十种蚜虫的生化鉴别（同翅目：蚜总科）

用聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦凝胶电泳分析了棉蚜、甘蓝蚜、洋槐蚜、桃蚜、柳二尾蚜、茜草蚜、绣线菊蚜、艾蚜、夹竹桃蚜和月季长管蚜等十个蚜种的酯酶同工酶。除月季长管蚜的酶活很低外,另９个蚜种都有自己特有的酶谱,彼此易于区分。桃蚜和柳二尾蚜的酯酶是多态性的。     

棉蚜在木槿上的扩散迁飞动态

对木槿和棉株上棉蚜自然种群消长动态、扩散及迁飞动态研究表明,木槿上棉蚜两种水平空间格局４月２０ 日～５ 月６ 日一直都是聚集格局,东向方位数量偏多,以株为单位第４ 、第１０ 株偏多,５ 月６ 日后扩散引起了格局变化;天敌中大草蛉与棉蚜数量之间相关,棉蚜与各种天敌总量极相关,天敌对棉蚜种群数量影响程度的顺序关联度显示为龟纹瓢虫＞ 食蚜蝇＞ 大草蛉;４ 月１８ 日～５ 月１６ 日木槿上棉蚜种群增长模型为线性模型;气象因子中前一天的大气相对湿度与木槿上棉蚜成若蚜总有翅率相关显著;大田棉蚜成蚜有翅率与提前２天木槿上棉蚜成蚜有翅率之间极相关．     

棉蚜与其天敌种群分布格局的关系

对棉蚜与其多种天敌在数、时、空方面关系的研究表明,龟纹瓢虫与棉蚜种群数量极相关,两者发生数量高峰期和低谷期均是同步的,龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜种群有明显的控制作用,龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑株及棉蚜种群的三维空间格乙为聚集型,棉蚜和草间小黑蚜个体间互相吸引,龟纹瓢虫个体间互相排斥。     

Lysiphlebus testaceipes,an introduced aphid parasitoid in portugal [Hym.: Aphidiidae]

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), an exotic parasitoid species introduced in 1973–74 into southern France and subsequently widespread over the whole mediterranean France, Italy and Spain has become established even in Portugal since 1985. It was found on the southern coast of Portugal parasitizingAphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe. In 1986 it spread towards the North, its host range expanded and now includesAphis chloris Koch,Aphis citricola van der Goot,Aphis fabae Scopoli,Aphis frangulae Kaltenbach,Aphis gossypii Glover,A. nerii, Aphis parietariae Theobald,Aphis sedi Kaltenbach,Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe). The proved complete development and a high parasitization ofL. testaceipes onA. citricola is the 1st case in the whole Mediterranean, from where only incomplete development and a negligible percentage of parasitization (Italy) have been reported. Both the host range composition and development ofL. testaceipes indicate an increase of genetic polymorphism in the established populations. Interspecific relations ofL. testaceipes and the indigenous parasitoid species indicate an increasing dominance of the exotic biocontrol agent.      

苹果黄蚜、苹小卷叶蛾发生规律和分布型的研究

研究了苹果黄蚜和苹小卷叶蛾在山东省烟台地区的发生规律,它们一年分别发生13～14代和3代。苹果黄蚜的种群一年出现两次高峰．这与苹果树春、秋梢的2次生长规律相符合。测定了苹果黄蚜和苹小卷叶蛾幼虫在苹果树上的分布型,均属聚集分布,分析提出了适宜的取样调查方法．     

中国蚜属一新纪录亚属和二新纪录种(半翅目,蚜科)

记述了中国蚜科Aphididae蚜亚科Aphidinae蚜族Aphidini蚜亚族Aphidina蚜属Aphis1新纪录亚属,囊蚜亚属Aphis(Bursaphis)Baker,1934;及2新纪录种,柳叶菜蚜Aphis(Aphis)praeterita Walker,1849和茶藨子囊蚜Aphis(Bursaphis)grossulariae Kaltenbach,1843。提供了中国蚜属分亚属检索表、地理分布与寄主植物信息,绘制了形态特征图。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所国家动物博物馆。     

萝卜蚜和豆蚜染色体C-带带型比较与分析

本研究利用C-带技术,显示出萝卜蚜和豆蚜的染色体C-带带型,并进行了初步分析。萝卜蚜与豆蚜的染色体在组型上只有第4对染色体稍有区别;在带型上两者有很明显的差异。萝卜蚜有2对散漫着丝粒染色体,豆蚜没有该种染色体。豆蚜的第4对染色体在端部缺少-C带带纹。萝卜蚜的第2对染色体与豆蚜的第2对染色体带型相似。根据萝卜蚜和豆蚜的C-带带型,讨论了二者在进化中的亲缘关系。     

影响棉蚜种群数量的优势种天敌的灰色系统分析

对1983、1984、1986、1988、1994和1995年6年棉花铃期以前棉蚜种群数量与其天敌种群数量以及各种天敌的捕食量,利用灰色系统理论和方法,研究天敌的日捕食总量和棉蚜种群数量的追随关系,并分析各种天敌与理想优势种天敌之间的联系程度,结果表明,龟纹瓢虫是棉蚜的主要天敌,其次是大草蛉,第三是八斑球腹蛛和草间小黑蛛.     

Plant genotype shapes ant-aphid interactions: implications for community structure and indirect plant defense

Little is known about the mechanisms by which plant genotype shapes arthropod community structure. In a field experiment, we measured the effects of milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) genotype and ants on milkweed arthropods. Populations of the ant-tended aphid Aphis asclepiadis and the untended aphid Myzocallis asclepiadis varied eight- to 18-fold among milkweed genotypes, depending on aphid species and whether ants were present. There was no milkweed effect on predatory arthropods. Ants increased Aphis abundance 59%, decreased Myzocallis abundance 52%, and decreased predator abundance 56%. Milkweed genotype indirectly influenced ants via direct effects on Aphis and Myzocallis abundance. Milkweed genotype also modified ant-aphid interactions, influencing the number of ants attracted per Aphis and Myzocallis. While ant effects on Myzocallis were consistently negative, effects on Aphis ranged from antagonistic to mutualistic among milkweed genotypes. As a consequence of milkweed effects on ant-aphid interactions, ant abundance varied 13-fold among milkweed genotypes, and monarch caterpillar survival was negatively correlated with genetic variation in ant abundance. We speculate that heritable variation in milkweed phloem sap drives these effects on aphids, ants, and caterpillars. In summary, milkweed exerts genetic control over the interactions between aphids and an ant that provides defense against foliage-feeding caterpillars.     

棉蚜及龟纹瓢虫空间格局的地学统计学研究

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了不同时期棉蚜及龟纹瓢虫种群的空间结构和空间生。结果表明,不同时期棉蚜种群的关变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在８．２１￣１０．８１ｍ之间;龟纹瓢虫种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在８．０１￣１４．２５ｍ之间,并与棉蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明龟纹瓢虫种群是棉蚜种群的优势种天敌。     

高温对共存种棉蚜与棉长管蚜死亡及繁殖的影响

棉蚜和棉长管蚜是棉花上的共存种,为探索其年内及年际间优势地位的不同是否与两者对高温的不同响应有关,室内研究了高温胁迫(32、34、36和38℃)对棉蚜和棉长管蚜死亡及繁殖的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高和高温持续天数的延长,棉蚜和棉长管蚜累计死亡率均升高,棉长管蚜累计死亡率高于棉蚜;两种蚜虫的每日死亡率可用互补重对数模型较好地拟合,模型估计的棉蚜和棉长管蚜半数致死温度值随高温持续天数的延长而降低,棉蚜半数致死温度高于棉长管蚜;在32 ～ 38℃范围内,两种蚜虫的繁殖率随温度的升高而降低,棉蚜繁殖率显著高于棉长管蚜,表明在32℃以上高温条件下,棉蚜比棉长管蚜更具有竞争力.随着全球气候变暖,由于棉蚜比棉长管蚜更耐高温,推测未来棉蚜比棉长管蚜竞争优势更加明显.     

各种天敌对棉蚜种群数量影响程度的研究

通过对１９８３、１９８４、１９８６、１９８８、１９９４和１９９５年６年棉花铃期以前棉蚜种群数量及其天敌种群数量的系统调查,并采用灰色关联分析法,研究各种天敌对棉蚜种群数量影响程度,得出龟纹瓢虫对棉蚜种群数量影响最大,其次是瓢虫类,第三是蜘蛛类．     

A new species of Aphis from Potentilla palustris, with a discussion of related species

Abstract. A new species of Aphis, A, comari spm., is described from shoots and leaves of Potentilla (Comarum) palustris (L.) Scop. in England and Wales. Its biology and relationship to previously described species of Aphis L. from Potentilla species and Sanguisorba minor Scop. are discussed.     

石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法,分析了对主要害虫棉蚜及其天敌日捕食总量之间关联度,结果表明,棉蚜群落中与其关联度较高的天敌种类依次为肖蛸蛛(0．8607)、中华草蛉(0．8058)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7989)、异色瓢虫(0．7881)和大草蛉(0．7758),与理想天敌日捕食总量间关联度较高的天敌种类为草间小黑蛛(0.8975)、智利小绥螨(0．8132)、龟纹瓢虫(0.7806)和大草蛉(0．7669);与天敌数量间关联度较高的天敌依次为草间小黑蛛(0．8482)、中华草蛉(0．7533)、肖蛸蛛(0．7532)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7411)和大草蛉(0．7116),与理想天敌数量间关联度较高的为草间小黑蛛(0．8461)、智利小绥螨(0．7325)、龟纹瓢虫(0．6983)、大草蛉(0．6815)和中华草蛉(0．6757)．棉蚜垂直生态位和水平生态位的重迭值均>0．9567的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛;时间生态位重迭值>0．4020的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛,表明草间小黑蛛、大草蛉、肖蛸蛛等为棉蚜主要天敌优势种。     

蚜属轭蚜亚属的研究及一新种记述(同翅目:蚜科)

本文记述世界范围蚜属的轭蚜亚属１１种,其中包括１新种,地肤轭蚜Ａｐｈｉｓ （Ｚｙｘａｐｈｉｓ）ｋｏｃｈｉａｅ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。给出分种检索表。该亚属为中国新纪录。模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。地肤ｐｈｉｓ（Ｚｙｘａｐｈｉｓ）ｋｏｃｈｉａｅ Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,（图１～６）正模,无翅孤雌,Ｎｏ．Ｙ７７０１－２－其余同正模。中与Ａ．（     

Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole 5-fluorouracil acetamides derivatives: an RNA interference insecticide

A series of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole 5-fluorouracil acetamides derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by infrared, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The insecticidal activities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Aphis craccivora of these new compounds were evaluated. The bioassay tests showed that most of these title compounds possessed a good combination of stomach toxicity as well as contact toxicity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Aphis craccivora. In particular, the insecticidal activity of the title compound IVe against Aphis craccivora was better than the commercialized thiacloprid and was also comparable to another commercialized product, imidacloprid. The introduction of fluorines to meta and para-position of the benzene ring was essential for high bioactivity.     

不同地理种群棉蚜对温度和光周期的生态适应性

实验室研究了采自越南胡志明市、我国海南三亚市、北京市和新疆石河子市 4个棉蚜地理种群对温度和光周期的适应性分化特征。在 1 8℃配合光周期 L:D=8:1 6和 L:D=1 0 :1 4的条件下 ,越南和中国海南种群无性蚜分化现象 ,而北京和新疆种群则产生大量性蚜并产下受精卵 ,表明短光照已不能诱导低纬度热带地区种群产生性蚜。应用实验种群生命表技术研究了 3 5℃、3 0℃、2 5℃、2 0℃、1 5℃五个温度下新疆种群、北京种群和越南种群的存活、生长发育、繁殖及内禀增长率的差异 ,结果表明 ,在 2 0℃～ 3 0℃的温度区间内 ,各种群间生命参数差异不显著 ,而在低温下 (1 5℃ ) ,差异则比较显著 ,成蚜寿命和产蚜量均为新疆种群 >北京种群 >越南种群 ,表现为高纬度种群大于低纬度种群 ,其内禀增长率也随纬度升高逐渐增大 ,而来自热带地区的越南种群对高温则比较适应 ,其在 3 0℃下种群的成蚜历期和产蚜量均高于其它种群     

Transmission Comparisons of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Subgroup I and II Isolates by Different Aphid Species

To investigate the transmission differences between Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) subgroup isolates, we carried out a comparative study with five aphid species Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii, Lipaphis erysimi, Aphis craccivora and Megoura viciae in laboratory and field experiments to evaluate spread of CMV Subgroup I NX and subgroup II AG isolates in tobacco. Both NX and AG varied in transmission efficiency by the five aphids, and our transmission results revealed important differences in transmission efficiency of two isolates by Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii. In contrast, significant transmission differences were not detected with Lipaphis erysimi, Aphis craccivora or Megoura viciae. Interestingly, the overall transmission efficiencies of the two different subgroup strains were almost equal when field transmissions were tested with mixed populations of the five aphid species. Our results together with our previously reported experiments on competition of CMV subgroup isolates in tobacco suggest that variations in aphid vector populations contribute substantially to the epidemic potential of CMV subgroup isolates.     

The life cycle and generic position of Aphis tremulae L., 1761 (Aphidoidea: Pemphiginae), with a description of the viviparous morphs and a discussion of spruce root aphids in the British Isles

An account is given of the biology of Aphis tremulae L., confirming its heteroecy from Populus tremula L. to roots of Picea abies (L.) Karst. The viviparous morphs from both hosts are described. The identity of British aphids from spruce roots is discussed. Aphis tremulae is placed in the genus Pachypappa Koch, of which Astphum Koch becomes a subjective synonym. A key is given to the viviparous morphs of the known British genera of Pemphiginae.     

New Essential Aphid Prey for Anatis ocellata and Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Seven aphid species (Eucalipterus tiliae, Tuberculatus annulatus, Euceraphis betulae, Cavariella konoi, Acyrthosiphon ignotum, A. pisum, Macrosiphoniella artemisiae) were tested as prey for larvae of Anatis ocellata and all were essential prey. Nine aphid species (Chaitophorus tremulae, Cavariella konoi, Aphis farinosa, Eucalipterus tiliae, Euceraphis betulae, Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, Acyrthosiphon ignotum, Aphis spiraephaga, Aphis fabae) were tested as prey for Calvia quatuordecimguttata. The former six species were 'essential' food, while the latter three aphid species were unsuitable food for C. quatuordecimguttata. The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions with no choice of prey. Some of the checked 'essential' prey apparently do not represent food in the field as they occur in other habitats than the studied coccinellid species that are common on trees.