小鼠泛素结合酶UBE2W的抗体制备及组织表达谱分析

泛素结合酶(E2)是蛋白泛素化修饰所需的第二个连接酶, 在泛素转移和底物特异性识别过程中发挥着重要作用。UBE2W是一种新发现的E2酶, 其果蝇属同源蛋白可能在光转导或视网膜变性过程中发挥作用, 鼠和人同源蛋白功能未见报道。生物信息学分析UBE2W鼠源氨基酸序列, 发现UBE2W具有典型的UBC结构域并在多种物种高度保守。通过构建UBE2W原核表达质粒, 在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化了GST-UBE2W融合蛋白。以此纯化蛋白作为抗原免疫新西兰白兔制备抗UBE2W多抗血清, 并利用制备的UBE2W抗原柱亲和纯化UBE2W多抗。为了检测纯化抗体特异性, 在真核细胞中瞬时表达了myc-UBE2W融合蛋白, 分别用myc单抗和UBE2W多抗进行Western blotting分析, 结果表明获得了特异性的UBE2W抗体。利用此特异性抗体在小鼠脑、心脏、肾脏、肝脏、肺、肌肉、脾脏和睾丸等组织中均检测到了UBE2W的表达, 且在小鼠睾丸中成年期表达最高。     

小鼠FANCL抗体制备及组织表达谱分析

FANCL是一个范可尼氏贫血新蛋白,它作为泛素E3连接酶催化FANCD2的单一泛素化,在修复DNA损伤、维持染色体稳定的FA途径中起着关键作用。胚胎期FANCL与小鼠原始生殖细胞增殖密切相关,成年睾丸中FANCL与几个生殖细胞特异性蛋白形成一个睾丸特异网络,可能参与影响精子的生成。采用RT-PCR方法从小鼠总RNA中扩增克隆FancL全长cDNA片段,构建表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达了6His-FANCL蛋白,用表达蛋白作为抗原免疫新西兰白兔制备了抗FANCL多抗血清。采用镍离子金属螯合柱纯化6His-FANCL蛋白后,通过与活性基团-NHS交联制备了FANCL抗原柱,亲和纯化了FANCL多抗。为了验证抗体活性和特异性,在HEK293T细胞中瞬时表达了HA-FANCL融合蛋白,分别用HA单抗和纯化多抗进行Western印迹分析,结果表明获得了特异性的FANCL抗体。为了观察FANCL在组织中的表达谱,制备了多种小鼠组织匀浆蛋白,使用纯化的FANCL多抗进行Western印迹分析,在脑、心、肺、肝、脾、肾、睾丸、卵巢、子宫和肌肉组织中都检测到FANCL蛋白的表达,说明FANCL在小鼠组织中是广泛表达的,这与其是DNA修复复合物中的重要成员相一致。     

Gas8蛋白的抗体制备及小鼠组织表达图谱分析

目的：制备Gas8抗体,并检测小鼠各组织中Gas8表达谱。方法：在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达His标签标记的Gas8融合蛋白,以纯化的Gas8重组融合蛋白为抗原制备兔Gas8多抗血清,进一步利用亲和纯化方法制备Gas8多克隆抗体;为确定Gas8抗体的特异性,通过免疫印迹方法检测瞬时表达的Flag-Gas8融合蛋白,同时以抗Flag单克隆抗体作为对照;利用制备的抗体通过Westernblot检测Gas8在小鼠各组织中的表达谱。结果：与Gas8特异性结合的抗体能够通过免疫法获得;利用制备的抗体检测到Gas8在小鼠心、肺、肾、脑、肝、脾、肌肉、睾丸各组织中均表达。结论：获得了特异性抗Gas8抗体,用该抗体可以检测到小鼠组织中Gas8的表达。     

GGNBP1抗体制备及小鼠组织表达谱分析

体外实验研究表明配子生成素结合蛋白1(GGNBP1)可能与GGN1相互作用形成睾丸特异性复合物,在精子生成过程中发挥作用.从小鼠睾丸总RNA中反转录扩增Ggnbpl全长cDNA,构建表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达GGNBP1,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶纯化后免疫新西兰白兔,制备兔多抗血清.镍离子金属螯合柱纯化表达的GGNBP1蛋白,与NHS活化基团交联,制备GGNBP1抗体亲和层析柱,纯化GGNBP1多抗.在293FT细胞中瞬时表达Myc-GGNBP1融合蛋白,用于Mvc单抗验证GGNBP1抗体特异性,结果证明获得了特异性的GGNBP1抗体.分别制备小鼠脑、心、肺、肝、脾、肾、肌肉、卵巢、睾丸和子宫组织匀浆,用GGNBP1抗体进行Western印迹分析,结果仅在睾丸组织匀浆中检测到GGNBP1特异性条带,证明GGNBP1是睾丸特异性表达蛋白.     

甘露聚糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶2 EGF片段多克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

目的制备甘露聚糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶2(MBL-associated serine protease-2,MASP-2)EGF功能区蛋白的多克隆抗体并进行鉴定,为后续研究奠定基础。方法利用带有EGF基因片段的p GEX-6P-2原核载体诱导表达GST-EGF融合蛋白,并采用商品化GST-Beads进行纯化;将纯化的融合蛋白作为抗原,与弗氏完全佐剂充分混合后,免疫5周龄BALB/c雌性健康小鼠,制备多克隆抗体;利用琼脂双扩散法检测多克隆抗体的效价,并进一步应用Western blot鉴定多克隆抗体的特异性及效价。结果成功表达并纯化EGF蛋白,以此成功制备出特异性强的GST-EGF融合蛋白的多克隆抗体,与其他蛋白无交叉反应;琼脂双扩散法检测的EGF抗体效价为1∶8;Western blot检测的EGF抗体效价大于1∶2 000。结论成功制备出具有特异性强且效价高的GST-EGF蛋白的多克隆抗体。     

小鼠睾丸特异性基因Vad1.2重组蛋白的构建及多克隆抗体制备

目的：构建小鼠睾丸特异性基因Vad1.2重组蛋白,制备多克隆抗体。方法：将小鼠睾丸组织Vad1.2转录本行RT-PCR扩增,通过DNA重组技术插入克隆载体p ET15b,进行酶切及DNA序列分析。将表达载体转化入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）RIL感受态细胞,10 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白,通过10%SDS-PAGE、Western blotting及质谱分析进行鉴定。随后对重组Vad1.2蛋白进行纯化和进一步鉴定。最后,制备兔抗小鼠Vad1.2多克隆抗体,并通过Vad1.2-EGFP质粒转染GC-2spd（ts）细胞对其特异性进行验证。结果：大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）RIL细胞中诱导表达并纯化的小鼠Vad1.2重组蛋白构建正确并经Western blotting和质谱分析得到证实。所制备的多克隆抗体可特异性识别GC-2spd（ts）细胞中过表达的Vad1.2-EGFP融合蛋白。结论：成功构建小鼠Vad1.2重组蛋白,并制备多克隆抗体,为Vad1.2基因的进一步研究奠定了实验基础。     

人WWP2蛋白的重组表达和多克隆抗体的制备

[目的]克隆、表达并纯化人E3泛素连接酶蛋白WWP2的部分肽段(aa 324-517),制备兔源抗WWP2多克隆抗体并初步鉴定。[方法]PCR法从人胚肾细胞HEK-293T中扩增WWP2蛋白部分肽段的编码序列并构建原核表达质粒,大肠杆菌中诱导表达;GST亲和层析法纯化后进行TEV酶切,免疫新西兰兔制备多克隆抗体;间接ELISA、Western Blot、免疫荧光等方法检测抗体的灵敏度和特异性。[结果]构建了原核表达质粒pGEX-GST-WWP2(aa 324-517),原核表达并纯化了该重组蛋白。间接ELISA测定抗体效价可达1∶100 000以上,Western Blot检测该抗体可特异性识别体外纯化的WWP2蛋白和细胞内源性WWP2蛋白,细胞免疫荧光可检测到内源性WWP2蛋白。[结论]成功克隆、表达与纯化WWP2蛋白的部分肽段,制备出抗WWP2蛋白的多克隆抗体,可用于WWP2的免疫印迹和细胞免疫荧光分析。     

小鼠OAZ2基因的原核表达及抗体制备

目的:克隆小鼠鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶2(OAZ2)功能基因,原核表达、纯化OAZ2蛋白并制备抗OAZ2多克隆抗体.方法:IRT-PCR法从鼠黑色素瘤细胞总RNA中克隆OAZ2 cDNA后,通过重叠延伸PCR技术构建无需移码即可全长翻译的功能基因.将OAZ2功能基因克隆人原核表达载体pET15b并原核表达.表达的蛋白经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后,用SDS-PAGE和Western Blot分析鉴定.用纯化的OAZ2蛋白作为抗原免疫Bab/C小鼠以制备多克隆抗体,制备抗体用ELISA和Western Blot检测抗体滴度和特异性.结果:成功获得小鼠OAZ2 cDNA并构建出无需移码翻译的OAZ2功能基因.OAZ2功能基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中可诱导性高表达并能用Ni-NTA树脂高效纯化.用纯化蛋白免疫Bab/C小鼠制备的抗血清经ELISA检测有较高的多克隆抗体效价(＞1∶64000),经Western blot鉴定可与纯化的OAZ2蛋白质特异性结合.结论:建立了鼠OAZ2蛋白原核表达和纯化技术,制备出高效价和特异性抗OAZ2多克隆抗体,为进一步研究OAZ2基因的功能奠定了基础.     

基于纳米抗体CDR3区抗原表位展示制备生存素抗体及其鉴定

目的:通过纳米抗体CDR3区展示生存素N端表位的方式,探索纳米抗体在抗原表位展示中的作用。方法:通过基因合成方法将生存素N端起始表位(氨基酸序列1~15)插入纳米抗体CDR3区,再构建到原核表达载体pET24a中,IPTG诱导表达,用带His标签的填料纯化,获得高纯度的目的蛋白,免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,间接ELISA检测5次免疫后的效价,用抗原偶联纯化介质纯化免疫多抗,Western印迹检测多抗特异性。结果:IPTG诱导后,目的蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在,亲和层析获得纯度大于96%的目的蛋白,包涵体经复性后免疫小鼠,效价可达1∶512000,West?ern印迹特异性检测显示免疫多抗能够特异性结合生存素。结论:纳米抗体CDR3区生存素抗原N端表位展示的方法可用于抗生存素抗体的制备,并为今后纳米抗体表位展示相关研究奠定基础。     

小鼠黑色素瘤相关抗原MART1的原核表达及抗体制备

目的:利用基因重组技术获得鼠黑色素瘤相关抗原MART1,并制备兔抗鼠多克隆抗体。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从小鼠黑素瘤B16-F1细胞株总RNA中扩增MART1的编码c DNA序列,并构建p ET32a-MART1原核表达质粒,将此质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)菌株后用IPTG诱导表达,获得的MART1融合蛋白依次用Ni-NTA亲和层析和制备性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离纯化,纯化的MART1融合蛋白用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定;以纯化的MART1融合蛋白为抗原,皮内接种日本大耳白兔,制备多克隆抗体,采用ELISA、Western印迹和细胞免疫荧光法分别检测兔血清中抗体的效价及抗原的特异性。结果:构建出MART1原核表达质粒,小鼠MART1基因在大肠杆菌Rosseta(DE3)中可诱导性表达并有效纯化;用纯化的MART1蛋白在日本大耳白兔中制备出高效价的多克隆抗体(效价1∶1 024 000),该抗体可与原核及真核表达的MART1蛋白特异性结合。结论:建立了鼠MART1蛋白原核表达和纯化技术,制备出的高效价和特异性抗MART1多克隆抗体将为黑色素瘤的防治研究提供技术支撑。     

Loss of the Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme UBE2W Results in Susceptibility to Early Postnatal Lethality and Defects in Skin,Immune, and Male Reproductive Systems

UBE2W ubiquitinates N termini of proteins rather than internal lysine residues, showing a preference for substrates with intrinsically disordered N termini. The in vivo functions of this intriguing E2, however, remain unknown. We generated Ube2w germ line KO mice that proved to be susceptible to early postnatal lethality without obvious developmental abnormalities. Although the basis of early death is uncertain, several organ systems manifest changes in Ube2w KO mice. Newborn Ube2w KO mice often show altered epidermal maturation with reduced expression of differentiation markers. Mirroring higher UBE2W expression levels in testis and thymus, Ube2w KO mice showed a disproportionate decrease in weight of these two organs (∼50%), suggesting a functional role for UBE2W in the immune and male reproductive systems. Indeed, Ube2w KO mice displayed sustained neutrophilia accompanied by increased G-CSF signaling and testicular vacuolation associated with decreased fertility. Proteomic analysis of a vulnerable organ, presymptomatic testis, showed a preferential accumulation of disordered proteins in the absence of UBE2W, consistent with the view that UBE2W preferentially targets disordered polypeptides. These mice further allowed us to establish that UBE2W is ubiquitously expressed as a single isoform localized to the cytoplasm and that the absence of UBE2W does not alter cell viability in response to various stressors. Our results establish that UBE2W is an important, albeit not essential, protein for early postnatal survival and normal functioning of multiple organ systems.     

Expression of the novel human gene,UBE2Q1, in breast tumors

The novel human gene, designated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2Q family member 1 (UBE2Q1) maps to chromosome 1q21.3. The gene has an open reading frame corresponding to 422 amino acids and contains a RWD domain and an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme domain. Here, we investigated the expression levels of both mRNA and protein of UBE2Q1 gene in cancerous versus normal parts of breast specimens from 26 patients. Real-time PCR data showed that the relative expression level of UBE2Q1 mRNA was significantly greater in cancers than in non-cancerous tissues of breast specimens (Mean ± SEM, 0.064 ± 0.015 for cancers and 0.026 ± 0.01 for noncancerous tissues, P < 0.05 Mann–Whitney test). A rabbit polyclonal antibody was generated against an amino acid sequence predicted from the DNA sequence of UBE2Q1 gene. This antibody was used to perform Western blotting on 21 cases in our cohort of breast specimens. Thus, 13 (61.904%) of the cases showed an increase in the UBE2Q1 immunoreactivity in their cancerous tissues as compared with the corresponding normal tissues. This result along with the real-time PCR data shows that the novel human gene, UBE2Q1, is expressed in human breast and may have implications for pathogenesis of breast cancer.     

UBE1L2, a novel E1 enzyme specific for ubiquitin

UBE1 is known as the human ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), which activates ubiquitin in an ATP-dependent manner. Here, we identified a novel human ubiquitin-activating enzyme referred to as UBE1L2, which also shows specificity for ubiquitin. The UBE1L2 sequence displays a 40% identity to UBE1 and also contains an ATP-binding domain and an active site cysteine conserved among E1 family proteins. UBE1L2 forms a covalent link with ubiquitin in vitro and in vivo, which is sensitive to reducing conditions. In an in vitro polyubiquitylation assay, recombinant UBE1L2 could activate ubiquitin and transfer it onto the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5b. Ubiquitin activated by UBE1L2 could be used for ubiquitylation of p53 by MDM2 and supported the autoubiquitylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligases HectH9 and E6-AP. The UBE1L2 mRNA is most abundantly expressed in the testis, suggesting an organ-specific regulation of ubiquitin activation.     

Demonstration of ubiquitin thiolester formation of UBE2Q2 (UBCi), a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with implantation site-specific expression

We recently identified a differentially expressed gene in implantation stage rabbit endometrium encoding a new member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family designated UBE2Q2 (also known as UBCi). Its unusually high molecular mass, novel N-terminus extension, and highly selective pattern of mRNA expression suggest a specific function in implantation. This study analyzes its relationship to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme superfamily, investigates its enzymatic activity, and examines its localization in implantation site endometrium. Construction of a dendrogram indicated that UBE2Q2 is homologous to the UBC2 family of enzymes, and isoforms are present in a broad range of species. In vitro enzymatic assays of ubiquitin thiolester formation demonstrated that UBE2Q2 is a functional ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The Km for transfer of ubiquitin thiolester from E1 to UBE2Q2 is 817 nM compared to 100 nM for other E2 paralogs; this suggests that the unique amino terminal domain of UBE2Q2 confers specific functional differences. Affinity-purified antibodies prepared with purified recombinant UBE2Q2 showed that the protein was undetectable by immunoblot analysis in endometrial lysates from estrous and Day 6(3/4) pregnant (blastocyst attachment stage) rabbits but was expressed in both mesometrial and antimesometrial implantation site endometrium of Day 8 pregnant animals. No expression was detected in adjacent interimplantion sites. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated UBE2Q2 expression exclusively in mesometrial and antimesometrial endometrial luminal epithelial cells of the Day 8 implantation chamber. Immunohistochemical localization of ubiquitin mirrored UBE2Q2 expression, with low-to-undetectable levels in implantation sites of Day 6(3/4) pregnant endometrium but high levels in luminal epithelial cells of Day 8 pregnant endometrium. This implantation site-specific expression of UBE2Q2 in luminal epithelial cells could play major roles in orchestrating differentiation events through the modification of specific protein substrates.     

Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding the human putative ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2Z (UBE2Z)

Ubiquitination, the covalent attachment of the protein ubiquitin (Ub) to other cellular proteins, has been implicated in a number of important physiological processes. ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) plays an important role in the ubiquitin system. Here we report the research about a human putative ubiquitin conjugating enzyme gene, UBE2Z. The length of UBE2Z cDNA is 3054 base pairs and contains an open reading frame encoding 246 amino acids. The UBE2Z gene was mapped to human chromosome 17q21.32 and consisted of 6 exons. RT-PCR showed that UBE2Z was widely expressed in human tissues, especially high in placenta, pancreas, spleen and testis. The UBE2Z-GFP fusion protein was located in both nucleus and cytoplasm of AD293 cells.     

UBE2W interacts with FANCL and regulates the monoubiquitination of fanconi anemia protein FANCD2

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare cancer-predisposing genetic disease mostly caused by improper regulation of the monoubiquitination of Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2). Genetic studies have indicated that ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBE2T and HHR6 could regulate FANCD2 monoubiquitination through distinct mechanisms. However, the exact regulation mechanisms of FANCD2 monoubiquitination in response to different DNA damages remain unclear. Here we report that UBE2W, a new ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, could regulate FANCD2 monoubiquitination by mechanisms different from UBE2T or HHR6. Indeed, UBE2W exhibits ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity and catalyzes the monoubiquitination of PHD domain of Fanconi anemia complementation group L (FANCL) in vitro. UBE2W binds to FANCL, and the PHD domain is both necessary and sufficient for this interaction in mammalian cells. In addition, over-expression of UBE2W in cells promotes the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and down-regulated UBE2W markedly reduces the UV irradiation-induced but not MMC-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination. These results indicate that UBE2W regulates FANCD2 monoubiquitination by mechanisms different from UBE2T and HRR6. It may provide an additional regulatory step in the activation of the FA pathway.     

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UBE2W Reveals the Formation of a Noncovalent Homodimer

The biochemical and structural characterization of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) over the past 30 years has fostered important insights into ubiquitin transfer mechanisms. Although many of these enzymes share high sequence and structural conservation, their functional roles in the cell are decidedly diverse. Here, we report that the mono-ubiquitinating E2 UBE2W forms a homodimer using two distinct protein surfaces. Dimerization is primarily driven by residues in the ß-sheet region and Loops 4 and 7 of the catalytic domain. Mutation of two residues in the catalytic domain of UBE2W is capable of disrupting UBE2W homodimer formation, however, we find that dimerization of this E2 is not required for its ubiquitin transfer activity. In addition, residues in the C-terminal region, although not compulsory for the dimerization of UBE2W, play an ancillary role in the dimer interface. In all current E2 structures, the C-terminal helix of the UBC domain is at least 15Å away from the primary dimerization surface shown here for UBE2W. This leads to the proposal that the C-terminal region of UBE2W adopts a noncanonical position that places it closer to the UBC ß-sheet, providing the first indication that at least some E2s adopt C-terminal conformations different from the canonical structures observed to date.     

UBE2Q1 expression in human colorectal tumors and cell lines

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Ubiquitin–proteasome system has shown to be activated in colorectal and other malignancies. UBE2Q1 is a novel human gene that encodes a putative E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of UBE2Q1 gene in cell lines and tissues from human colorectal tumors. Quantitative (q) RT-PCR were employed to evaluate the expression levels of the mRNA for UBE2Q1 in colorectal cancer cell lines (HT29/219, LS180, SW742, Caco2, HTC116, SW48, SW480 and SW1116). Expression of UBE2Q1 at the protein levels were assessed by Western blotting in cell lines as well as in 43 human colorectal tumor tissues. All cell lines tested expressed UBE2Q1 gene at the level of both mRNA and protein, with the SW1116 line representing the lowest level of expression. The cell lines HT29/219 and SW742 showed the highest levels of UBE2Q1 protein and mRNA respectively. When compared to corresponding normal tissues, malignant parts of colorectal tumors showed increased levels of UBE2Q1 immunoreactivity in 32 (74.42 %) of cases. These data suggest that UBE2Q1 is differentially expressed in colorectal cell lines and shows overexpression in colorectal tumors.