in both conspecific and heterospecific males. Males of P. fuscatus (subspecies variatus Cresson), a subspecies from Wisconsin, respond to venom of P. fuscatus fuscatus, P. exclamans, and Vespula maculifrons (Buysson) from North Carolina, although the levels of response to P. exclamans and V. maculifrons venom are less than that to P. fuscatus variatus venom.
Caged Wisconsin P. fuscafus males do not attempt to mate with P. exclamans females, but will attempt to mate with conspecifics. A series of bioassays indicates that males discriminate between females of P. fuscatus and P. exclamans on the basis of chemical, rather than behavioural or visual cues. The venom apparently is not important in species recognition. Instead, the results of two sets of bioassays suggest that species recognition is mediated by a surface pheromone on the cuticle of females.     

斜纹夜蛾在风洞中对性信息素的行为反应及田间诱捕试验

雌蛾腺体内含量最高的组份9,11-14∶Ac（A）在风洞中能引起雄蛾从搜索气迹、定向飞行到撒开味刷企图交尾连续的行为反应,而雌蛾腺体内其它组份单独使用时均不能引起雄蛾上述行为反应。一定量的Z9,E12-14∶Ac（B）对A的活性有增效作用,诱芯中B数量过多,不但失去对A的活性增效作用,还对雄蛾接近诱芯和企图交尾有强烈的抑制作用。9-14∶Ac（C）与11-14∶Ac (D)对雄蛾的定向行为无影响,诱芯中含有50%的C时,反而对雄蛾接近诱芯和企图交尾有抑制作用。A与B在滤纸诱芯中的含量比例与诱芯释放的挥发物比例明显不同,从9∶1（A∶B）诱芯释放的挥发物比例更接近于雌蛾腺体内的天然比例。田间诱捕试验中两组份诱芯的诱捕量随两组份比例不同而变化, 9∶1（A∶B）诱芯的诱捕量最大,1∶1（A∶B）诱芯的诱捕量低于单一的A组份诱芯。