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1.
Reclaimed mine soils of the Lusatian mining district are characterised by small-scale heterogeneous distribution of lignite
fragments of varying size embedded in a matrix of Tertiary and Quaternary sandy material. Despite amelioration with basic
fly ashes, ongoing pyrite oxidation and the subsequent acidification generate a high physical and chemical heterogeneity within
the substrate, which could negatively affect root proliferation. We hypothesised that this limitation for the root system
may be compensated for by intensive exploration of the porous lignite fragments by roots and/or mycorrhizal hyphae to access
water and nutrients stored in these fragments. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth, shoot nutrient content, and root
distribution of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings in lignite-containing and lignite-free sandy substrate. Rhizotrons used for this experiment were filled with
a sandy matrix with 6–9 evenly distributed spots of lignite fragments. Treatments included different levels of water and nutrient
availability. After 8 months of growth, root tip vitality as well as growth and shoot nutrient concentration of the plants
was higher for treatments with lignite spots in the sandy substrate than for sandy substrate without such amendments. Compared
to the non-mycorrhizal plants, the seedlings inoculated with Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. had a higher root dry mass, an increased number of root tips and a higher root length. These results confirm
our hypothesis that the lignite fragments are an important nutrient and water reservoir for plants in these mine soils and
they indicate that mycorrhizal colonisation may allow an intensive exploration of porous lignite fragments by mycorrhizal
hyphae. 相似文献
2.
We report that two species of basidiomycete fungi (Polyporus versicolor and Poria monticola) grow in minimal liquid or solid medium when supplemented with crushed lignite coal. The fungi also grow directly on crushed lignite coal. The growth of both fungi was observed qualitatively as the production and extension of hyphae. No fungal growth occurred in minimal agar medium without coal. The fungi degraded solid lignite coal to a black liquid product which never appeared in cultures unless fungi and coal were present together. Apparently, lignite coal can serve as the principal substrate for the growth of the fungi. Infrared analyses of the liquid products of lignite degradation showed both similarities to and differences from the original lignite. 相似文献
3.
Ulrike Böhmer Claudia Kirsten Thomas Bley Michael Noack 《Engineering in Life Science》2010,10(1):26-34
The feasibility of using immobilized fungi to decolorize textile industry wastewater containing dyes was examined in experiments with: two species of white‐rot fungi (a Marasmius species from Indonesia, which produces copious biomass, and Trametes hirsuta, which produces high levels of laccase); two types of lignite products as adsorbents and solid substrates (lignitic xylite and lignite granules); and four simulated wastewaters, each containing a different kinds of reactive textile azo dye. The growth, extracellular enzyme production, dye degradation and dye absorption parameters afforded by each permutation of fungus, substrate and dye were then measured. Both fungal species grew poorly on xylite, but much better on lignite granules. Marasmius sp. produced up to 67 U/L laccase on lignite granules, but just 10 U/L on xylite, and no other detectable extracellular enzymes. T. hirsuta produced 1343 U/L laccase and up to 12 U/L unspecific peroxidase when immobilized on lignite granules, and 898 U/L laccase with 14 U/L unspecific peroxidase when immobilized on xylite. The amount of color lost from the dye solutions depended on both the type of dye and the enzyme levels in the fermenter. 相似文献
4.
Lignocellulosic waste represents huge amounts of unutilized renewable resource. The use of the polysaccharides in the lignocellulosic complex is limited due to their high lignin content. White rot fungi are capable of selectively degrading lignin, thereby upgrading it. The focus of this article is on the potential utilization of edible mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus, via solid state fermentation, using cotton plant stalks as a substrate. This material poses agrotechnical problems since the stalks have a fibrous structure similar to that of hardwood. Potential uses for this material are as a fuel in rural areas, a substrate for mushrooms, an animal feed and substrate for paper making. In this study, degradation of cotton stalks by Pleurotus is described using chemical analyses and scanning electron microscopy. During four weeks of solid state fermentation, lignin content significantly decreased and in vitro digestibility was increased. The fermentation product was consumed by ruminants at a level of up to 40% of their diet. 相似文献
5.
Muhannad I. Massadeh Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff Othman Omar Jalil Kader 《Biotechnology letters》2001,23(21):1771-1774
Sugar cane bagasse was subjected to a mixed culture, solid substrate fermentation with Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and Aspergillus terreus SUK-1 to produce cellulase and reducing sugars. The highest cellulase activity and reducing sugar amount were obtained in mixed culture. The percentage of substrate degradation achieved employing mixed culture was 26% compared to 50% using separate cultures of the two molds. This suggests that the synergism of enzymes in mixed culture solid substrate fermentation have lower synergism than in pure culture. 相似文献
6.
The reduction of pentachlorophenol in treated timber, after inoculation with pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterial species,Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus andFlavobacterium sp., and the white-rot fungusPhanerochaete chrysosporium, was monitored in solid substrate systems and in liquid culture suspensions. In solid substrate systems there was no significant pentachlorophenol degradation by the bacterial species under a variety of conditions. Under similar conditions,Phanerochaete chrysosporium transformed over 80% of the starting concentration of 500 ppm to pentachloroanisole. In liquid culture suspensions however, mid-exponential phaseFlavobacterium sp. cells were able to degrade over 99% of the pentachlorophenol in sawdust and wood chips due to the extraction of PCP from the timber as a water soluble salt. There were however no significant changes in the chlorinated dioxin components during this treatment.Abbreviations ATTC
American type culture collection
- AWPA
American Wood Preservers' Association
- DSM
Deutsche Sammlung für Mikroorganismen
- GC/MS
gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
- HpCDD
heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- HpCDF
heptachlorodibenzofuran
- HxCDD
hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- HxCDF
hexachlorodibenzofuran
-
13C-OCDD
carbon 13-labelled octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- OCDD
octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- OCDF
octachlorodibenzofuran
- PCDDs
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
- PCDFs
polychlorinated dibenzofurans
- PCP
pentachlorophenol
- PnCDD
pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- PnCDF
pentachlorodibenzofuran
- TCDD
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
- TCDF
terachlorodibenzofuran
- TeCP
tetrachlorophenol
- WHC
water holding capacity
- w/v
weight for volume ratio 相似文献
7.
Nuraly Akimbekov Ilya Digel Xiaohui Qiao Kuanysh Tastambek Azhar Zhubanova 《Geomicrobiology journal》2020,37(3):255-261
AbstractNowadays, the advancements of coal microbiology and biotechnology have been highly emphasized, providing leading-edge approaches in sustainable development of agriculture and the protection of the environment. The biosolubilization of low-rank coals, such as lignite and leonardite is a promising technology for converting these sedimentary rocks into valuable products. In this study, the process involved in lignite biosolubilization by Bacillus sp. RKB 2 was investigated. The biotransformed lignite and the produced humic substances were determined in vitro in a liquid medium and on a solid matrix. The bacterial strain was isolated from untreated Kazakhstani lignite and was shown to be capable of effectively solubilizing and transforming lignite (5% w/v). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analyses were performed to examine the solubilization products and lignite humic substances processed by bacteria. The absorption peaks of FTIR showed the diverse nature of the bacteria-induced humic substances, and the vast majority of intense peaks detected are mainly below an m/z of 1000?Da (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS] (QqQ)). Data analysis concluded that our isolate could depolymerize lignite and form bio-humic substances. Due to its ability to solubilize lignite Bacillus sp. RKB 2 may be useful in the coal-bed for in situ bioutilization of low-rank coal. 相似文献
8.
Five toxigenic isolates of Fusarium species were tested for the production of zearalenone, moniliformin and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, T-2, HT-2 and neosolaniol) when grown on solid sugar beet slices in the laboratory for thirty days. The isolates were also grown on a solid rice medium for comparison. High zearalenone and trichothecene-producing isolates originally obtained from corn and corn-based feedstuff were compared with isolates obtained from sugar beets. One moniliformin-producing isolate from wheat was included in the study. With the exception of moniliformin, all toxins were produced on both substrates; however, the rice medium yielded the greater concentrations except for HT-2 which was produced on sugar beets in equal or greater concentrations. Zearalenone production on rice reached 729–1943 gmg/g whereas on sugar beet it reached 72–193 gmg/g. The moniliformin-producing isolate grew well on both substrates; however, moniliformin was produced only on the rice substrate. This study demonstrates for the first time that Fusarium species can produce both zearalenone and the trichothecenes on a sugar beet substrate. 相似文献
9.
Polman J. Kevin Stoner Daphne L. Delezene-Briggs Karen M. 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1994,13(5):292-299
Summary Bioconversion of alkali-soluble coal, sulfonated lignin, and dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (DMBA) byPenicillium citrinum was investigated with respect to the effects of (1) these compounds on growth and metabolism, and (2) the organism on the chemical nature of coal and DMBA. Alkali-soluble coal caused a slight enhancement of grwoth and metabolism; DMBA and lignin partially inhibited growth and metabolism. Both whole cells and cell-free extracts were capable of oxidation of DMBA to dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Whole cells demonstrated the capability of modifying alkali-soluble Beulah Zap and Ugljevik lignite coals by producing compounds that were of lower and higher molecular weight than the original coal. In vivo conversion of alkali-soluble Ugljevik coal resulted in a substantial decrease in the sulfur content of the coal (52% decrease). Cell-free extracts were able to degrade alkali-soluble Ugljevik lignite coal. The results suggest a potential usefulness of this microorganism for coal bioprocessing.Nomenclature A
light absorption
- DMBA
3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol
- HPSEC
high performance size exclusion chromatography
- MW
molecular weight 相似文献
10.
Summary Peroxidases are essential enzymes in biodegradation of lignin and lignite which have been investigated intensively in the white-rot fungi. This is the first report of purification and characterization of lignin peroxidase from Penicillium sp. P6 as lignite degradation fungus. The results indicated that the lignin peroxidase of Penicillium decumbens P6 had physical and chemical properties and a N-terminal amino acid sequence different from the lignin peroxidases of white-rot fungi. The lignin peroxidase was isolated from a liquid culture of P. decumbens P6. This enzyme had a molecular weight of 46.3 KDa in SDS-PAGE and exhibited greater activity, temperature stability and wider pH range than those previously reported. The isolation procedure involved (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and non-denaturing, discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The K m and V max values of this enzyme using veratryl alcohol as substrate were 0.565 mmol L −1 and 0.088 mmol (mg protein) −1 min −1 respectively. The optimum pH of P6 lignin peroxidase was 4.0, and 70.6 of the relative activity was remained at pH 9.0. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was 45 °C. 相似文献
11.
Régis Nouaille Maria Matulova Vladimír Pätoprstý Anne-Marie Delort Evelyne Forano 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2009,83(3):425-433
Extracellular culture fluid of Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 grown on glucose, cellobiose, cellulose or wheat straw was analysed by 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Cellodextrins did not accumulate
in the culture medium of cells grown on cellulose or straw. Maltodextrins and maltodextrin-1P were identified in the culture medium of glucose, cellobiose and cellulose grown cells. New glucose derivatives were identified
in the culture fluid under all the substrate conditions. In particular, a compound identified as cellobionic acid accumulated
at high levels in the medium of F. succinogenes S85 cultures. The production of cellobionic acid (and cellobionolactone also identified) was very surprising in an anaerobic
bacterium. The results suggest metabolic shifts when cells were growing on solid substrate cellulose or straw compared to
soluble sugars. 相似文献
12.
S. Stred'anská D. Slugeň M. Stred'anský J. Grego 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1993,9(5):511-513
Mortierella alpina grown in solid state fermentations on cereal substrates gave up to 16% lipid in the final biomass. Arachidonic was at 50% of total fatty acids, with a yield of 36 mg/g of original substrate. Microbial lipid production was successfully scaled up to use 5-kg dry substrate batches. 相似文献
13.
Tigressa H. S. Rodrigues Gustavo A. S. Pinto Luciana R. B. Gonçalves 《Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering》2008,13(5):571-576
In this study, the optimization of tannase production by solid state fermentation was investigated using cashew apple bagasse
(CAB), an inexpensive residue produced by the cashew apple agroindustry, as a substrate. To accomplish this, CAB was enriched
with 2.5% (w/w) tannic acid and 2.5% (w/w) ammonium sulphate and then moistened with water (60 mL/100 g of dry CAB). The influence
of inoculum concentration (104 to 107 spores/g), temperature (20, 25, 30, and 35°C) and several additional carbon sources (glucose, starch, sucrose, maltose, analytical
grade glycerol, and glycerol produced during biodiesel production) on enzyme production by Aspergillus oryzae was then evaluated. Supplementation with maltose and glycerol inhibited tannase synthesis, which resulted in lower enzyme
activity. Starch and sucrose supplementation increased enzyme production, but decreased the enzyme productivity. The maximum
tannase activity (4.63 units/g of dry substrate) was obtained at 30°C, using 107 spores/g and 1.0% (w/v) sucrose as an additional carbon source. 相似文献
14.
Y. W. Han D. J. Gallagher A. G. Wilfred 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1987,2(4):195-200
Summary Phytase production byAspergillus ficuum was studied using solid state cultivation on several cereal grains and legume seeds. The microbial phytase was used to hydrolyze the phytate in soybean meal and cotton seed meal. Wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and corn meal supported good fungal growth and yielded a high level of phytase when an adequate amount of moisture was present. The level of phytase production on solid substrate was higher than that obtained by submerged liquid fermentation. Higher levels of phosphorus (more than 10 mg Pi/100 g substrate) in the growth medium (static culture) inhibited phytase synthesis, and the degree of phosphorus inhibition was less apparent in semisolid medium than in liquid medium. A static cultivation on semisolid substrate produced a higher level of phytase (2-20-fold) than that obtained by agitated cultivation. The minimal amount of water required for growth and enzyme production on those substrates was about 15%, while the optimum level for phytase production was between 25 and 35% and that for cell growth was above 50%. Optimum pH for phytase production was between 4 and 6.A ficuum grew well on raw (unheated) substrate containing a minimal amount of water and produced as much phytase as on heated substrate. About half of the phytic acid in soybean meal and cottonseed meal was hydrolyzed by treatment withA. ficuum phytase. 相似文献
15.
S. Kumaran C. A. Sastry S. Vikineswary 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1997,13(1):43-49
Sagohampas, the fibrous pith residue left after starch extraction from sago palm, is abundant at sago-processing factories and can be
used as a substrate for the production of laccase by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) withPleurotus sajorcaju, an edible mushroom. The fungus grown onhampas with an adjusted carbon : nitrogen ratio of 35:1, exhibited high laccase activity together with variable cellulase (0.3-2.8
U/g) and xylanase (0.9-10.1 U/g) activity. The maximum amount of laccase produced was approximately 17.7 U/g after 6 days
of SSF using 4-week-old inoculum at a density of 10%. With the mature four-week inoculum, laccase activity increased 12-fold
compared to that achieved with two-week-old inoculum. The optimum pH and temperature of the crude laccase were 6.0 and 50‡C,
respectively. The apparent Km and Vmax values obtained were 0.073 mM and 0.962 U/min, respectively. The maximum laccase activity could be almost doubled after 6
days of fermentation by addition of 0.2 mM vanillin or ferulic acid; the cellulose to lignin ratio increased significantly
during the 12 days of SSF, from 2.74 in the control to 3.3, when 0.2 mM of either vanillin or ferulic acid was added to the
substrate. 相似文献
16.
Candida rugosa lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) was used to degrade commercially-available solid poly(ester)urethane (Impranil) in an aqueous medium
under different temperature, pH, enzyme and substrate concentrations. A mathematical model was developed and applied to represent
the degradation kinetics of the solid polyurethane. Reaction optima were found to be pH 7 and 35°C. Diethylene glycol, a degradation
byproduct, generation rate was measured to be 0.12 mg/l min and the activation energy was calculated as 9.121 kcal/gmol K.
This information will be useful in developing bioreactors for practical applications to manage polyurethane wastes using lipase. 相似文献
17.
The evolution of volatile compounds produced during solid substrate cultivation (SSC) of Gibberella fujikuroi on wheat bran was tracked looking for volatile metabolites related with GA3 production. Ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate gave identical profiles and sharp increases that abated as the production of GA3 began, while ent-kaurene displayed a profile matching that of the development of GA3. ent-Kaurene is a precursor in the synthesis of gibberellins and was the most abundant compound found. 相似文献
18.
Study of a Ralstonia eutropha Culture Producing Polyhydroxyalkanoates on Products of Coal Processing
Kinetic indices of growth, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation, and gas exchange were studied in a culture of the carbon monoxide-resistant hydrogen strain Ralstonia eutropha B-5786 grown on a gaseous substrate (GS) obtained by lignite gasification. The GS was shown to be suitable for PHA production. To increase the degree of GS consumption, various modes of gas supply to the culture were tested. Based on the results, an algorithm was developed for calculating and controlling gas-exchange parameters in the PHA-accumulating culture of Ralstonia eutropha, grown on a new GS allowing high polymer yields (up to 75%) and degrees of substrate utilization (up to 90%). 相似文献
19.
A. GUY PLINT RON K. PICKERILL 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1985,18(4):341-347
Middle Eocene, non-marine sediments from southern England contain examples of Teredolites borings in two contrasting palaeoenvironmental settings, viz.: (A) as in situ borings in an allochthonous lignite in an abandoned river channel and (B) as bored logs in cross-bedded fluvial sandstones of probable point-bar origin. The lignite is 0.30 m thick, of which the upper 0.20 m is intensely bored. Rounded pebbles of ?charcoal at its base also show small borings. A log in a fluvial sandstone shows densely-packed. radial club-shaped borings. now filled with sandstone. The wood substrate has subsequently been oxidized away. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed account of Teredolites from an ancient freshwater setting. 相似文献
20.
N. Dahiya R. Tewari R. P. Tiwari G. S. Hoondal 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2005,21(8-9):1611-1616
Summary In this study flake chitin, crab shell chitin, mushroom stalk, fungal cell wall, wheat bran and rice bran were used as substrate
for chitinase production by Enterobacter sp. NRG4 under submerged and solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. Enterobacter sp. NRG4 produced 72 and 49.7 U/ml of chitinase in presence of cell walls of Candida albicans and Fusarium moniliforme in submerged fermentation. Under SSF, maximum chitinase production was 965 U/g solid substrate with flake chitin and wheat
bran (1:3 ratio) at 75% moisture level after 144 h. The purified chitinase inhibited hyphal extension of Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus niger, Mucor rouxi and Rhizopus nigricans. The chitinase was effective in release of protoplasts from Trichoderma ressei, Pleurotus florida, Agaricus bisporus and Aspergillus niger. Protoplasts yield was maximum with 60 mg of 24 h old fungal mycelium incubated with 60 U of chitinase and 60 U of cellulase. 相似文献