Trophic relationships of the sea ice meiofauna in Frobisher Bay,Arctic Canada

Summary A distinct fauna consisting mainly of nematodes, harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, rotifers, turbellarians and polychaete larvae, inhabits the lower levels of the sea ice in Frobisher Bay. Similar faunas are found throughout circumpolar regions. Thirteen taxa of the Frobisher Bay ice fauna were entirely herbivorous. Their food consisted of 26 genera of algae dominated by Chlamydomonas, Nitzschia, Navicula and Chaetoceros. There was a clear tendency to feed on the most abundant ice algae, hence little evidence of selective feeding. High algal food concentrations in the ice (estimated at 5000 g C/l) were in sharp contrast with the scant nourishment available from phytoplankton under the ice (8 g C/l) from mid-winter until the start of the summer bloom. Algal stocks and estimated productivity rates indicate that ice meiofaunal food requirements may be met by the ice algae. All the major ice meiofaunal species are well adapted to feeding within the ice. All are small enough to enter brine channels and secure particulate prey from surfaces within confined spaces. The ice meiofaunal species are major consumers of the ice algae and therefore important links in the transfer of energy from the ice to pelagic and benthic predators, including fishes, birds and mammals.     

Sedimentation in arctic Canada: Particulate organic carbon flux to a shallow marine benthic community in Frobisher bay

Summary Sediment traps designed and constructed by the authors were deployed on the bottom during short periods of time at a depth of 33 m in upper Frobisher Bay. When the results were compared with data obtained from a trap set at the compensation depth (20 m), resuspension of particulate organic carbon was estimated at 25% of the sediment. The annual sedimentation cycle was typified by consistently low winter rates, with variable maximum rates and loads occurring in August following the peak of primary production in the water column. Mean annual sediment flux was found to be 26 g C m^-2 y^-1, representing 31–53% of the range of estimates of carbon fixed in total annual primary production. Relating this to estimated zoobenthic production indicated a benthic conversion efficiency of 53%, not accounting for loss to sediment or benthic primary production. Increased sedimentation following the spring bloom in August appears to stimulate reproduction in some benthic species.     

Dynamics of ice algae and phytoplankton in Frobisher Bay

Summary Vertical and seasonal variations of ice algae and phytoplankton were studied in relation to their physico-chemical environments in Frobisher Bay from 1979 to 1986. The biomass, estimated by both chlorophyll a concentrations and cell counts, was greater in the ice algae than in the phytoplankton in the underlying sea-water during winter and spring. Algal distribution in the sea ice varied vertically and seasonally, while in the underlying water column the phytoplankton distribution was much less variable. The ice algal bloom occurred at the bottom of the ice, particularly in the lower 5 cm during late spring, while the phytoplankton bloom took place at depths between 1 and 10 m during early summer after the ice bloom was over. The community structure of the ice algae changed from pennate to centric diatoms as the ice melted. The centrics dominated through the fall, and then decreased as the pennates increased in dominance when the ice formed again in winter. Species diversity and number were greater in the sea ice than in the seawater, but they were similar vertically within each habitat. The evenness of the species distribution did not vary with ice thickness or water depth. Species composition, abundance and dominance of ice algae and phytoplankton continually change both vertically and seasonally. The differential abilities of the species to attain maximal growth rates under various environmental conditions may result in species succession. Evidence is given for the major role of environmental factors regulating the dynamics of ice algae and phytoplankton.     

Recent Arctic marine diatom assemblages from bottom sediments in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait

This study investigates the present geographical boundaries and environmental limits of the diatom flora in the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait area. Seventy-four sea floor surface samples were examined. The raw data were analyzed with the CABFAC factor analysis program. Five factor assemblages, explaining 87% of the observed variance, emerged from this test. The statistically most important assemblage is the “Baffin Current assemblage”, composed ofThalassiosira gravida spores. The second assemblage is the “summer pack ice assemblage”, consisting ofActinocyclus curvatulus, with a lesser contribution ofThalassiosira trifulta. A third assemblage, dominated byThalassiosira hyalina, is located along the southwest coast of Greenland, indicating low ice concentration. The fourth assemblage consists ofPorosira sp. spores and indicates fast ice conditions. The fifth assemblage is dominated byThalassionema nitzschioides andPorosira glacialis (vegetative cells), and indicates the coastal environment. Diatoms found in the sediment belong to discrete assemblages which reflect differences in water masses, such as salinity and ice conditions. These findings should assist in the interpretation of paleoceanographic conditions in the region when diatom assemblages are studied in piston core sediments.     

Diversity and novelty of actinobacteria in Arctic marine sediments

The actinobacterial diversity of Arctic marine sediments was investigated using culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. A total of 152 strains were isolated from seven different media; 18 isolates were selected for phylogenetic analysis on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results showed that the 18 isolates belonged to a potential novel genus and 10 known genera including Actinotalea, Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Kocuria, Kytococcus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, and Pseudonocardia. Subsequently, 172 rDNA clones were selected by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis from 692 positive clones within four actinobacteria-specific 16S rDNA libraries of Arctic marine sediments, and then these 172 clones were sequenced. In total, 67 phylotypes were clustered in 11 known genera of actinobacteria including Agrococcus, Cellulomonas, Demequina, Iamia, Ilumatobacter, Janibacter, Kocuria, Microbacterium, Phycicoccus, Propionibacterium, and Pseudonocardia, along with other, unidentified actinobacterial clones. Based on the detection of a substantial number of uncultured phylotypes showing low BLAST identities (<95 %), this study confirms that Arctic marine environments harbour highly diverse actinobacterial communities, many of which appear to be novel, uncultured species.     

Species composition and phytoplankton biomass in a tropical African lake (Lake Awassa,Ethiopia)

The species composition and phytoplankton biomass of Lake Awassa, Ethiopia were studied from September 1985 to July 1986 in relation to some limnological features of the lake. During the study period, three phases of thermal stratification were recognized: a period of unstable stratification and near-complete mixing was followed by a stable stratification period and another period of complete mixing. Complete mixing was associated with cooling of air temperature with an influx of cool rain and high rainfall. The underwater light penetration showed a similar pattern over the whole period with the highest in the red, and the lowest in the blue spectral region. Euphotic depth varied between 1.6 and 3.0 meters with the highest measurements corresponding to the stable stratification period. PO₄-P concentrations ranged between 23 and 45 µg l^–1 and NO₃-N concentrations varied between 7 and 14 µg l^–1 during the study period. Both nutrients showed increasing values associated with mixing periods and/or the rainy season.A total of 100 phytoplankton species were identified with 48% of the taxa represented by green algae, 30% by blue-green algae, 11% by diatoms, and the rest by chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads and euglenoids. The dominant phytoplankton species were Lyngbya nyassae, Botryococcus braunii and Microcystis species. Seasonal biomass variation was pronounced in the first two species but not in Mycrocystis. Phytoplankton biomass increased following the mixing period in December, and thermal destratification during May to July which was also a period with high rainfall and relatively high nutrient concentration. While the seasonal variation of the total phytoplankton community in Lake Awassa was relatively low (coefficient of variation < 20%), it was higher in some of the individual component species.     

Ocean currents shape the microbiome of Arctic marine sediments

Prokaryote communities were investigated on the seasonally stratified Alaska Beaufort Shelf (ABS). Water and sediment directly underlying water with origin in the Arctic, Pacific or Atlantic oceans were analyzed by pyrosequencing and length heterogeneity-PCR in conjunction with physicochemical and geographic distance data to determine what features structure ABS microbiomes. Distinct bacterial communities were evident in all water masses. Alphaproteobacteria explained similarity in Arctic surface water and Pacific derived water. Deltaproteobacteria were abundant in Atlantic origin water and drove similarity among samples. Most archaeal sequences in water were related to unclassified marine Euryarchaeota. Sediment communities influenced by Pacific and Atlantic water were distinct from each other and pelagic communities. Firmicutes and Chloroflexi were abundant in sediment, although their distribution varied in Atlantic and Pacific influenced sites. Thermoprotei dominated archaea in Pacific influenced sediments and Methanomicrobia dominated in methane-containing Atlantic influenced sediments. Length heterogeneity-PCR data from this study were analyzed with data from methane-containing sediments in other regions. Pacific influenced ABS sediments clustered with Pacific sites from New Zealand and Chilean coastal margins. Atlantic influenced ABS sediments formed another distinct cluster. Density and salinity were significant structuring features on pelagic communities. Porosity co-varied with benthic community structure across sites and methane did not. This study indicates that the origin of water overlying sediments shapes benthic communities locally and globally and that hydrography exerts greater influence on microbial community structure than the availability of methane.     

Species composition and distribution of free-living marine nematodes in Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan

The qualitative and quantitative composition of free-living marine nematodes have been studied in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). It is found that the population density of nematodes in the bottom sediments of Vostok Bay shows an uneven distribution. The mean population density equaled 56800 ± 23400 specimens/m². A correlation has been revealed between the population density of nematodes and the substrate type. Altogether, 85 species of nematodes have been found; they were dominated by Sabatieria palmaris, Rhabdodemania orientalis, Araeolaimus parvibulbosus, Oncholaimium paraolium, Doryolaimopsis peculiaris, and Metachromadora itoi. Six taxocenoses of nematodes were distinguished, taking into account the species dominating in the population density and using cluster analysis of the obtained data. The dominating trophic assemblage of nematodes was “scrapers.” In general, the species composition of nematodes in Vostok Bay is characterized by the relatively great similarity with that in other areas of Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan).     

胶州湾叶绿素a浓度及浮游植物的粒级组成

2008年2、5、8和11月对胶州湾及邻近水域中表层叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物粒级组成进行了调查.结果表明:胶州湾内和湾外表层叶绿素a年平均浓度分别为4.90和2.03 mg·m^-3;叶绿素a浓度的平面分布呈现自东北部及近岸向中部、南部及湾外递减的趋势;叶绿素a浓度季节变化明显,冬季和夏季浓度较高,春季次之,呈现温带海域双峰型的变化趋势.胶州湾浮游植物粒级组成以微型浮游植物为主,平均占叶绿素a总量的60.9%,其次是小型浮游植物,超微型浮游植物所占比例最低,与我国近海浮游植物粒级组成基本一致.与历史资料相比,微型浮游植物所占比例有所增加,超微型浮游植物所占比例降低.     

海洋浮游植物的热效应

采用热效应模拟实验方法研究了冬、夏两季温度对象山港海洋浮游植物种类组成、细胞密度的影响,同时在冬季开展了温度对海水中叶绿素含量的影响研究.温度对浮游植物种类数和细胞密度的影响显著,影响程度与季节、增温幅度和实验时间有关.当夏季(自然水温为28℃)实验温度超过36℃,冬季(自然水温为12℃)实验温度超过34℃时,浮游植物种类数和细胞密度均急剧减少.温度对浮游植物细胞密度的影响显著,随着实验温度的升高,浮游植物细胞密度与温度呈峰值关系.夏季实验当温度升高至30℃时浮游植物细胞密度最高,实验至第7天时的细胞密度达到最大值为40.56 cells/dm3;冬季实验当温度升高至24℃时的浮游植物细胞密度最高,实验至第7天时的细胞密度达到最大值为625.8 cells/dm3.温度对冬季实验海水中叶绿素含量的影响显著,并且冬季海水叶绿素浓度与浮游植物细胞密度呈显著的正相关性(r=0.81,p＜0.01).实验结合自然海区海水温度的变化进行分析,并探讨人们普遍关注的热(核)电厂建设与海洋生态效应的问题,为冬、夏两季温排水对受纳海域的增温对浮游植物的热影响提供科学依据.     

横岗水库浮游植物种类组成与时空分布

于2005年5月和11月调查了横岗水库的水质和浮游植物,对浮游植物群落结构进行了分析.两次采样期间,浮游植物群落数量组成与种类结构发生明显变化.5月份浮游植物平均细胞数量高达275.41×10⁶cells·L^-1,平均生物量为31.07mg·L^-1;其中优美平裂藻(Oscillatoria.elegans)和银灰平列藻(Oscillatoria.glauca)为绝对优势种,占总细胞数的90%;平裂藻的大量出现导致浮游植物生物量由球体等效半径在10～20μm的种类占主导,但0～5μm区间的小型藻类仍维持较高的生物量.11月份,浮游植物平均细胞数量降低到12.69×10⁶cells·L^-1,平均生物量为20.78mg·L^-1.蓝藻门有16种,优美平裂藻、银灰平列藻的优势度明显下降;绿藻种类数量增加到48种,在新出现的25个种类中,鼓藻科(Desmidiaceae)、盘星藻属(Pediastrum)和栅藻属(Scenedesmus)有较高的细胞数;优势种类没有变化;大细胞种类的生物量明显增加,特别是等效半径大于20μm的种类.整体上看,浮游植物数量和生物量从河流入水口到大坝处有递减趋势,这种趋势在11月份更为明显,这与采样时期水库水动力过程的梯度相一致.     

Bacterial community composition in an Arctic phytoplankton mesocosm bloom: the impact of silicate and glucose

In order to study interactions between microorganisms at different nutrient conditions in an arctic environment, a mesocosm experiment was performed in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (79°N). A phytoplankton bloom was initiated by daily additions of mineral nutrients (ammonium and phosphate) to all mesocosm units. The addition of silicate and glucose, forming a factorial design (+Si/+C, +Si/−C, −Si/+C, −Si/−C), was intended to produce different types of growth rate limitation for the bacterial community. We here focus on the response in bacterial community composition to different nutrient situations. Phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses were enumerated by flow cytometry, while denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to track changes in the bacterial community composition. Our results showed that both glucose and silicate addition affected the bacterial community composition, with the largest effect from glucose. The initial increase in bacterial abundance was most pronounced in the glucose units. After silicate addition, highest bacterial abundance was observed in the silicate treatments where mineral nutrient competition by diatoms was expected to be highest. The major effect of glucose was expressed by the significant separation of the +C and the −C samples at the end of the experiment, while silicate addition resulted in a more stable bacterial community structure. In the unit, given both silicate and glucose, the diatoms were totally outcompeted by the bacterial community. The competitive success of the heterotrophic bacteria in C-replete situations allows the conclusion that the bacteria were not more negatively affected by low temperatures than phytoplankton.     

Interannual variability in phytoplankton biomass and species composition in a subtropical reservoir

• 1 The interannual variability of the dominant phytoplankton populations is described in a subtropical reservoir in Queensland using weekly data for a 16-year period between 1978 and 1994. North Pine Dam, Brisbane, is in an area characterized by strong interannual variability in rainfall. This variability is linked to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Between 1978 and 1994 periods of drought (during strong ENSO events) were interspersed by periods of flooding rains. Rainfall on the catchment and temperature and oxygen within the dam showed strong 40-day periodicities which also varied in strength interannually in response to ENSO events. Similar patterns of fluctuations in the 40-day periodicity have been found elsewhere in SE Australia. Seasonal cycles of stratification in the dam were a function of both hydrographic and hydrological events. Intermittent rain storms caused partial turnovers and large outflows. As much as 90% of the dam volume was exchanged in a single flood event.
• 2 The dominant phytoplankton species were similar to those frequently found in tropical and subtropical lakes and reservoirs. The phytoplankton community switched between cyanobacterial blooms (Cylindrospermopsis, Microcystis) during drought and falling water levels and diatom blooms (Aulacoseira) in response to inflows and seasonal turnovers. There appeared to be a subtle interaction between inflows, water column stability, the periodic overturns and the occurrence of the dominant species. All the dominant species showed long periods (2–4 years) of exponential increase or decrease superimposed on top of the seasonal fluctuations in abundance. These patterns of abundance led to marked interannual variability in the phytoplankton biomass. Climate variability had a major impact on the seasonal and interannual changes of the dominant phytoplankton species.
• 3 Phytoplankton biomass tended to be depressed for about 3 months after individual storm events but the data also displayed long-term lag effects (2–4 years) which destroyed any significant correlation between water residence time and biomass. Summer maxima of biomass dominated by cyanobacteria disappeared between 1985 and 1990 and were replaced by smaller winter peaks. The data presented here are not capable of unequivocally identifying the precise reason for these longer-term effects. Because of the implications for water quality management in subtropical and tropical reservoirs they warrant further study.

     

Species range types of recent marine dinoflagellates recorded from the Arctic

On the basis of the geographic distribution of some 200 planktonic dinoflagellates recorded from the Arctic, species ranges were typified. Both original and literary data were considered and occurrences were mapped. The types are as follows: Arctic-boreal, boreal, Arctic-boreal-tropical, tropical-boreal, Antarctic-tropical-boreal, bipolar and cosmopolitan. Each type is discussed separately. Mostly, they correspond to the range types known for planktonic diatoms. The evidences of the unity of the Arctic-Boreal Biogeographic Zone are presented. No purely Arctic species have been found. Low endemism of the dinoflagellates of the Arctic-Boreal Zone at specific level (ca 2%) is noted for the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic-Boreal Biogeographic Zone can be subdivided into the Subarctic-Boreal-Atlantic, Subarctic-Boreal-Pacific and Euarctic Circumpolar subzones. As a whole, the Arctic dinoflagellate flora represents impoverished flora characteristic of temperate waters, mostly of the North Atlantic. The problems of bipolarity and bioindication of oceanic currents as well as the value of the so-called Ortmann and Dunbar lines are also discussed.     

胶州湾海域鱼类群落种类组成及多样性

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落结构特征,根据2016—2017年间对胶州湾海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、生态多样性指数和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)、非线性多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)等方法分析了胶州湾海域鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征。结果表明:调查共采集到鱼类46种,隶属2纲10目30科41属,以硬骨鱼纲鱼类为主(45种,97.83%)。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(22种,47.83%),其次是鲉形目(Scorpaeniformes),占15.22%。种类数季节变化明显,以夏季最高,23种;秋季最低,16种。优势种组成以赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)、大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)、许氏平鮋(Sebastes schlegeli)和矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)等鱼类为主。多样性分析显示,鱼类物种多样性存在明显的季节差异。多样性指数(H′)季节变化范围为1.668—2.453,以夏季最高,春季最低;均匀度指数(J′)季节变化范围为0.577—0.808,以秋季最高,春季最低;丰富度指数(D′)季节变化范围为2.431—3.123,以冬季最高,秋季最低。典范对应分析表明,水温、盐度、水深和pH是影响胶州湾海域鱼类群落物种组成的主要环境因子,且水温和pH是影响鱼类群落结构及多样性时空变化的主要因子。与历史调查资料相比,由于人类活动对胶州湾生态系统的干扰,鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化,优势种组成更替明显,多样性水平降低,鱼类群落结构趋向简单化。     

Viable bacterial biomass and functional diversity in fresh and marine waters in the Canadian Arctic

Bacterial biomass and functional diversity in four marine and four freshwater samples, collected from Resolute Bay, Nunavut, Canada, were studied using fluorescent nucleic-acid staining and sole-carbon-source utilization. Viable microbial counts using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Viability Kit estimated viable marine bacterial numbers from 0.7 to 1.8᎒⁶ cells/l, which were lower than viable bacterial numbers in freshwater samples (2.1-9.9᎒⁶ cells/l) (RCBD-ANOVA). Calculations of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and average well colour development were based on substrate utilization in ECO-Biolog plates incubated at 4°C and 20°C for 38 and 24 days, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity of the marine water samples was significantly greater ( x _H'=2.40ǂ.08, P <0.005; RCBD-ANOVA) than that of freshwater samples ( x _H'=1.20ǂ.00, P <0.005; RCBD-ANOVA). Differences in microbial diversity between fresh and marine water samples at 4°C ( x _4°C =2.01) and 20°C (x_20°C =2.31) were also detected by RCBD-ANOVA analysis. Interactions between water type and incubation temperature were not significant ( F =1.926, F _c=5.12). Principal component analysis revealed differences in metabolic substrate utilization patterns and, consequently, the microbial diversity between water types and samples.     

Factors influencing the short-term variation in phytoplankton composition and biomass in coral reef waters

The short-term temporal dynamics of phytoplankton composition was compared among coral reef waters, the adjacent ocean and polluted harbour water from July until October along the south-western coast of Curaçao, southern Caribbean. Temporal variations in phytoplankton pigment 'fingerprints' (zeaxanthin, chlorophyll b, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, fucoxanthin, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, chlorophyll c₂ and c₃ relative to chlorophyll a) in the ocean were also observed in waters overlying the reef. However, with respect to specific pigments and algal-size distribution, the algal composition in reef waters was usually slightly different from that in the oceanic water. Phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) was either higher or lower than in the oceanic water. The relative amount of fucoxanthin and peridinin was usually higher, and the relative and absolute amount of zeaxanthin was significantly lower than in oceanic water. Zeaxanthin-containing Synechococci were significantly reduced in reef water. Average algal cell size increased from the open water to the reef and the harbour entrance. Large centric diatoms (>20 m Ø) were better represented in reef than in oceanic water. In reef-overlying waters, the nitrate and nitrite concentrations were higher than in oceanic water. In front of the town, anthropogenic eutrophication (sewage discharge and ground water seepage) resulted in higher NH₄, NO₃ and PO₄ concentrations than at other reef stations. This concurred with significantly enhanced phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), chlorophyll c₂ and peridinin amounts at Town Reef compared with the other reef stations. Polluted harbour water usually showed the highest phytoplankton biomass of all stations, dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates. Conditions in reef waters and harbour water promoted the occurrence and the relative abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Harbour water did not influence the phytoplankton composition and biomass at reef stations situated >5 km away from the harbour entrance. We conclude that phytoplankton undergoes a shift in algal composition during transit over the reef. The dominant processes appear to be selective removal of zeaxanthin-containing Synechococcus (by the reef benthos) and (relative) increase in diatoms and dinoflagellates. The difference in the phytoplankton composition between reef and oceanic waters tends to increase with decreasing dilution of reef water with ocean water.     

Phylogenetic affiliation and quantification of psychrophilic sulfate-reducing isolates in marine Arctic sediments.

Thirteen psychrophilic sulfate-reducing isolates from two permanently cold fjords of the Arctic island Spitsbergen (Hornsund and Storfjord) were phylogenetically analyzed. They all belonged to the delta subclass of Proteobacteria and were widely distributed within this group, indicating that psychrophily is a polyphyletic property. A new 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probe was designed against the largest coherent cluster of these isolates. The new probe, as well as a set of available probes, was applied in rRNA slot blot hybridization to investigate the composition of the sulfate-reducing bacterial community in the sediments. rRNA related to the new cluster of incompletely oxidizing, psychrophilic isolates made up 1.4 to 20.9% of eubacterial rRNA at Storfjord and 0.6 to 3. 5% of eubacterial rRNA at Hornsund. This group was the second-most-abundant group of sulfate reducers at these sites. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and hybridization analysis showed bands identical to those produced by our isolates. The data indicate that the psychrophilic isolates are quantitatively important in Svalbard sediments.     

海州湾蟹类群落种类组成及其多样性

本研究根据2011年3月、5月、7月、9月和12月在海州湾海域进行的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,采用Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J′)等分析了该海域蟹类群落种类组成及其多样性的时空变化。结果表明,本次调查共捕获蟹类34种,隶属于18科27属,其中玉蟹科种数最多,有3属4种。从适温属性来看,主要以暖水种(16种)和暖温种(15种)为主,冷温种3种。蟹类群落各多样性指数的月际间变化较大,其中物种丰富度指数(D)3月最高,12月最低;多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)均在7月最高,12月最低。多样性指数的空间分布呈现一定的月变化:在3月、5月、7月均表现为北高南低;9月为中部低,南、北部海域较高;12月均呈南高北低的趋势。蟹类单位网次渔获尾数空间分布格局呈现明显的月变化;平均单位网次渔获尾数呈现一定的月变化,总体上表现为3月、5月、12月高于7月和9月。Pearson相关分析结果表明,在5月,多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)与底层水温呈显著负相关,与底层盐度呈极显著正相关,多样性指数还与水深呈显著正相关;12月均匀度指数与底层水温和水深均呈极显著负相关,与底层盐度呈显著负相关;在3月、7月和9月,各多样性指数与底层水温、底层盐度及水深均无显著相关性。海州湾蟹类种类组成及多样性的时空变化主要与海州湾地处温带海域、水温等海洋环境因子的季节变化以及优势种的数量分布有关。     

Springtime coupling between ice algal and phytoplankton assemblages in southeastern Hudson Bay,Canadian Arctic

Microalgal assemblages from the bottom ice, the ice-water interface and the water column were systematically sampled from April to June 1986, in southeastern Hudson Bay (Canadian Arctic). The taxonomic similarity between samples from the three environments was assessed using a clustering procedure. There were two groups that comprised samples from both the ice-water interface and the water column, while five other groups were made of samples originating from a single environment. Taxonomic compositions of the two mixed groups suggest two types of connexion between the ice-water interface and the water column, i.e. before the phytoplankton bloom, there was seeding of the water column by ice algae and, during ice melt, interfacial algae contributed to the water column communities that were otherwise typically phytoplankton. Overall, the phytoplankton community underwent a succession from pennate to centric diatoms. Sinking rates of algae from the ice-water interface were estimated using settling columns (SETCOL). The sinking rates increased seasonally (0.4–2.7 m d^–1), which enhanced accessibility of ice-algal cells to the pelagic grazers. Ice algae contributed to water column production as they became accessible to the pelagic grazers, and also by seeding the water column before the phytoplankton bloom.Contribution to the programs of GIROQ (Groupe interuniversitaire de recherches océanographiques du Québec) and of the Maurice Lamontagne Institute (Department of Fisheries and Oceans)