免疫细胞在脊髓损伤后炎性微环境中的作用

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI)的治疗和康复一直是临床医学领域的重大难题。现代医学虽然显著提高了脊髓损伤患者的存活率,然而在改善患者损伤神经功能方面进展甚微,其原因主要在于脊髓损伤后复杂的病理生理变化。在脊髓损伤的病理过程中,原发性损伤对脊髓神经结构的伤害难以逆转,因此目前国内外研究治疗脊髓损伤的方法主要围绕减轻继发性损伤和促进再生来开展。SCI后炎症反应始终存在,这与免疫细胞在炎症反应的不同时间、不同损伤部位发挥不同作用密切相关。该文就免疫细胞在SCI后炎症微环境中的作用做一简要综述。     

生长因子修复脊髓损伤的疗效及其机制

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是神经系统最严重的创伤之一,其所造成的高致残率和严重并发症,给个人、家庭和社会均造成巨大负担。脊髓损伤后,由于原发性损伤和继发性损伤等一系列病理变化,使轴突再生和受损神经元的重塑变得非常困难,其中微环境的紊乱是导致二次损伤恢复的主要障碍。脊髓损伤治疗的药物选择对于其预后有较大影响。其中,生长因子(growth factors,GFs)在中枢神经系统发育与损伤修复中具有重要的调控作用。目前,利用GFs干预治疗锯齿动物SCI后的结构和功能恢复方面,包括神经发生、轴突生长、神经保护和再生,促进血管生成、组织修复、保护内源性神经干细胞等方面已取得较为满意的效果,为SCI的临床治疗提供了良好的应用前景。随着对GFs的研究深入,单一的GFs难以满足脊髓损伤后复杂的生理病理变化。因此,探索多种GFs的联合应用以期达到协同的神经再生和功能恢复,是目前治疗SCI的重要策略之一。由于GFs是大分子蛋白质类药物,存在半衰期短,以及原位注射在损伤部位易流失等缺点限制了GFs的临床应用。因此,很多研究将GFs结合不同生物材料治疗SCI,以此克服GFs本身的缺陷,并进一步延长该类药物的修复效果。本综述归纳总结了几种典型的GFs对SCI修复的研究进展和可能的作用机制,并展望不同的生物材料结合GFs提高SCI修复效果的未来发展前景。     

人脐带间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤（SCI）由于复杂病理生理和神经修复再生困难,至今仍旧是难以攻克的医学难题,而干细胞因其神经再生和神经保护特性被认为是治疗SCI最有希望的方法。其中人脐带间充质干细胞（HUC-MSCs）近年培养分化方法不断改进、神经修复机制初步阐明,联合移植等综合治疗方案也不断实践,使HUC-MSCs移植治疗效果提高。另外关于HUC-MSCs治疗SCI的临床试验逐渐开展,术后患者神经功能恢复改善且无严重并发症出现,表明干细胞移植应用于人体是安全有效的。本文就HUC-MSCs治疗SCI的研究状况及进展进行综述。     

急性脊髓损伤的药物治疗进展概况

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是临床上常见的一种创伤性疾病。随着社会的发展呈现上升的趋势,其来源主要有交通事故,工伤,坠落伤,暴力伤,运动损伤,积累性损伤等。传统的手术治疗是围绕脊柱的骨性结构进行椎管减压、脊柱稳定性的重建,并不能解决瘫痪的主要原因-脊髓损伤问题,预后并不理想。近年来国内外学者都在对SCI进行深入研究,想要找到SCI的根本机制,从而能针对性的研究出能改变SCI患者预后的药物。本文就对脊髓损伤目前的常用治疗药物做一篇综述。     

Neurophysiology:电刺激可扭转脊髓神经损伤

<正>在美国每年大约有12000例脊髓损伤(SCI)发生,该病大多数都是由车祸,高空跌落,体育事故和枪伤造成的。较好的紧急护理和治疗能够及时控制脊髓损伤,而研究人员会继续研究帮助修复脊髓损伤。《神经生理学》杂志上的一项新研究报道,周围神经刺激疗法能扭转脊髓损伤相关的神经退化,这种方法可能会改善当前的康复疗效。     

少突胶质前体细胞治疗脊髓损伤的研究进展

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病,其发病率呈现逐年上升的趋势,并且治疗较为困难。研究发现脊髓损伤后少突胶质细胞大量死亡,引发脱髓鞘病变,这可能是其难以治疗的原因之一。少突胶质前体细胞(OPCs)为少突胶质细胞的祖细胞,后者是中枢神经系统的成髓鞘细胞。OPCs来源于胚胎发育早期神经管腹侧神经上皮细胞,随着神经管的发育,OPCs逐渐增殖、迁移并分化为成熟OL,参与中枢神经系统轴突髓鞘的形成。随着对OPCs的不断深入研究,发现OPCs移植对SCI有较好的疗效,这可能为SCI患者开辟一条新的治疗途径。本文就OPCs治疗SCI的动物实验研究结果做一综述。     

脊髓损伤再生研究进展——搭建脊髓损伤修复的希望之桥

脊髓损伤是一种严重的神经损伤,脊髓损伤后在局部形成抑制神经再生的微环境,使得神经再生尤为困难.改革开放以来尤其是近20年,随着再生医学的发展,在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项、科技部重点研发计划以及国家自然科学基金委员会重点项目等支持下,我国在脊髓损伤后再生微环境的重建、脊髓损伤再生修复机制研究和临床转化研究等方面取得了显著进步.研制了具有自主知识产权的神经支架材料,建立了支架材料与再生因子或干细胞特异结合的功能生物材料制备技术;并通过移植重建有利于神经再生的微环境,建立了大段缺损的全横断脊髓损伤模型,提出神经桥接是功能生物材料促进完全性脊髓损伤动物运动恢复的主要机制;在国际上率先开展了支架材料结合细胞引导完全性脊髓损伤再生修复的临床研究,使得我国脊髓损伤再生修复的临床转化研究走在了世界前列.在国家政策的大力支持下,脊髓损伤再生修复系列产品必将填补市场空白,造福患者.     

硫化氢与脊髓损伤治疗

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种由于脊髓外部损伤或内部病变引起的暂时性或永久性的功能损伤,其症状包括肌肉功能损伤、自主运动功能减退或丧失等。目前,流行病学调查发现,我国SCI患病率较高,具有较高的社会和医疗负担。因此,合理引导SCI病人进行治疗和康复尤为重要。硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H2S）是一种重要的神经信号分子,近年来H2S对SCI康复的作用机制逐渐成为研究热点,例如一些国内外研究团队对SCI后缺血-再灌注损伤（ischemia reperfusion injury,I/R injury）、降低SCI后氧化应激及抗炎作用等机制,以及SCI康复临床治疗研究均取得了一定的成果。本文通过H2S对SCI康复的机制研究和临床治疗发展进行综述,旨在为后续研究及临床应用提供参考。     

硫化氢与脊髓损伤治疗

脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)是一种由于脊髓外部损伤或内部病变引起的暂时性或永久性的功能损伤,其症状包括肌肉功能损伤、自主运动功能减退或丧失等。目前,流行病学调查发现,我国SCI患病率较高,具有较高的社会和医疗负担。因此,合理引导SCI病人进行治疗和康复尤为重要。硫化氢（hydrogen sulfide,H2S）是一种重要的神经信号分子,近年来H2S对SCI康复的作用机制逐渐成为研究热点,例如一些国内外研究团队对SCI后缺血-再灌注损伤（ischemia reperfusion injury,I/R injury）、降低SCI后氧化应激及抗炎作用等机制,以及SCI康复临床治疗研究均取得了一定的成果。本文通过H2S对SCI康复的机制研究和临床治疗发展进行综述,旨在为后续研究及临床应用提供参考。     

脊髓损伤后神经环路重建的研究进展

成年哺乳类脊髓损伤后的修复与再生是一项复杂且尚未解决的挑战.随着全球经济的增长,脊髓损伤的发生率呈上升趋势.脊髓损伤可能导致永久性的运动功能障碍和感觉丧失,给患者及其家属带来极大的经济压力和心理负担.因此,迫切需要开发有效的治疗脊髓损伤的新策略.近年来,应用外源性或内源性神经元中继的治疗手段为脊髓损伤后环路重建提供了新的思路.将干细胞或生物材料等移植物作用于脊髓损伤区,可改善损伤区局部微环境,诱导神经干细胞定向分化为神经元,促进脊髓环路重建和功能恢复,因此成为较有临床应用前景的方法.本综述主要介绍细胞移植治疗、组织工程策略和基因调控等方法在修复受损脊髓的神经网络中的应用,并讨论了脊髓损伤后新生神经元是否具有潜在的功能整合,重建受损神经环路,并恢复其运动和感觉功能等问题.     

Reduction in antioxidant enzyme expression and sustained inflammation enhance tissue damage in the subacute phase of spinal cord contusive injury

Background  

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) forms a disadvantageous microenvironment for tissue repair at the lesion site. To consider an appropriate time window for giving a promising therapeutic treatment for subacute and chronic SCI, global changes of proteins in the injured center at the longer survival time points after SCI remains to be elucidated.     

Chondroitinase and growth factors enhance activation and oligodendrocyte differentiation of endogenous neural precursor cells after spinal cord injury

The adult spinal cord harbours a population of multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) with the ability to replace oligodendrocytes. However, despite this capacity, proliferation and endogenous remyelination is severely limited after spinal cord injury (SCI). In the post-traumatic microenvironment following SCI, endogenous spinal NPCs mainly differentiate into astrocytes which could contribute to astrogliosis that exacerbate the outcomes of SCI. These findings emphasize a key role for the post-SCI niche in modulating the behaviour of spinal NPCs after SCI. We recently reported that chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the glial scar restrict the outcomes of NPC transplantation in SCI by reducing the survival, migration and integration of engrafted NPCs within the injured spinal cord. These inhibitory effects were attenuated by administration of chondroitinase (ChABC) prior to NPC transplantation. Here, in a rat model of compressive SCI, we show that perturbing CSPGs by ChABC in combination with sustained infusion of growth factors (EGF, bFGF and PDGF-AA) optimize the activation and oligodendroglial differentiation of spinal NPCs after injury. Four days following SCI, we intrathecally delivered ChABC and/or GFs for seven days. We performed BrdU incorporation to label proliferating cells during the treatment period after SCI. This strategy increased the proliferation of spinal NPCs, reduced the generation of new astrocytes and promoted their differentiation along an oligodendroglial lineage, a prerequisite for remyelination. Furthermore, ChABC and GF treatments enhanced the response of non-neural cells by increasing the generation of new vascular endothelial cells and decreasing the number of proliferating macrophages/microglia after SCI. In conclusions, our data strongly suggest that optimization of the behaviour of endogenous spinal NPCs after SCI is critical not only to promote endogenous oligodendrocyte replacement, but also to reverse the otherwise detrimental effects of their activation into astrocytes which could negatively influence the repair process after SCI.     

Effects of combinatorial treatment with pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide and human mesenchymal stem cells on spinal cord tissue repair

The aim of this study is to understand if human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) have synergistic protective effect that promotes functional recovery in rats with severe spinal cord injury (SCI). To evaluate the effect of delayed combinatorial therapy of PACAP and hMSCs on spinal cord tissue repair, we used the immortalized hMSCs that retain their potential of neuronal differentiation under the stimulation of neurogenic factors and possess the properties for the production of several growth factors beneficial for neural cell survival. The results indicated that delayed treatment with PACAP and hMSCs at day 7 post SCI increased the remaining neuronal fibers in the injured spinal cord, leading to better locomotor functional recovery in SCI rats when compared to treatment only with PACAP or hMSCs. Western blotting also showed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes, Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and peroxiredoxin-1/6 (Prx-1 and Prx-6), were increased at the lesion center 1 week after the delayed treatment with the combinatorial therapy when compared to that observed in the vehicle-treated control. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that co-culture with hMSCs in the presence of PACAP not only increased a subpopulation of microglia expressing galectin-3, but also enhanced the ability of astrocytes to uptake extracellular glutamate. In summary, our in vivo and in vitro studies reveal that delayed transplantation of hMSCs combined with PACAP provides trophic molecules to promote neuronal cell survival, which also foster beneficial microenvironment for endogenous glia to increase their neuroprotective effect on the repair of injured spinal cord tissue.     

Transplantation of adult spinal cord grafts into spinal cord transected rats improves their locomotor function

Grafted embryonic central neural tissue pieces can recover function of hemisected spinal cord in neonatal rats and promote axonal growth in adults. However, spinal cord segments from adults have not been used as donor segments for allogeneic transplantation. Here, we utilized adult spinal cord tissue grafts(aSCGs) as donor constructs for repairing complete spinal cord injury(SCI). Moreover, to provide a favourable microenvironment for SCI treatment, a growth factor cocktail containing three growth factors(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and vascular endothelial growth factor), was applied to the aSCG transplants. We found that the locomotor function was significantly improved 12 weeks after transplantation of aSCGs into the spinal cord lesion site in adult rats. Transplantation of aSCGs combined with these growth factors enhanced neuron and oligodendrocyte survival and functional restoration. These encouraging results indicate that treatment of complete SCI by transplanting aSCGs, especially in the presence of growth factors, has a positive effect on motor functional recovery, and therefore could be considered as a possible therapeutic strategy for SCI.     

铁死亡参与脊髓损伤调控的研究进展

铁死亡是一种铁依赖性的,以细胞内脂质活性氧堆积为特征的细胞程序性死亡方式。广泛存在于肿瘤、癌症、急性肾损伤等多种疾病当中。脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury, SCI) 是一种严重的创伤性神经系统疾病,具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率的特点。目前,脊髓损伤的具体发生机制及高效治疗方法仍在探索当中,这也是亟待解决的世界性难题。研究表明,脊髓损伤后调控神经细胞的程序性死亡是治疗SCI的重点。然而,对于铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的分子生物学机制尚缺乏系统和深入的认识。收集和整理了近几年国内外有关脊髓损伤后铁死亡方面的相关文献,针对铁死亡参与脊髓损伤的调控机制和研究进展进行了综述,以期为治疗脊髓损伤带来新的思路。     

Effects of Embryonic Neural Stem Cell Transplantation on DNA Damage in the Brain and Spinal Cord Following Spinal Cord Injury

Embryonic neural stem cell (ENSC) transplantation is used experimentally for the improvement of spinal cord repair following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the effects of such intervention on oxidative stress and cell death remain unknown. We used in vivo Comet assay in the acute and chronic SCI groups compared with the SCI+ENSC transplantation groups of experimental rats in order to evaluate DNA damage in the spinal cord. Chronic SCI resulted in the generation of oxidative DNA damage in the spinal cord brain and kidneys, as indicated by high Comet assay parameters, including the percentage of DNA in the tail (T%, or TD), tail moment (TM), and tail length (TL). The DNA damage levels significantly decreased after ENSC transplantation in the spinal cords of acute and chronic SCI groups within the lesion site and rostrally and caudally to the injury, and in the brains and kidneys of the chronic SCI group. Thus, ENSC transplantation is found to be an effective tool for limitation of DNA damage following spinal cord injury.     

Macrophage polarization: a key event in the secondary phase of acute spinal cord injury

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has become epidemic in modern society. Despite advances made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvements in early recognition and treatment, it remains a devastating event, often producing severe and permanent disability. SCI has two phases: acute and secondary. Although the acute phase is marked by severe local and systemic events such as tissue contusion, ischaemia, haemorrhage and vascular damage, the outcome of SCI are mainly influenced by the secondary phase. SCI causes inflammatory responses through the activation of innate immune responses that contribute to secondary injury, in which polarization‐based macrophage activation is a hallmarker. Macrophages accumulated within the epicentre and the haematoma of the injured spinal cord play a significant role in this inflammation. Depending on their phenotype and activation status, macrophages may initiate secondary injury mechanisms and/or promote CNS regeneration and repair. When it comes to therapies for SCI, very few can be performed in the acute phase. However, as macrophage activation and polarization switch are exquisitely sensitive to changes in microenvironment, some trials have been conducted to modulate macrophage polarization towards benefiting the recovery of SCI. Given this, it is important to understand how macrophages and SCI interrelate and interact on a molecular pathophysiological level. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the immuno‐pathophysiological features of acute SCI mainly from the following perspectives: (i) the overview of the pathophysiology of acute SCI, (ii) the roles of macrophage, especially its polarization switch in acute SCI, and (iii) newly developed neuroprotective therapies modulating macrophage polarization in acute SCI.     

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid alleviates secondary injury in the spinal cord via up-regulation of CIBZ gene

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally divided into primary and secondary injuries, and apoptosis is an important event of the secondary injury. As an endogenous bile acid and recognized endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) administration has been reported to have a potentially therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases, but its real mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated whether TUDCA could alleviate traumatic damage of the spinal cord and improve locomotion function in a mouse model of SCI. Traumatic SCI mice were intraperitoneally injected with TUDCA, and the effects were evaluated based on motor function assessment, histopathology, apoptosis detection, qRT-PCR, and western blot at different time periods. TUDCA administration can improve motor function and reduce secondary injury and lesion area after SCI. Furthermore, the apoptotic ratios were significantly reduced; Grp78, Erdj4, and CHOP were attenuated by the treatment. Unexpectedly, the levels of CIBZ, a novel therapeutic target for SCI, were specifically up-regulated. Taken together, it is suggested that TUDCA effectively suppressed ER stress through targeted up-regulation of CIBZ. This study also provides a new strategy for relieving secondary damage by inhibiting apoptosis in the early treatment of spinal cord injury.     

Glial and axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been regarded clinically as an irreversible damage caused by tissue contusion due to a blunt external force. Past research had focused on the analysis of the pathogenesis of secondary injury that extends from the injury epicenter to the periphery, as well as tissue damage and neural cell death associated with secondary injury. Recent studies, however, have proven that neural stem (progenitor) cells are also present in the brain and spinal cord of adult mammals including humans. Analyses using spinal cord injury models have also demonstrated active dynamics of cells expressing several stem cell markers, and methods aiming at functional reconstruction by promoting the potential self-regeneration capacity of the spinal cord are being explored. Furthermore, reconstruction of the neural circuit requires not only replenishment or regeneration of neural cells but also regeneration of axons. Analysis of the tissue microenvironment after spinal cord injury and research aiming to remove axonal regeneration inhibitors have also made progress. SCI is one of the simplest central nervous injuries, but its pathogenesis is associated with diverse factors, and further studies are required to elucidate these complex interactions in order to achieve spinal cord regeneration and functional reconstruction.     

应用cDNA微阵列技术筛选大鼠脊髓损伤修复相关基因

脊髓损伤是一类常见的、高致残率的中枢神经系统疾病,由于多种复杂因素影响其损伤后的修复过程,损伤脊髓的再生能力非常有限。本研究采用cDNA微阵列技术筛选大鼠脊髓损伤后出现的差异表达基因。实验组动物在T8-T9进行脊髓全横断手术,对照组动物只打开椎板;4．5d后取脊髓进行RNA提取并在反转录过程中进行Cy3／Cy5标记,然后与预制的、带有4041条特异性探针的芯片进行杂交。Cy5／Cy3信号比值≥2．0视为脊髓损伤后出现差异表达的基因。通过筛选,我们得到了65个上调表达基因（21个已知基因,30个已知EST和14个未知基因）和79个下调基因（20个已知基因,42个已知EST和17个未知基因）。进一步通过半定量RT-PCR对其中的5个上调已知基因（Timpl,Tagln,Vim,Fc gamma receptor,Ctss）和三个下调已知基因（stearyl-CoA desaturase,F2,Ensa）的表达情况进行了验证,结果显示与芯片结果一致。这些基因可能在脊髓损伤后的修复过程中起一定的作用,对其深入研究将有助于揭示脊髓损伤修复的分子机制。