Phylogenetic and biogeographic diversification of Rhus (Anacardiaceae) in the Northern Hemisphere

Sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, the chloroplast ndhF gene, and chloroplast trnL-F regions (trnL intron, and trnL [UAA] 3' exon-trnF [GAA] intergenic spacer) were used for phylogenetic analyses of Rhus, a genus disjunctly distributed in Asia, Europe, Hawaii, North America, and Northern Central America. Both ITS and cpDNA data sets support the monophyly of Rhus. The monophyly of subgenus Rhus was suggested by the combined cpDNA and ITS data, and largely supported in the cpDNA data except that Rhus microphylla of subgenus Lobadium was nested within it. The monophyly of subgenus Lobadium was strongly supported in the ITS data, whereas the cpDNA data revealed two main clades within the subgenus, which formed a trichotomy with the clade of subgenus Rhus plus R. microphylla. The ITS and cpDNA trees differ in the positions of Rhus michauxii, R. microphylla, and Rhus rubifolia, and hybridization may have caused this discordance. Fossil evidence indicates that Rhus dates back to the early Eocene. The penalized likelihood method was used to estimate divergence times, with fossils of Rhus subgenus Lobadium, Pistacia and Toxicodendron used for age constraints. Rhus diverged from its closest relative at 49.1+/-2.1 million years ago (Ma), the split of subgenus Lobadium and subgenus Rhus was at 38.1+/-3.0 Ma. Rhus most likely migrated from North America into Asia via the Bering Land Bridge during the Late Eocene (33.8+/-3.1 Ma). Rhus coriaria from southern Europe and western Asia diverged from its relatives in eastern Asia at 24.4+/-3.2 Ma. The Hawaiian Rhus sandwicensis diverged from the Asian Rhus chinensis at 13.5+/-3.0 Ma. Subgenus Lobadium was inferred to be of North American origin. Taxa of subgenus Lobadium then migrated southward to Central America. Furthermore, we herein make the following three nomenclatural combinations: (1) Searsia leptodictya (Diels) T. S. Yi, A. J. Miller and J. Wen, comb. nov., (2) Searsia pyroides (A. Rich.) T. S. Yi, A. J. Miller and J. Wen, comb. nov., and (3) Searsia undulata (Jacq.) T. S. Yi, A. J. Miller and J. Wen, because our analyses support the segregation of Searsia from Rhus.     

Antihyperglycemic activity of herb extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We investigated the effects of herb extracts, Rhus verniciflua, Agrimonia pilosa, Sophora japonica, and Paeonia suffruticosa, on the lowering of blood glucose levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, oral administration of Rhus verniciflua extract (50 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Blood TBARS concentrations, the products of glucose oxidation in blood, were also lowered by Rhus verniciflua extract supplementation. In addition, Sophora japonica and Paeonia suffruticosa extracts significantly reduced TBARS levels versus diabetic controls. Serum concentrations of liver-function marker enzymes, GOT and GPT, were also restored by Rhus verniciflua (50 mg/kg) supplementation in diabetic rats.     

基于全基因组从头测序技术盐肤木叶绿体基因组的测序分析

盐肤木是一种重要的经济树种,可为医药和工业染料提供原料。盐肤木具有较强的抗旱、耐寒、耐盐,可在温带、暖温带和亚热带地区生长。本研究首次对盐肤木叶绿体基因组进行从头测序(de novo sequencing)组装研究。结果表明,盐肤木叶绿体基因组长度为159082 bp,具有典型的四部分结构,两个单拷贝区被一对反向重复区分隔。LSC和SSC的长度分别为85394 bp和18663 bp。叶绿体基因组总共编码126个基因,其中包括88个蛋白编码基因,8个rRNA基因,30个tRNA基因。在叶绿体基因组中,61.97%的序列为基因编码区。在盐肤木叶绿体基因组中,只有8个基因含有内含子,除ycf3基因(2个内含子)外,其余均含有1个内含子。盐肤木叶绿体基因组总共存在755个SSR位点。SSR主要由二核苷酸和单核苷酸组成,分别占60%(453)和28.74%(217)。聚类分析结果表明,漆树科与盐肤木最为接近,其次为槭树科和无患子科。本研究为盐肤木的分类提供了分子基础。本研究是关于盐肤木叶绿体基因组的首次报道,对了解其光合作用、进化和叶绿体转基因工程具有重要意义。     

北京地区火炬树的萌蘖繁殖扩散

首次通过调查火炬树单株和火炬树林分的萌蘖繁殖扩散状况和小样方方法调查火炬树林下的乔木树种天然更新,了解火炬树对北京主要植被类型:油松人工林、侧柏人工林、刺槐人工林和灌木丛的扩散入侵情况。调查发现:在北京荒山爆破造林示范区,火炬树单株8a来4 5°扇形单方向扩散的最远距离为8.35 m,扩散萌蘖的最多株数达98株。立地条件差,特别是土层薄,裸露的岩石多是影响火炬树扩散能力的主要因素,但没有对火炬树萌蘖株的生长产生重要影响。扩散的群体中地径以小径阶个体占主体,说明火炬树萌蘖能力旺盛。在已有高大乔木的立地,如侧柏人工林和油松人工林,火炬树虽然能扩散进入,但只是伴生下木,很难形成优势群体;乔木林内光照明显影响火炬树的扩散数量和扩散规律;并且发现有10种北京当地乔木树种能在火炬树林下天然下种更新并且正常生长。分析表明火炬树没有对北京当地乔木群落构成威胁。火炬树能扩散进入邻近的灌木丛,并且扩散进入灌木丛的火炬树明显比扩散进乔木林内的火炬树长得高。火炬树的生物学和生态学特性决定了它是良好的荒山造林的先锋树种,不可能成为顶极群落的优势树种。所以火炬树目前对北京山区自然、半自然森林生态系统没有产生入侵危害。     

盐胁迫下树种幼苗生长及其耐盐性

采用盆栽方法,以11个树种实生幼苗为材料,用不同浓度(0、3、5、8 g·kg-1和10 g·kg-1)NaCl溶液进行1次性浇灌处理,对盐胁迫下各树种的形态表现、生长及耐盐性进行了研究,结果表明:(1)当盐含量达到8 g·kg-1时,欧洲荚蒾、甜桦和光叶漆植株死亡,当含量增加到10 g·kg-1时,沃氏金链花植株死亡,其它各存活树种也均出现不同程度的盐害症状;(2)盐胁迫后,各树种的苗高生长量下降、生物量累积减少,且随着处理浓度的增加均呈下降趋势,其中榆桔、甜桦和光叶漆的降幅最大;(3)盐处理后,各树种的根冠比值增大,其中盐胁迫对光叶漆、银水牛果和沃氏金链花有显著影响(p<0.05);(4)综合分析各树种的生长和形态表现,认为日本丁香、银水牛果、三裂叶漆和豆梨具有高度耐盐性,沃氏金链花、金雀儿、鹰爪豆和榆桔具有中高度耐盐性,而欧洲荚蒾、甜桦和光叶漆具有中度耐盐性.     

火炬树分泌道的发育解剖学研究

本文报道了火炬树分泌道的结构、分布和发育。火炬树的分泌道是由一层分泌细胞及其外侧1—5层薄壁组织细胞组成的鞘细胞所包围。分泌道主要分布于根、茎、叶、花和果实的维管束的韧皮部内,此外,在茎的髓部也存在散生的分泌道。各类器官中的分泌道都以裂生方式发育;营养器官中的分泌道先于维管分子分化,生殖器官中的则后于维管分子的分化。     

火炬树在北美和中国空间分布差异对比及防范入侵措施

火炬树原产于北美洲东部,引进中国后主要栽培于贫瘠土壤上,用于植树造林和保持水土。然而其入侵性和扩散能力较强,管控不当将会严重破坏侵入地生态系统的多样性。采用了GIS和MaxEnt模型相结合的方法,模拟了火炬树在北美和中国地区的适宜分布区域,分析了主要环境影响因素,并利用ROC曲线验证模型结果的准确度。研究结果表明：火炬树在北美和中国的适宜分布区域都主要集中在30°—40°N气候相对湿润地带;影响MaxEnt模型预测结果的关键环境因子都是气候因子;预测模型的AUC值都大于9。但两个地区的部分环境因子的阈值范围存在明显差异,说明在入侵中国后火炬树的气候空间和生态位发生了较大变化,对中国本地的生态系统构成一定威胁。可为防疫监测和林业部门的工作提供参考依据,有助于其制定早期预警和监管措施,从而有效防治中国地区火炬树的入侵和保护生物多样性。     

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Herb Extracts on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

We investigated the effects of herb extracts, Rhus verniciflua, Agrimonia pilosa, Sophora japonica, and Paeonia suffruticosa, on the lowering of blood glucose levels and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, oral administration of Rhus verniciflua extract (50 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats (P<0.05). Blood TBARS concentrations, the products of glucose oxidation in blood, were also lowered by Rhus verniciflua extract supplementation. In addition, Sophora japonica and Paeonia suffruticosa extracts significantly reduced TBARS levels versus diabetic controls. Serum concentrations of liver-function marker enzymes, GOT and GPT, were also restored by Rhus verniciflua (50 mg/kg) supplementation in diabetic rats.     

Early Tertiary fossil plants and paleoclimate of Lanzhou Basin

Fossil plants from the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation in the Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province were studied. The flora contains 29 species, representing 20 genera and 12 families, which include Lauraceae ( Daphnogene ), Lardizabalaceae ( Akebia ), Berberidaceae ( Berberis ), Ulmaceae ( Planera, Ulmus, Zelkova ), Betulaceae ( Alnus, Carpinus ), Myricaceae( Myrica ), Salicaceae ( Populus, Salix), Myrsinaceae(Ardisia), Rosaceae ( Prunus, Sorbus, Sorbaria, Spiraea ), Leguminosae ( Gleditsia, Sophora), Anacardiaceae (Rhus), Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum). An analysis of the floristic elements and their foliar physiognomy shows that most members of the flora are deciduous broad-leaved trees or shrubs with a few evergreen shrubs. The most noteworthy species is Rhus turcomanica which was present in the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan). Generally, Rhus turcomanica occurred at the same beds as Palibinia, an extinct fossil plant whose presence indicates a subtropical dry climate. Another species, Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova was present from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). According to an analysis of spores and pollen, this flora contains over 20 species. It is predominated by the angiosperm pollen. There appeared Ephedripites and Nitrariadites which were important elements in the dry area. Ephedripites was found from the Upper Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. Nitrariadites occurred in the Late Miocene, whereas Rhus turcomanica and Sorbaria callicomifolia were both reported in the subtropical dry area from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. The latest record of Rhus turcomanica is from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene of Central Asia. The presence of this element in the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation may indicate that itsage is the latest stage of the Early Oligocene.     

兰州盆地早第三纪植物及古气候意义

化石采自甘肃省兰州盆地咸水河组底部,经研究认为有29种,归属20属12科。它们是：樟科 Lauraceae (Daphnogene),木通科Lardizabalaceae(Akebia),小檗科Berberidaceae(Berberis),榆科Ulmaceae (Planera,Ulmus,Zelkova),桦木科Betulaceae(Alnus,Carpinus),杨梅科Myricaceae(Myrica),杨柳科Sali- caceae(Populus,Salix),紫金牛科Myrsinacese(Ardisia),蔷薇科Rosaceae (Prunus,Sorbus,Sorbaria,Spir- aea),豆科Leguminosae(Gleditsia,Sophora),漆树科 Anacardiaceae(Rhus),忍冬科Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum) 等。经植物区系组成与叶相分析显示,该植物区系的大多数成员是落叶阔叶乔、灌木,少数为常绿灌木。其中特殊的分子是 Rhus turcomanica Korov．ex Vassilvesk,该成分是早第三纪中、晚期的标志化石植物。另一化石植物 Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova曾出现在中亚的早渐新世,最晚至早中新世。同一层位采集的孢粉样分析结果显示：该组合仅约20种,种类相对贫乏,并以被子植物的花粉占优势。其中出现裸子植物的麻黄粉,被子植物的白刺粉及蒿粉等,这几个类型均指示沉积时期经历干旱气候。综合植物大化石及孢粉分析研究,均出现一些指示气候为亚热带干旱或周期性干旱气候的特点,并据Rhus turcomanica出现的最晚记录,推测咸水河组底部的地质时代大约是早渐新世晚期。     

Relationship between QTLs for preharvest sprouting and alpha-amylase activity in rye grain

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) and high alpha-amylase activity (AA) negatively affect quality of rye grain. The objective of this study was to reveal genetic relationship between PHS and AA by developing a consensus map of QTLs controlling each trait. A method of composite interval mapping (CIM) was used to search for QTLs within the 541 × Ot1-3 and DS2 × RXL10 F₂ mapping populations representing wide variation range of both traits. Sixteen QTLs for AA were detected on chromosomes 1R (3), 2R (2), 3R (2), 4R (3), 5R (3), 6R (2) and 7R (1). Their distribution was not random showing a tendency of QTL location in distal regions of chromosomes. Nine QTLs for AA located on chromosome arms 1RS, 2RL, 3RS, 4RL, 5RS, 5RL, 6RS, 6RL and 7RS coincided with QTLs for PHS. Seven QTLs for AA independent from PHS were detected on chromosome arms 1RL (2), 2RS, 3RL, 4RS, 4RL and 5RL. Four QTLs for PHS not associated with those for AA were identified on chromosomes 1RL, 2RL, 5RL and 7RL. Partial overlapping of the genetic systems controlling AA and PHS suggests that alpha-amylase found in sound grain of rye could be produced through at least three independent mechanisms i.e. PHS at its initial stage, late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) and/or retained pericarp alpha-amylase (RPAA). Six QTLs co-located on both maps were found on chromosome arms 1RS, 2RS, 5RS, 5RL, 6RS and 6RL. Valuable features of line Ot1-3 i.e. resistance to preharvest sprouting and low alpha-amylase production in ripening grain can be attributed to seven major QTLs from chromosomes 1RL, 2RL, 5RL (2), 6RL and 7R (2). This set of QTLs, identified in line Ot1-3, might be useful in breeding sprouting resistant cultivars of rye.     

基于形态特征和mtDNA COI序列的北美五倍子蚜分类和系统发育地位研究

五倍子蚜共6属12种, 除北美分布1属1种外, 其余分布东亚。本研究采用数值分类和分子系统发育分析方法对北美五倍子蚜Melaphis rhois的形态特点和分类地位进行研究, 以倍蚜6属8种179个有翅孤雌蚜为研究对象, 对其头部、胸部、腹部的直接测量特征48个、量度间比例特征31个及转化为数值的描述特征29个共108个特征进行分析。基于欧氏距离的聚类结果显示, 北美倍蚜M. rhois与倍蚜属关系较近, 五倍子蚜8个种共形成3个大的聚类簇, 北美倍蚜M. rhois与倍蚜属的倍蛋蚜Schlechtendalia peitan和角倍蚜S. chinensis聚为一支; 铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种Kaburagia rhusicola ovogallis和肚倍蚜枣铁亚种K. rhusicola ensigallis与小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜Meitanaphis elongallis、圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜Nurudea shiraii和红倍花蚜N. yanoiella与铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜Floraphis meitanensis分别聚为一支。另外, 测定五倍子蚜8个种共16个样本的mtDNA COI基因序列（约1.2 kb）, 最大简约法(maximum parsimony, MP)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)分子系统发育分析结果均显示北美倍蚜M. rhois与倍蚜属的关系密切, 和形态数据得到的结果一致; 但倍蚜8个种之间的聚类总体上与形态学研究结果不太一致, 铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜和小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜、铁倍蚜属的肚倍蚜枣铁亚种和肚倍蚜蛋铁亚种与圆角倍蚜属的倍花蚜和红倍花蚜分别聚为一支, 彼此之间的关系尚需深入研究。     

An interchromosomal reciprocal translocation in wheat involving leaf rust resistance gene Lr34.

'Thatcher' backcross lines RL6058 and RL6077 have adult-plant leaf rust resistance and were believed to have Lr34. However, genetic analysis revealed that the genes in the two lines were independent of each other. Previous work demonstrated that Lr34 is located on chromosome 7D. The leaf rust resistance gene in RL6058 must be on chromosome 7DS because no recombinants were observed between it and gene Lr29, known to be on chromosome 7DS. It was also linked with Rc3 (30.25 +/- 2.88%), a gene for purple coleoptile on chromosome 7DS. It was independent of Lr19 and NS1 (nonsuppressor mutant), which are located on 7DL. The leaf rust resistance gene in RL6077 was independent of genes Lr19 and Lr29. The presence of quadrivalents in pollen mother cells of the RL6058/RL6077 hybrid indicates that the Lr34 gene in RL6077 may have been translocated onto another chromosome. Lr34 from RL6058 and RL6077 may have been combined in four F3 lines derived from their intercross.     

Transformation of Rat Liver Cells with Chicken Sarcoma Virus B77 and Murine Sarcoma Virus

Rat liver cells in vitro were transformed with chicken sarcoma virus B77, giving RL(B77) cells, and with murine sarcoma virus (Harvey), giving RL(MSV) cells. Rat liver cells transformed spontaneously in vitro were designated RL cells. In addition, the RL(MSV) cell line was adapted for growth in culture fluid containing 25 mug of 5-bromodeoxyuridine per ml. All cell lines were tumorigenic in 1-wk-old rats. The number of cells needed for induction of tumor growth was 1,000-fold higher in the case of RL(B77) cells in comparison with RL(MSV) cells and RL cells. No production of viral particles from any of the cell lines investigated was detected by plating concentrated supernatant fluid of the cultures on different secondary embryo cells with and without fusion by Sendai virus, by labeling with uridine-5-(3)H, or by assay for deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity. The viral genome was rescued by fusion of RL(B77) cells with chicken cells. Chicken sarcoma virus rescued from (RL(B77) cells differed in plating efficiency on duck cells from B77 virus rescued from transformed rat embryo cells. No virus was rescued after fusion of RL(MSV) and RL cells with mouse, rat, or chicken embryo cells. Infectious murine sarcoma virus can be induced by 5-bromodeoxyuridine from RL(MSV) cells.     

119种植物种子蛋氨酸含量分析

豆科植物蛋白中含硫氨基酸尤其是蛋氨酸含量低,影响其蛋白质的营养价值。为开发出更高甲硫氨酸含量蛋白质基因资源,采用酸水解法,对我国亚热带常见的119种森林植物种子的蛋氨酸含量进行了测定。结果表明:93%以上植物种子的蛋氨酸含量较低,只有八仙花、榕叶冬青、山苍子、锌树、龙葵、栾树、商陆和盐肤木的蛋氨酸含量在10.00mg/g以上,其中盐肤木的蛋氨酸含量为119种植物中最高,达36.89mg/g,可以作为进一步开发的新型高蛋氨酸蛋白基因资源。     

Identification and Physical Mapping of New PCR-Based Markers Specific for the Long Arm of Rye(Secale cereale L.) Chromosome 6

To effectively use elite genes on the long arm of rye chromosome 6(the 6RL arm) in wheat breeding programs,precise and fast identification of 6RL chromatin in wheat backgrounds is necessary.PCR-based 6RL-specific markers can facilitate the detection of elite genes on 6RL in wheat breeding.However,only a limited number of 6RL-specific markers have been developed.In the present study.300 new PCR-based 6RL-specific markers were identified using specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-seq) technology,and were further physically mapped to four regions on the 6RL arm using 6R and 6RL deletion lines.Interestingly,127 of the 300 markers were physically localized to a region from the site between 2.3 and 2.5 to the telomere,the same region where the powdery mildew resistance gene was mapped.In addition,95 of the 300 markers exhibit polymorphisms,which can be used to investigate the diversity of rye 6RL arms.The markers developed in this study can be used to identify given segments of 6RL in wheat backgrounds and accelerate the utilization of elite genes on 6RL in wheat breeding.     

Evaluation of pulmonary resistance and maximal expiratory flow measurements during exercise in humans.

To evaluate methods used to document changes in airway function during and after exercise, we studied nine subjects with exercise-induced asthma and five subjects without asthma. Airway function was assessed from measurements of pulmonary resistance (RL) and forced expiratory vital capacity maneuvers. In the asthmatic subjects, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) fell 24 +/- 14% and RL increased 176 +/- 153% after exercise, whereas normal subjects experienced no change in airway function (RL -3 +/- 8% and FEV1 -4 +/- 5%). During exercise, there was a tendency for FEV1 to increase in the asthmatic subjects but not in the normal subjects. RL, however, showed a slight increase during exercise in both groups. Changes in lung volumes encountered during exercise were small and had no consistent effect on RL. The small increases in RL during exercise could be explained by the nonlinearity of the pressure-flow relationship and the increased tidal breathing flows associated with exercise. In the asthmatic subjects, a deep inspiration (DI) caused a small, significant, transient decrease in RL 15 min after exercise. There was no change in RL in response to DI during exercise in either asthmatic or nonasthmatic subjects. When percent changes in RL and FEV1 during and after exercise were compared, there was close agreement between the two measurements of change in airway function. In the groups of normal and mildly asthmatic subjects, we conclude that changes in lung volume and DIs had no influence on RL during exercise. Increases in tidal breathing flows had only minor influence on measurements of RL during exercise. Furthermore, changes in RL and in FEV1 produce equivalent indexes of the variations in airway function during and after exercise.     

Methacholine-induced airway reactivity of inbred rats

Dose-response curves to inhaled aerosolized methacholine chloride (MCh) were obtained in anesthetized spontaneously breathing rats. Thirty rats (10/strain), randomly selected from highly inbred ACI, Lewis (L), and Brown Norway (BN) strains and 40 rats (20/strain) from similarly inbred Wistar-Furth (WF) and Buffalo (Buf) strains were studied. Airway responses were quantitated from changes in pulmonary resistance (RL) and airway reactivity was calculated as the dose of MCh required to increase RL to 150% (ED150RL) and 200% (ED200RL) of base line. There were no statistically significant differences in ED150RL and ED200RL among the five rat strains. Large interindividual variability was present as evidenced by 128-fold differences in ED150RL and ED200RL between the least and most sensitive animal of the same strain. In contrast, seven animals studied repeatedly on different days had values of ED150RL that differed by an average of only 2.9-fold (range 1.6-5.3). Thirteen rats that were studied on two occasions separated by an interval of 3 mo showed no systematic changes in airway reactivity. We conclude that airway reactivity to inhaled methacholine in anesthetized nose-breathing rats is not strain related, and despite animals of a given strain being genetically identical, the variability in airway reactivity within strains suggests that environmental rather than genetic factors are the major determinants of that reactivity.