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1.
J. Sybenga 《Genetica》1965,36(1):243-252
Whilst reliable estimates of chiasma frequencies can usually not be obtained, the probability (b) of a chromosome arm to be bound by at least one chiasma can often be determined. In the absence of interference this probability equals (1–e –2), where 2 is the average chiasma frequency of the chromosome arm and the average crossover frequency or map length. In the presence of interference is shown to retain its genetic meaning as an additive metric that may describe the chromosome arm or other distinctive chromosome segment in terms of genetic recombination. It is a form of potential map length, comparable to, but numerically different from the regular map length. It is termed provisionally crossing-over potential.A chromosome with armsm andn with crossing-over potentials and will form ring bivalents with a frequency (1–e –2).(1–e –2); open bivalents with a frequency (1–e –2).e –2+(1–e –2).e –2; univalent pairs with a frequencye –2.e –2. Estimates of these frequencies yield equations from which and may be solved. In rye (Secale cereale) their ratio (q) is approximately two and differs from the mitotic arm length ratio of 1.4, indicating localization of chiasmata in the long arms.Graphs are given to show how, with constantq, the relation between the probabilitiesb m andb n of the two arms being bound changes with changing averageb.Data are presented on chiasma frequencies in M I, and compared with the frequencies expected in the absence of interference to give an impression of the degree of interference. Apparent fusion of chiasmata simulates interference.  相似文献   

2.
4-Methylumbelliferyl 6-O-benzyl--d-lactoside (6Bn-MU-Lac) and some related compounds were synthesizedvia different selective reactions including phase-transfer glycosylation. Their suitability as substrates for a fluorometric assay of ceramide glycanase (CGase) was evaluated. Among others, the 6Bn-MU-Lac, which is resistant to exogalactosidase, was found to be a suitable substrate for routine assay of the CGase activity. For American leech CGase, theK m value is 0.232 mM at pH 5. Abbreviations: CGase, ceramide glycanase; Gal, galactose; Glc, Glucose; Lac, lactose; MU, 4-methylumbelliferone; MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl -d-lactoside; bBn-Lac, 6-O-benzyl-lactose; 6Bn-MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl 6-Obenzyl--d-lactoside; 46Bd-MU-Lac, 4-methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene--d-lactoside; MU-Cel, 4-methylumbellifery -d-cellobioside; 46Bd-MU-Cel, 4-methylumbelliferyl 4,6-O-benzylidene--d-cellobioside; TLC, thin layer chromatography;1H-NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance; GSL, glycosphingolipids; CSA, 10-camphorsulfonic acid. See Scheme 1 for chemical structures.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Three different conformations of proline rings in a protein in solution, Up, Down and Twist, have been distinguished, and stereospecific assignments of the pyrrolidine -, - and -hydrogens have been made on the basis of 1H-1H vicinal coupling constant patterns and intraresidue NOEs. For all three conformations, interhydrogen distances in the pairs -3, 3-3, 2-2, 2-2, and 3-3 (2.3 Å) are shorter than those in the pairs -2, 2-3, 3-2, 2-3, and 3-2 (2.7–3.0 Å), resulting in stronger NOESY cross peaks. For the Up conformation, the 3-2 and 2-3 spin-spin coupling constants are small (<3 Hz), and weak cross peaks are obtained in a short-mixing-time (10 ms) TOCSY spectrum; all other vicinal coupling constants are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. For the Down form, the -2, 2-3, and 3-2 vicinal coupling constants are small, leading to weak TOCSY cross peaks; all other couplings again are in the range 5–12 Hz, and result in medium to strong TOCSY cross peaks. In the case of a Twist conformation, dynamically averaged coupling constants are anticipated. The procedure has been applied to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor-V, and ring conformations of all prolines in the two proteins have been determined.  相似文献   

4.
The signaling mechanisms for most of the antiproliferative processes are not fully understood. We have demonstrated that ERK(MAPK) signaling was involved in the induction of both p15INK4band p16INK4a CDK inhibitors and growth inhibition of hepatoma cell HepG2 triggered by the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). In this study, the upstream signal mechanism for TPA-induced ERK(MAPK) activation was investigated. In HepG2 cells only one of the cPKC isozymes, PKC, but not cPKCII, nPKC or aPKC was activated by TPA as demonstrated by its membrane translocation within 10–30 min and down-regulation at 24 h after TPA treatment. Pretreatment of 0.2–2.0 M Bisindolylmaleimides, an inhibitor of PKC, attenuated the TPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK, gene expressions of p15INK4band p16INK4a, and growth inhibition of HepG2 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Consistently, transfection of HepG2 with 1.0–3.0 M antisense (AS) PKC, but not (AS) PKCII, or nPKC oligonucleotides (ODN), for 36 h prior to TPA treatment also prevented the TPA-induced molecular and cellular effects described above. Taken together, we concluded that PKC is specifically required for TPA-induced ERK(MAPK) signaling to trigger gene expressions of p15INK4band p16INK4a leading to HepG2 growth inhibition.  相似文献   

5.
The complete definition of the chemical structure of GD1b-ganglioside (GD1b) lactone isolated from human brain has been given by means of spectrometric and spectroscopic analyses. GD1h lactone contains a single ester linkage involving the external sialic acid carboxyl group and the C-9 hydroxyl group of the internal sialic acid unit. A synthetic lactone of GD1b prepared treating GD1b with glacial acetic acid characterized in the same way showed an identical chemical structure.Abbreviations: Ganglioside nomenclature is according to Svennerholm [16] and the IUPAC-IUB Recommendations [17] GM1 GM1-ganglioside, II3NeuAc-GgOse4Cer, Gal1-3GalNac1-4[NeuAc2-3]Gal1-4Glc1-1Cer - GD1b GD1b-ganglioside, II3(NeuAc)2GgOse4Cer, Gal1-3GalNAc1-4[NeuAc2-8NeuAc2-3]Gal1-4Glc1-1Cer - GD1b lactone GD1b-L, Gal1-3GalNAc1-4[NeuAc(1-9)2-8NeuAc2-3]Gal1-4Glc1-1Cer - Cer ceramide - FAB-MS fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry - 1H-NMR proteon nuclear magnetic resonance - 1D-NMR one dimensional NMR - 2D-COSY two dimensional correlated spectroscopy - DMSO-d6 deuterated dimethylsulfoxide  相似文献   

6.
In this paper we use a dynamical systems approach to prove the existence of a unique critical value c * of the speed c for which the degenerate density-dependent diffusion equation u ct = [D(u)u x ] x + g(u) has: 1. no travelling wave solutions for 0 < c < c *, 2. a travelling wave solution u(x, t) = (x - c * t) of sharp type satisfying (– ) = 1, () = 0 *; '(*–) = – c */D'(0), '(*+) = 0 and 3. a continuum of travelling wave solutions of monotone decreasing front type for each c > c *. These fronts satisfy the boundary conditions (– ) = 1, '(– ) = (+ ) = '(+ ) = 0. We illustrate our analytical results with some numerical solutions.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Four noninducible staphylococcal penicillinase plasmids reported to produce a very low basal level of penicillinase were investigated. Incorporation of 5-methyltryptophan, which is known to inactivate the operator binding site of wild-type penicillinase repressor and thereby elicit penicillinase synthesis, did not induce penicillinase synthesis in any of these micro mutants. Therefore, these plasmids are not simply peni S mutants. Heterodiploid strains composed of a plasmid fully constitutive for penicillinase synthesis and one of the various micro penicillinase plasmids were constructed. Three of these heterodiploids produce a normal basal level of penicillinase and are inducible by 5-methyltryptophan but not by the standard gratuitous penicillinase inducer. Therefore, each of these three noninducible micro plasmids produces a peni S repressor, but in addition, each must bear a mutation in the penZ region. The fourth heterodiploid produces a fully constitutive level of penicillinase. The noninducible micro plasmid present in this heterodiploid must contain a penI mutation and a mutation in the penZ region. Consequently, each of these four noninducible micro plasmids contains at least two mutants genes. Hence, the phenotype of noninducibility plus low basal penicillinase is not due to a point mutation in a second penicillinase regulatory region as has been proposed. Instead, these results strongly suggest that there is only one penicillinase regulatory gene located on the penicillinase plasmid and that this gene (penI) specifies the penicillinase repressor.Journal Paper No. J-8700 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa; Project No. 2029  相似文献   

8.
Summary Five eceriferum, (cer) mutants in barley which influence -diketone and hydroxy--diketone synthesis in spike and internode epicuticular waxes have been characterized. The mutation cer-u 69 blocks the synthesis of hydroxy--diketones and leads to a compensatory increase in the amount of -diketones, indicating that -diketones are precursors of the hydroxy--diketones. Furthermore, highly lobed wax plates were observed for the first time on barley lemmas, in addition to the characteristic wax tubes. Both diketone classes are selectively and proportionally reduced in the spike wax of cer-i 16, which has shorter wax tubes. The three mutants cer-c 36, -q 42, and -c,u 108 synthesize neither diketone class and form no wax tubes. In contrast to the variable composition of most individual barley wax classes, only a single -diketone was identified, namely hentriacontan-14,16-dione.  相似文献   

9.
The structures of gangliosides from human granulocytes were elucidated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as their partially methylated alditol acetates. In human granulocytes besides GM3 (II3Neu5Ac-LacCer), neolacto-series gangliosides (IV3Neu5Ac-nLcOse4Cer, IV6Neu5Ac-nLcOse4Cer and VI3Neu5Ac-nLcOse6Cer) containing C24:1, and to some extent C22:0; and C16:0 fatty acid in their respective ceramide portions, were identified as major components. In this study we demonstrate that gangliosides from human granulocytes, the second most abundant cells in peripheral blood, can serve as receptors for influenza viruses A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), A/X-31 (H3N2), and a parainfluenza virus Sendai virus (HNF1, Z-strain). Viruses were found to exhibit specific adhesion to terminal Neu5Ac2-3Gal and/or Neu5Ac2-6Gal sequences as well as depending on the chain length of ganglioside carbohydrate backbones from human granulocytes, these important effector cells which represent the first line of defence in immunologically mediated reactions. Abbreviations: FAB-MS, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry; GC/EIMS, gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry; GSL(s) glycosphingolipids; HPTLC, high performance thin-layer chromatography; Neu5Ac,N-acetylneuraminic acid [26], PFU, plaque forming unit. The designation of the following glycosphingolipids follows the IUPAC-IUB recommendations, and the ganglioside nomenclature system of Svennerholm was used. LacCer or lactosylceramide, Gal1-4Glc1-1Cer gangliotetraosylceramide or GgOse4Cer, Gal1-3GalNAc1-4Gal1-4Glc1-1Cer; lacto-N-tetraosylceramide or nLcOse4Cer, Gal1-4GlcNAc1-3Gal1-4-Glc1-1Cer; lacto-N-norhexaosylceramide or nLcOse6Cer, Gal1-4GlcNAc1-3Gal1-4GlcNAc1-3Gal 1-4-Glc1-1Cer; GM3, II3Neu5Ac-LacCer; GM1, II3Neu5Ac-GgOse4Cer; GD1a, IV3Neu5Ac, II3Neu5Ac-GgOse4Cer; GD1b, II3(Neu5Ac)2-GgOse4Cer; GT1b, IV3Neu5Ac, II3(Neu5Ac)2-GgOse4Cer; GQ1b, IV3(Neu5Ac)2, II3(Neu5Ac)2-GgOse4Cer; sialyllacto-N-tetraosylceramide, IV3Neu5Ac/IV6Neu5Ac-nLcOse4Cer; sialyllacto-N-norhexaosylceramide or i-active ganglioside, VI3Neu5Ac-nLcOse6Cer.  相似文献   

10.
Glycyrrhizic acid and its 30-methyl ester were conjugated with 2-amino-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranose, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl--D-glucopyranosyl amine, 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl--L-arabinopyranosyl amine, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranosyl amine, and -D-galactopyranosyl amine using N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and its mixtures with N-hydroxybenzotriazole. Structures of the conjugates were confirmed by IR, UV, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The glycoconjugate with the residues of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranosyl amine in the carbohydrate part of its molecule exhibited antiviral activity (ID50 4 g/ml) toward the herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) in the VERO cell culture. Two compounds demonstrated anti-HIV-1 activity (50–70% inhibition of p24) in a culture of MT-4 cells at concentrations of 0.5–20 g/ml.  相似文献   

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