6种晋产野生葛根中葛根素、大豆苷和总黄酮含量比较

采用高效液相色谱法对山西省5地6处野生葛根中主要有效成分葛根素、大豆苷及总黄酮含量进行了分析,并对HPLC法的测定条件(流动相和洗脱程序)进行了优化。结果表明,6种晋产野生葛根中主要有效成分含量差异显著,葛根素的含量为1.46%~4.48%,大豆苷的含量为0.11%~0.62%,总黄酮的含量为11.19%~26.14%。葛根素、总黄酮含量与纬度高低呈正相关。晋南绛县么里镇小北山与夏县泗交镇太宽河自然保护区的野生葛根中葛根素含量低于《中国药典》规定的2.4%,而晋北灵丘县的野生葛根中葛根素含量则高达4.48%。     

酸水解法从葛根中提取分离葛根素和大豆苷元

本文报道了葛根黄酮的提取精制方法,以６０％乙醇为溶剂,６０℃温浸６ｈ的优化工艺条件下,采用逆流萃取法从葛根中提取葛根黄酮,其收得率为１９．２８％,含量５１．０５％。葛根黄酮提取物采用５％盐酸水解４ｈ,酸水解液用乙酸乙酯萃取放置析出葛根素,乙酸乙酯相经水洗、浓缩和重结晶可得大豆苷元。采用酸水解法可以将葛根黄酮中的葛根素及大豆苷元衍生物水解成葛根素和大豆苷元,有利于葛根素、大豆苷元的分离及产率的提高;该方法从葛根中提取分离葛根素和大豆苷元具有操作简便、产品纯度和产率高、成本低的特点。葛根素和大豆苷元产率分别为１．３６％和０．４５％,纯度为９８．３２％和９１．２５％。     

葛根抗腹泻药效组分实验研究

目的:验证葛根抗腹泻的药效组分,为葛根的质量评价提供科学数据。方法:在经方葛根芩连汤的基础上分析葛根抗腹泻的药效组分,采用组合药理实验辅助验证药效组分。结果:抗腹泻相关实验中葛根水煎液中、高剂量组、葛根药效组分组、葛根芩连汤组与阴性对照组比较均有显著性差异(P0.01)。结论:葛根素-大豆苷-大豆苷元-3'-羟基葛根素是葛根抗腹泻的药效组分。     

Fe3+络合萃取法从野葛根中分离葛根素

利用Fe3 + 能够和葛根素生成可溶性络合物的性质建立了一种从中药野葛根中萃取葛根素的新型分离方法。以甲醇冷浸从野葛根中提取葛根总黄酮 ,将其进行水解、中和 ,再给水解葛根总黄酮中加入FeCl3 使葛根素与Fe3 + 络合溶解 ,过滤除去其它不溶性物质 ,用盐酸解聚Fe3 + 葛根素络合物 ,则得葛根素粗品 ,将其重结晶可得葛根素。同时 ,利用分光光度法确定了Fe3 + 葛根素络合物解聚的最佳酸度。利用TLC标准品对照、IR和分光光度法对产品进行了定性和定量分析。该方法从葛根中提取葛根素收率为 1 2 % ,纯度为 96 5 % ,具有操作简便、工艺流程简单 ,容易实现工业化的优点。     

葛根总黄酮提取工艺的研究

目的:筛选提取葛根总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。方法:采用单因素和正交试验对提取葛根总黄酮的工艺条件进行优化;利用紫外可见分光光度计测量葛根总黄酮的含量;利用高效液相色谱仪测量葛根素的含量;分别以葛根素和葛根总黄酮的含量为指标进行最优工艺的评价。结果:最佳工艺条件是以9倍量的30%乙醇提取3次,每次1h。结论:该提取工艺简单,成本低,适合于生产应用。     

葛根素对中枢神经系统神经细胞保护作用的研究进展

葛根素（puerarin）是从中药葛根中提取的主要有效成分之一,为一种异黄酮化合物。它具有抑制脑细胞凋亡,保护神经细胞的能力,还能够提高神经元抵抗损伤的能力,可用于治疗脑损伤以及神经退行性疾病。本文就葛根素对中枢神经系统神经细胞的保护作用及机制方面的研究进展做一综述。     

DNA-CdTe/介孔二氧化硅细胞荧光成像探针的制备及其在肿瘤细胞成像中的应用

以葛根为原料,利用响应曲面法,以二次回归方程预测模型为基础,对黑曲霉发酵葛根的预处理条件进行了优化,将生物预处理与醇提工艺相结合,有效提高了葛根素的提取率.实验表明,曲面回归方程与实验结果拟合性好,优化预处理条件为:料液比1∶10,接种量10％,发酵温度29℃,发酵时间97 h,醇提后葛根素提取率达到7.03％,是未经预处理的3.48倍;用红外光谱分析和薄层层析法对提取的葛根素进行表征,确定提取的产物为葛根素;对葛根素提取液的抑菌活性进行检测,结果表明葛根素的抑菌效果为:大肠杆菌＞金黄色葡萄球菌＞绿脓杆菌＞白色念珠菌.     

葛藤与葛根中异黄酮类成分的比较

分析比较了野葛〔Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｗｉｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ〕的藤（葛藤）和根（葛根）的主要异黄酮类活性成分。从葛藤中首次分离得到３个化合物,经化学方法和光谱鉴定,证实为大豆甙元（Ａ）、大豆甙（Ｂ）和葛根素（Ｃ）。采用双波长薄层扫描法测定葛藤与葛根中上述３种异黄酮化合物的含量,葛藤中大豆甙元、大豆甙和葛根素的含量分别为０．１９５％,３．９３３％和２．４８１％;葛根中则分别为０．０５９％,０．７１４％和４．３１５％。研究结果为葛藤新药源的开发利用提供了科学依据     

一种简便方法从野葛根中提取纯化葛根异黄酮

采用超声法70%乙醇为溶剂从野葛根中提取葛根异黄酮,将其以水为溶剂结合盐析法进行纯化,并且利用分光光度法和HPTLC法分别对超声提取物和纯化的葛根异黄酮产品中总黄酮和葛根素的含量进行了测定.结果表明以70%乙醇为溶剂超声萃取30 min提取葛根异黄酮和纯化葛根异黄酮产品的产率分别为17.8%和4.9%,异黄酮含量分别为42.55%和91.02%,葛根素含量分别为19.54%和67.15%.该方法从野葛根中提取纯化异黄酮具有省时、节约能源、操作方法简便和总异黄酮产品纯度高的优点.     

超声提取和超声水解法从野葛根中提取纯化葛根素和大豆苷元

采用超声法从野葛根中提取葛根异黄酮,再将提取物在盐酸水溶液中超声水解结合有机溶剂萃取法从野葛根中分离纯化葛根素和大豆苷元。葛根素收得率为1．2％,纯度为97．8％;大豆苷元收得率为0．5％,纯度为98．2％。超声法从野葛根中提取分离葛根异黄酮活性成分葛根素和大豆苷元具有省时、节能、提取率和产品纯度高的优点。     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

Sugars in crop plants

We review current knowledge of the most abundant sugars, sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, in the world's major crop plants. The sucrose‐accumulating crops, sugar beet and sugar cane, are included, but the main focus of the review is potato and the major cereal crops. The production of sucrose in photosynthesis and the inter‐relationships of sucrose, glucose, fructose and other metabolites in primary carbon metabolism are described, as well as the synthesis of starch, fructan and cell wall polysaccharides and the breakdown of starch to produce maltose. The importance of sugars as hormone‐like signalling molecules is discussed, including the role of another sugar, trehalose, and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. The Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids during thermal processing, is described because of its importance for colour and flavour in cooked foods. This reaction also leads to the formation of potentially harmful compounds, such as acrylamide, and is attracting increasing attention as food producers and regulators seek to reduce the levels of acrylamide in cooked food. Genetic and environmental factors affecting sugar concentrations are described.     

Physico-chemical environment in Tjeukemeer with special reference to speciation of algal nutrients

This paper attempts to generalize the major controlling factors and their impacts on the physico-chemical environment in Tjeukemeer in relation to the speciation of algal nutrients.Morphometry, man-made hydrology, climate, chemistry of drainage area and biology of the lake appear to control its physico-chemistry the most. Thus the shallow Tieukemeer is vulnerable to wind and therefore almost always completely mixed and often turbid owing to resuspended sediments. In normal summers the lake is oligohaline, hard, eutrophic and alkaline, and in winter it is hard, eutrophic, alkaline and humus-rich. The implications of these properties on the following physico-chemical components and their relevance for the speciation of algal nutrients are discussed: turbidity, colour, halinity, pH, alkalinity, salinity, conductivity, ionic composition, ionic balance and organic matter.Because of the relationships between the physico-chemical environment on the one hand and the speciation and bio-availability of nutrients on the other hand, special attention is given to the speciation of some major and minor elements as derived from ultra filtration experiments. In this context, the metal binding capacity of the organic matter (mainly fulvic acids) is also considered.     

Taxonomy of the Genus Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae)

The genus Oreocharis as circumscribed here consists of 27 species including 5 varieties, of which 5 species and 4 varieties are described as new in the present paper. In the work analysed were the external morphology and geographic distribution and examined under SEM were pollen exine of 22 species and seed coat of 16 species. As a result, three types of the corolla, two types of the anther, three types of the pollen exine and three types of the seed coat are distinguished here in the paper. It is discovered that the corolla in the genus is relatively stable, though diverse, and highly correlated with the characters of pollen grains and seeds. The corolla clearly bilabiate but constricted at the throat, occurring in O. auricula, O. cordatula, O. aurantiaca, etc., for an example, is correlated with smooth, reticulate pollen exine and partial tectum and the reticulate and smooth seed coat. For this reason the subdivision of the genus in the paper is mainly based on the characters of the corolla, but combined with those of the anther, pollen and seed coat. The genus is divided into four sections in the present classification. Dasydesmus Craib, based on a single species. O. bodinieri, is reduced here, and the reasons are given. The genus is distributed mainly in the subtropics, and less frequently in the tropics, of China south of 32.5°N and east of 98.5°E, with only two species beyond the border, O. hirsuta in Thailand (only a single locality in Chiengmai) and O. aurea also found in north Vietnam (see Fig. 1, Table 3). Sect. 1. Stomactin (Clarke) Fritsch. Corolla urceolate-tubular, constricted at the throat, with limb distinctly bilabiate; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, smooth, rarely minutely tuberculate; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum partial and smooth, luminae slightly unequal in size. Sect. 2. Orthanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate or campanulate-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, muri smooth, rarely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, with partial and smooth tectum and luminae slightly unequal in size, rarely exine insular and fine-tuberculate, tectum perforate. Setc. 3. Oreocharis Corolla thin-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat densely spinyprocessed, rarely fine-tuberculate; pollen exine insular, densely spiny-processed, rarely finereticulate and smooth, luminae unequal in size. Sect. 4. Platyanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate; anthers hippocrepiform; seed coat densely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum perforate, luminae small, nearly equal in size. In the section Stomactin, although the constriction of corolla at its throat is a specialized character, the characters of seed coat, pollen grains and anthers are apparently primitive. Therefore it may be said at least that more primitive characters are preserved in the section. In the section Oreocharis, on the contrary, the characters of corolla, seed coat and pollen exine are all advanced. And in the section Platyanthera, the seed coat, pollen (with perforate tectum) and anthers have developed rather specialized characters.     

The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour

Microbes colonise all multicellular life, and the gut microbiome has been shown to influence a range of host physiological and behavioural phenotypes. One of the most intriguing and least understood of these influences lies in the domain of the microbiome's interactions with host social behaviour, with new evidence revealing that the gut microbiome makes important contributions to animal sociality. However, little is known about the biological processes through which the microbiome might influence host social behaviour. Here, we synthesise evidence of the gut microbiome's interactions with various aspects of host sociality, including sociability, social cognition, social stress, and autism. We discuss evidence of microbial associations with the most likely physiological mediators of animal social interaction. These include the structure and function of regions of the ‘social' brain (the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus) and the regulation of ‘social’ signalling molecules (glucocorticoids including corticosterone and cortisol, sex hormones including testosterone, oestrogens, and progestogens, neuropeptide hormones such as oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, and monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine). We also discuss microbiome‐associated host genetic and epigenetic processes relevant to social behaviour. We then review research on microbial interactions with olfaction in insects and mammals, which contribute to social signalling and communication. Following these discussions, we examine evidence of microbial associations with emotion and social behaviour in humans, focussing on psychobiotic studies, microbe–depression correlations, early human development, autism, and issues of statistical power, replication, and causality. We analyse how the putative physiological mediators of the microbiome–sociality connection may be investigated, and discuss issues relating to the interpretation of results. We also suggest that other candidate molecules should be studied, insofar as they exert effects on social behaviour and are known to interact with the microbiome. Finally, we consider different models of the sequence of microbial effects on host physiological development, and how these may contribute to host social behaviour.     

植物生态化学计量特征及其主要假说

植物生态化学计量学是生态化学计量学的重要分支, 主要研究植物器官元素含量的计量特征, 以及它们与环境因子、生态系统功能之间的关系。19世纪, 化学家们通过室内实验, 分析了植物器官的元素含量, 开始了对植物化学元素之间关系的探索。如今, 生态学家通过野外采样和控制实验, 探索植物化学元素计量特征的变化规律、对全球变化的响应以及与植物功能属性之间的关系, 促进了植物生态化学计量学的快速发展。该文在概述植物生态化学计量学发展简史的基础上, 综述了19世纪以来该领域的研究进展。首先, 该文将植物生态化学计量学的发展历程概括为思想萌芽期、假说奠基期和理论构建期3个时期, 对各个时期的主要研究进行了简要回顾和梳理。第二, 概述了植物主要器官的化学计量特征, 尤其是陆生植物叶片氮(N)和磷(P)的计量特征。总体上, 全球陆生植物叶片N、P含量和N:P (质量比)的几何平均值分别为18.74 mg∙g^-1、1.21 mg∙g^-1和15.55 (与16:1的Redfield比一致); 在物种或群落水平上, 叶片N和P含量一般呈现随温度升高、降水增加而降低的趋势。不同生活型植物叶片N和P计量特征差异明显, 尤其是草本植物叶片N和P含量高于木本植物, 落叶阔叶木本植物叶片N和P含量高于常绿木本植物。与叶片相比, 细根和其他器官化学计量特征研究较少。第三, 总结了养分添加实验对植物化学元素计量特征的影响。总体上, N添加一般会提高土壤N的可利用性, 使植物器官中N含量和N:P升高, 在一定程度上提高植物生产力; P添加可能会缓解过量N输入导致的N-P失衡问题, 提高植物器官P含量。但是, 长期过量施肥会打破植物器官原有的元素间计量关系, 导致元素计量关系失衡和生产力下降。第四, 梳理总结了植物生态化学计量学的重要理论、观点和假说, 主要包括刻画化学计量特征与植物生长功能关系的功能关联假说、刻画化学计量特征与环境因子关系的环境关联假说或理论以及刻画化学计量特征与植物进化历史关系的进化关联假说。最后, 指出了植物生态化学计量学研究中存在的问题, 展望了10个未来需要重点关注的研究方向。     

Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to Determine As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Hg,and Pb in Soils and Sediments: A Review and Perspectives

Environmental pollution from trace elements has been increasing in recent decades and has become an important concern for environmental agencies. The trace elements arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and lead are among the elements that cause the greatest environmental impact and carry the highest risk to human health. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) has long been employed in trace element determination. In the last few years the main constraints of spectroscopy absorption methods have been overcome. These advances have increased the possibilities and the utility of ETAAS for trace element determination at μg L^?1 levels in difficult matrices such as soils and sediments, giving greater accuracy and precision, lower economic cost, and easier sample pretreatment than other methods. The main advances come from sample manipulation for matrix destruction and preconcentration, the use of new lab-on-valve FIA systems, the solid sampling, the use of new, more efficient modifiers and in situ trapping methods for analyte stabilization and pre-concentration, and the progress in the capacity to control the atomization temperature and to correct background spectral interferences. All of them have permitted an improvement in the sensitivity, decreasing the detection limits and manipulation process, and increasing the accuracy and precision of the analyses.

Moreover, the new technology in the optic and detector systems have given rise to high-resolution continuum source ETAAS (HR-CS ETAAS) spectrometers that solve most of the constraints presented by the more conventional line source ETAAS (LS ETAAS) spectrometers. HR-CS ETAAS enables a rapid detection of several elements at once, facilitates direct determination from solid sampling, and reduces the matrix interferences and background noise. Here we give an overview of the recent advances and the different possibilities of using ETAAS, drawing on studies from the last decade on methods to analyze As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in soils and sediments.     

IPBES工作效率和科学职能的有效性分析

IPBES第一轮工作方案受到国际社会的广泛关注,奠定了其作为第一个生物多样性领域政府间机制的重要地位.IPBES自成立以来相继发布了系列评估报告和决策者摘要,引起了国际社会广泛关注,因此,其公平性、公正性、科学性和透明性始终为各界关注的焦点,直接决定着IPBES评估报告的可信度和未来的发展.为有效提升工作效率,提高其成...     

Structural activity relationship between Salmonella-mutagenicity and nitro-orientation of nitroazaphenanthrenes

Nitroazaphenanthrenes (NAphs) and their N-oxides (NAphOs) were synthesized as derivatives with nitrogen atoms in the 1, 4, and 9 positions of phenanthrene rings, and as nitrated derivatives substituted at the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 positions of phenanthrene rings. To determine the structure activity relationship of these derivatives, all 19 isomers were bioassayed with Salmonella tester strains. NAphs substituted at the 4, 6, 7 and 8 positions were mutagenic for TA98, and 1-, 2-, and 3-N-9-AphOs, 6-N-1-AphO and 6-N-4-AphO were mutagenic for TA98 and TA100 without the S9 mix, while 5-N-1-AphO and 5-N-9-AphO were non- or weakly mutagenic. Nitrated derivatives, 6-N-4-Aph, 6-N-9-Aph, 6-N-1-AphO, and 6-N-4-AphO, were powerful mutagens for TA98 and TA100. Mutagenicity was enhanced by mutant strains producing nitroreductase, such as YG1021 and 1026, and by those producing O-acetyltransferase, such as YG1024 and 1029. Nitro derivatives substituted at positions 4 and 5 in the phenanthrene rings were perpendicular, while those at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 were coplanar to the phenanthrene rings. NAphs substituted at the 1 and 8 positions were noncoplanar due to steric hindrance of the aromatic proton at the peri position. On the other hand, 1,5- and 1,8-dinitro-4-azaphenanthrenes showed high mutagenicity for strains TA98 and TA100 in the absence of the S9 mix, and were strongly enhanced by nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase, over-producing mutants. Therefore, it was found that the mutagenic potency of NAphs and NAphOs was closely associated with the chemical properties and orientation of nitro substitution of aromatic rings.     

中国昆虫染色体研究现状与展望

简要叙述了中国昆虫染色体研究的现状,包括研究涉及的昆虫类群、核型分析结果、研究方法和手段、染色体有丝分裂、减数分裂、染色体形态变异、结构变异和数量变异等。我国学者对昆虫染色体研究从20世纪30年代开始,迄今已对蜉蝣目、蜚蠊目、直翅目、半翅目、同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目、蚤目和膜翅目等10目481种昆虫的核型进行了研究,主要集中在蝗虫、蝽类、蚜虫、蚕类、果蝇、摇蚊及实蝇等。在染色体行为方面的研究主要有：蚕类和果蝇等有丝分裂;蜚蠊类、蝗类、蝽类和蚕类的减数分裂及性别决定机制;部分昆虫的联会复合体分析。染色体结构变异的研究主要集中在果蝇和蚊类昆虫的唾腺染色体;果蝇的B染色体;蚕类和蚊类昆虫染色体的缺失、易位和倒位等变异;蚕蛾类的数量变异。研究结果多应用于昆虫系统分类和进化的探讨,揭示昆虫遗传与变异规律。通过与国外研究成果对比,提出昆虫染色体研究的必要性,并对我国未来昆虫染色体研究进行了展望。