The Lipoxygenase Isozymes in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Leaves (Changes during Leaf Development,after Wounding,and following Reproductive Sink Removal)

The levels of individual lipoxygenase isozymes in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaves were assessed during leaf development, after mechanical wounding, and in response to reproductive sink removal. Native isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting was employed to examine individual lipoxygenase isozymes. In leaves of all ages, two distinct classes of lipoxygenase isozymes were detected. One class of lipoxygenase isozymes had nearly neutral isoelectric points (pls) ranging from pH 6.8 to 7.2. The other class of lipoxygenase isozymes had acidic pls ranging from pH 4.7 to 5.6. During leaf development, all of the neutral lipoxygenase isozymes and most of the acidic isozymes were present in greatest abundance in the youngest leaves examined and declined in amount as leaf age increased. However, four acidic lipoxygenase isozymes (pl = 4.70, 4.80, 4.90, 4.95) were more abundant in intermediateage leaves than in either the youngest or oldest leaves examined. Following mechanical wounding of leaves, these same four acidic isozymes also increased in abundance both locally and systemically in leaves from wounded plants. Unlike the specific effects of wounding on the lipoxygenase isozymes in leaves, reproductive sink removal stimulated a general increase in most of the acidic lipoxygenase isozymes in leaves.     

Sucrose-Induced Expression of Genes Coding for the Tuberous Root Storage Protein, Sporamin, of Sweet Potato in Leaves and Petioles

Sporamin, a major tuberous root protein of sweet potato, wasfound to accumulate in large quantities in excised leaves andpetioles when such explants were supplied with high concentrationsof sucrose. Although a small amount of sporamin could be detectedin leaves and petioles treated with 1% or lower concentrationsof sucrose, the maximum level of induction required sucroseat a concentration of 3% or higher. The appearance of sporaminpolypeptides in leaves and petioles treated with 3% sucrosefollowed a lag period of about one day, while a significantamount of sporamin mRNAs was already detectable in petiolesafter one day of treatment with sucrose. Addition of silvernitrate to the medium did not affect the accumulation of sporamin,suggesting that this induction is not due to the effect of ethyleneinduced by wounding of the tissue. The accumulation of sporamincould also be induced by glucose and by fructose, but not byman-nitol, suggesting that changes in carbohydrate and/or energymetabolism in the cell may be involved in the induction. Callustissues obtained by treatment of leaf segments with 1-naphthaleneaceticacid did not accumulate sporamin even though these cells werecultured on agar medium that contained 3% sucrose. However,when callus tissues were allowed to grow after transfer to amedium that contained 6-benzylaminopurine and sucrose, accumulationof large amounts of sporamin was induced. These results suggestthat, while expression of genes coding for sporamin can be inducedin organs other than the tuberous root by a process that doesnot accompany the differentiation of tissue, the induction ofexpression of sporamin genes by sucrose requires that cellsbe competent in some specific, but as yet unidentified, way. (Received August 27, 1990; Accepted November 5, 1990)     

Protein Metabolism in Cultured Plant Tissues: III. Changes in the Rate of Protein Synthesis, Accumulation, and Degradation in Cultured Pith Tissue

During the transition of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pith tissue to callus tissue, there were changes in the composition of the soluble amino acid pools, in the distribution of amino acids between pool and protein, and in the synthesis, accumulation, and degradation of proteins. The size of the leucine pool decreased from 90 nanomoles per gram fresh weight in fresh pith to 20 nanomoles in 24-hour cultured pith, followed by a return to 90 nmoles in pith cultured longer than 5 days. The latter value is the same as that reported for exponentially growing callus cells. Many other pool amino acids changed as dramatically. However, they always approached callus levels after 5 days of culturing. The total amino acid content of pith tissue (the sum of both pool and protein) remained unchanged during culturing. The value for total amino acid content (34 to 42 nanomoles per gram fresh weight) was also similar to that found in callus. The distribution of amino acids between pool and protein did change during culturing. The transition of pith tissue with 88% of its total amino acids free in the soluble pool to callus with 92% of its amino acids in protein was further characterized by changes in protein metabolism. Both protein synthesis and accumulation increased over the first 50 hours in culture to a maximum rate of 45 milligrams protein synthesized gram protein⁻¹ hour⁻¹. After 50 hours in culture, the rate of protein accumulation decreased to equal the rate of fresh weight accumulation (10 mg g⁻¹ hour⁻¹). However, protein synthesis continued at a high rate for several days, suggesting protein degradation was turned on by this time. By 5 days protein synthesis had decreased to a rate similar to that of callus.     

C-myc、p53基因和AFP在家兔诱发性肝癌及癌旁组织中的表达

目的获得家兔二乙基亚硝胺诱发肝脏肿瘤的形态学资料,探讨Cmyc、p53基因和甲胎蛋白的表达情况。方法取5例家兔多结节肝癌的肿瘤性结节25个,瘤旁肝组织每例1块,进行一般病理组织学和超微结构观察。同时,以免疫组化方法检查Cmyc、p53基因和AFP的表达情况。结果和结论25个结节中,良性增生10个,高分化肝细胞癌11个,中分化肝细胞癌4个。家兔肝细胞癌的发生与Cmyc基因、AFP的过表达和p53基因的突变有关。参照肿瘤诱发过程中,增生性肝硬化、腺瘤样增生、高分化癌、中分化癌的变化顺序,在所检测的三种标志物中,Cmyc蛋白为最早出现的肿瘤标志物,p53基因突变相对较晚出现,AFP在恶性肿瘤结节中的表达率最高(933%)。     

Storage Protein Synthesis in Maize: II. Reduced Synthesis of a Major Zein Component by the Opaque-2 Mutant of Maize

Two zein proteins (Z1 and Z2) represent the majority of the protein synthesized during maize endosperm development. Undegraded membrane-bound polysomes isolated from normal maize synthesized these proteins when incubated in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. The proteins synthesized in vitro were similar to authentic zein in ethanol solubility and electrophoretic mobility. Zein synthesis was associated with large size classes of membrane bound polysomes in normal maize.Membrane-bound polysomes isolated from developing kernels of opaque-2 mutant synthesized less total zein in vitro, and dramatically reduced incorporation into the Z1 component. The reduction in total zein corresponded to a 50% reduction in the level of membrane-bound polysomes in opaque-2, and the near absence of the large polysome size classes, which synthesized zein in normal maize. We concluded that the opaque-2 mutation results in a decreased "availability" of the zein mRNAs, reflected in a reduced level of membrane-bound polysomes.     

The Effects of Ethylene on the Coordinated Synthesis of Multiple Proteins: Accumulation of an Acidic Chitinase and a Basic Glycoprotein Induced by Ethylene in Leaves of Azuki Bean, Vigna angularis

The ethylene-induced synthesis and accumulation of proteinswere studied in the primary leaves of azuki bean (Vigna angularis).Seven different proteins, designated AZ17, 23, 27, 32, 35, 36,42 according to their molecular masses, were synthesized andaccumulated in response to ethylene. AZ27 and AZ42 were purifiedto homogeneity and characterized. AZ27 was identified as anacidic chitinase and accumulated in the extracellular space.The sequence of the 40 N-terminal amino acids of AZ27 showedno similarity to that of a basic chitinase from bean and tobacco,but it was highly homologous to that of a chitinase from virus-infectedcucumber leaves. AZ42 was identified as a glycoprotein thataccumulated intracellularly. A search for proteins with sequenceshomologous to an internal sequence of 18 amino acids in AZ42was unsuccessful. Immunochemical examination revealed that auxinand abscisic acid enhanced the ethylene-induced accumulationof AZ27 but not of AZ42. In contrast, levels of AZ42 were notaffected by auxin or abscisic acid, but cytokinin suppressedthe accumulation of one of the doublet bands of AZ42. TranslatablemRNAs coding for AZ27 and AZ42 were not present in leaves thathad not been treated with ethylene, but levels of these mRNAsincreased after such treatment. (Received March 1, 1991; Accepted May 8, 1991)     

LRRC4融合蛋白的构建与表达研究

在前期工作中,采用EST介导的定位候选克隆策略,克隆了一个在脑瘤中表达下调的脑特异表达新基因LRRC4,为进一步研究其结构与功能的关系,构建了含LRRC4基因全长编码区的pGEM-T Easy质粒,在此基础上通过亚克隆构建了LRRC4融合蛋白的绿色荧光蛋白（pEGFP-C1）表达质粒,瞬时转染哺乳动物细胞,结果发现表达的LRRC4融合蛋白定位于活细胞的细胞膜上.同时,构建了LRRC4全长和截短型原核表达pGEX-4T-2质粒,成功而高效地在大肠杆菌BL21 中表达LRRC4融合蛋白.上述工作为制备多抗,深入研究LRRC4基因的功能奠定了基础.     

Water Deficit and Abscisic Acid Cause Differential Inhibition of Shoot versus Root Growth in Soybean Seedlings : Analysis of Growth, Sugar Accumulation, and Gene Expression

Roots often continue to elongate while shoot growth is inhibited in plants subjected to low-water potentials. The cause of this differential response to water deficit was investigated. We examined hypocotyl and root growth, polysome status and mRNA populations, and abscisic acid (ABA) content in etiolated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Williams) seedlings whose growth was inhibited by transfer to low-water potential vermiculite or exogenous ABA. Both treatments affected growth and dry weight in a similar fashion. Maximum inhibition of hypocotyl growth occurred when internal ABA levels (modulated by ABA application) reached the endogenous level found in the elongating zone of seedlings grown in water-deficient vermiculite. Conversely, root growth was affected to only a slight extent in low-water potential seedlings and by most ABA treatments (in some, growth was promoted). In every seedling section examined, transfer of seedlings into low-water potential vermiculite caused ABA levels to increase approximately 5- to 10-fold over that found in well-watered seedlings. Changes in soluble sugar content, polysome status, and polysome mRNA translation products seen in low-water potential seedlings did not occur with ABA treatments sufficient to cause significant inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. These data suggest that both variation in endogenous ABA levels, and differing sensitivity to ABA in hypocotyls and roots can modulate root/shoot growth ratios. However, exogenous ABA did not induce changes in sugar accumulation, polysome status, and mRNA populations seen after transfer into low-water potential vermiculite.     

用GC－MS检测苹果种子层积过程中内源MeJA、GA_3、GA_4和GA_7的变化

苹果种子层积４０ｄ后,萌发率及胚轴鲜重随着层积日数的增加而迅速增加。层积５０ｄ时,ＧＡ３和ＧＡ７含量分别达到高峰,在子叶中以ＧＡ３为主,在胚轴中则以ＧＡ７含量最高。层积对ＧＡ４的含量变化影响不大。表明不同种类ＧＡ对低温处理的反应不同,发生器官和作用部位也有区别。ＭｅＪＡ在５℃和１７℃条件下其含量变化无明显区别,但受湿度的影响较大。