文昌鱼sfy1基因的克隆及其在早期发育中的表达

文昌鱼是公认现存最接近于脊椎动物的一种头索动物,具有与脊椎动物相似但简单得多的身体图式[1],因而是研究脊椎动物发育机制起源和进化的宝贵材料,也是发育生物学的经典实验模型之一.近年来,人们在对果蝇和脊椎动物发育分子机制的研究取得了一系列重大突破之后,利用发育调控基     

Sonic hedgehog expression in developing chicken digestive organs is regulated by epithelial–mesenchymal interactions

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene encodes a secreted protein that acts as an important mediator of cell–cell interactions. A detailed analysis of Shh expression in the digestive organs of the chicken embryo was carried out. Shh expression in the endoderm begins at stage 7, when the formation of the foregut commences, and is found as narrow bands in the midgut. Shh expression around the anterior intestinal portal at stage 15 is restricted to the columnar endoderm lined by the thick splanchnic mesoderm, suggesting that the existence of thick splanchnic mesoderm might be necessary for Shh expression in the columnar endoderm. After the gut is closed, Shh expression is found universally in digestive epithelia, including the cecal epithelium. However, its expression ceases in the epithelium of the proventricular glands, the ductus choledochus and ductus pancreaticus that protrude from the main digestive duct. When the gizzard epithelium differentiated into glands under the influence of the proventricular mesenchyme, the glandular epithelium lost the ability to express Shh . These findings suggest that Shh expression in the epithelium may be regulated by surrounding mesenchyme throughout organogenesis of the digestive organs and is closely involved in epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in developing digestive organs.     

GADD45γ, down-regulated in 65% Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) from 23 Chinese patients,inhibits cell growth and induces cell cycle G2/M arrest for Hepatoma Hep-G2 cell lines

Growth-arrest and DNA-damage inducible (GADD) genes and Myeloid differentiation primary response (MyD) genes represent a family of genes that play a key role in negative control of cell growth. In the present study, following clone and location of human GADD45 (MyDL) gene, we have found that its mRNA expression level was down-regulated in 15/23 cases of clinic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by comparing the northern hybridization results between the tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Transient transfection of GADD45 cDNA with intact open reading frame sequence into the human hepatoma cells Hep-G2 resulted in dramatic growth suppression in colony formation assays. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis indicated that GADD45 caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition when transfected into Hep-G2 cells. Therefore, the possible role of GADD45 in cell growth control was further confirmed in this paper.     

肠道微生物组与宿主的表观遗传修饰

高通量测序技术已经增加了人们对肠道微生物组和表观遗传学修饰的理解,将肠道微生物组和宿主表观遗传学修饰紧密联系起来,阐明了很多疾病的发生过程如免疫、代谢、心血管疾病甚至是癌症。肠道微生物组与宿主具有相互作用,与人体密不可分,相辅相成。肠道微生物组的生态失调可能诱导疾病的发生并能调控宿主表观遗传学修饰。宿主表观遗传学调控和肠道微生物组(或其代谢产物)变化的相互关系在很多疾病中都有报道。因此,肠道微生物组可作为某些疾病的诊断标记,健康肠道微生物组的移植会逆转这种微生态失调,可作为一种有效的治疗策略。本文主要探讨了肠道微生物组直接调控宿主表观修饰和通过小分子生物活性物质和其他酶辅因子间接影响表观修饰,以及基于肠道微生物组调控宿主表观修饰的诊断和治疗应用等。     

Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm morphogenesis

Despite the importance of the gut and its accessory organs, our understanding of early endoderm development is still incomplete. Traditionally, endoderm has been difficult to study because of its small size and relative fragility. However, recent advances in live cell imaging technologies have dramatically expanded our understanding of this tissue, adding a new appreciation for the complex molecular and morphogenetic processes that mediate gut formation. Several spatially and molecularly distinct subpopulations have been shown to exist within the endoderm before the onset of gastrulation. Here, we review findings that have uncovered complex cell movements within the endodermal layer, before and during gastrulation, leading to the conclusion that cells from primitive endoderm contribute descendants directly to gut.     

Effect of β-1/3,1/6-glucan upon immune responses and bacteria in the gut of healthy common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

β-glucans are frequently included in the diet of healthy common carp Cyprinus carpio as a pre-emptive measure for combatting disease. In order to study the effect this has on the relationship between the gut bacteria and host immune response, carp were maintained on either a β-glucan free diet or feed containing 0.1% MacroGard®, a β-1/3, 1/6-glucan, for up to 7 weeks and analysis of innate immune gene expression and molecular analysis of the gut bacteria was performed. The data reveals feeding of MacroGard® to healthy carp does not induce bactericidal innate immune gene expression in the gut but does appear to alter bacterial species richness that did not have a negative effect on overall health. Analysis of innate immune gene expression within the upper midgut revealed that there were significant changes over time in the expression of Interleukin (il)-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), mucin (muc2) and C-reactive protein (crp2). Diet did not affect the number of copies of the bacterial 16s rDNA gene in the gut, used as a as a measure of total bacteria population size. However, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed a shift in bacterial species richness with MacroGard feeding. Bactericidal immune gene expression of crp2, muc2 and il-1β was weakly correlated with gut bacteria population size indicating a potentially limited role of these genes in interacting with the gut bacteria in healthy carp in order to maintain gut homeostatic conditions. These findings highlight the importance of considering both host immunity and the microbiome together in order to fully elucidate the effeect of immunomodulants, such as β-glucans, upon gut health.     

草菇菌丝体与原基差异表达基因分析

采用Solexa测序技术,对草菇菌丝体和原基进行了数字基因表达谱(DGE)测序,在菌丝体和原基文库中分别得到5701781个和5659262个高质量测序标签(cleantags),对应的标签种数(distinct clean tags)分别为85626和95363。将所有高质量测序标签与参考基因库进行比对,在菌丝体和原基文库中,占标签种数的43.32%和52.57%的标签可以唯一定位(map)到参考序列上,占标签种数的21.65%和21.47%的标签可以被定位到基因组序列上。最终,被菌丝体和原基标签唯一定位的基因数(unambiguous tag-mapped genes)分别为14794和15534。差异基因分析显示,两个文库中共有显著性差异表达的基因4163个,其中在原基中上调、下调的基因数分别为2486和1677,只在原基中表达的基因321个。经过Blastnr比对,在原基中特异表达的基因,涉及蛋白质(氨基酸)合成与代谢、糖代谢、脂类代谢和抗逆反应等多个代谢途径。GO功能富集分析结果表明,葡萄糖、己糖和乙醇等代谢途径大部分基因下调表达。Pathway功能富集分析结果表明,合成核糖体蛋白的基因均下调表达,表明原基形成时细胞代谢减弱,蛋白质合成量减小。     

Lactic acid bacteria — promising vaccine vectors: possibilities,limitations, doubts

Gram‐positive, nonpathogenic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered to be promising candidates for the development of novel, safe production and delivery systems of heterologous proteins. Recombinant LAB strains were shown to elicit specific systemic and mucosal immune responses against selected antigens. For this reason, this group of bacteria is considered as a potential replacement of classical, often pathogenic, attenuated microbial carriers. Mucosal administration of recombinant LAB, especially via the best explored and universal oral route, offers many advantages in comparison to systemic inoculation, and is attractive from the immunological and practical point of view. Research aimed at designing efficient, mucosally applied vaccines in combination with improved immunization efficiency, monitoring of in vivo antigen production, determination of optimal dose for vaccination, strain selection and characterization is a priority in modern vaccinology. This paper summarizes and organizes the available knowledge on the application of LAB as live oral vaccine vectors. It constitutes a valuable source of general information for researchers interested in mucosal vaccine development and constructing LAB strains with vaccine potential.