菊花的化学成分研究

通过硅胶、Sephadex LH-20反复柱层析、纯化,从菊花的乙醇提取物中分离得到14个化合物,利用波谱方法分离鉴定为香叶木素(chrysoeriol,1),木犀草素(luteolin,2),芹菜素(apigenin,3),香叶木素7-O--βD-葡萄糖苷(chrysoeriol 7-O--βD-glucopyranoside,4),木犀草素7-O--βD-葡萄糖苷(luteolin 7-O--βD-glucopyranoside,5),金合欢素7-O--βD-葡萄糖苷(acacetin 7-O--βD-glucopyranoside,6),刺槐苷(acacetin 7-O--βD-glucopyranosyl(6→1)--αL-rhamnopy-ranoside,7),金合欢素7-O-(6″-O-乙酰)--βD-葡萄糖苷(acacetin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl)--βD-glucopyranoside,8),金合欢素(acacetin,9),山奈酚(kaempferol,10),异泽兰黄素(eupatilin,11),大黄素(emodin,12),大黄酚(chrysophanol,13)和大黄素甲醚(physcion,14)。其中化合物8~14均为首次从菊花中分离得到。     

菊花中一个新的多糖的研究

通过热水提取、离子交换层析和凝胶层析,从菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)中分离得到一个新的多糖.根据糖组成分析、甲基化分析、高碘酸氧化、部分酸水解和NMR谱图分析,确定其结构如下:[→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Galp-(1→6)-Galp-(1]→F3L2Araf-(1→5)-Araf-(1→4)-Glcp-(1→4)-Glcp1→6 F3[→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Galp-(1→4)-Ga6p-(1→6)-Galp-(1]→n     

菊花中一个新的多糖的研究

通过热水提取、离子交换层析和凝胶层析,从菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat．)中分离得到一个新的多糖。根据糖组成分析、甲基化分析、高碘酸氧化、部分酸水解和NMR谱图分析,确定其结构如下：     

黄山贡菊的组织培养与快速繁殖

1　植物名称　菊 (Ｃｈｒｙｓａｎｔｈｅｍｕｍｍｏｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ)品种黄山贡菊。2　材料类别　茎尖。3　培养条件　 (1 )诱导愈伤组织培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 3ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) ＮＡＡ 0 .1 ;(2 )丛生芽增殖培养基 :ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 0 .5 ;(3 )生根培养基 :1 /2ＭＳ。上述培养基均加入 0 .8%琼脂和 3 %的蔗糖 ,ｐＨ值为 6 .0 ,在 1 2 1℃高温高压下灭菌 3 0ｍｉｎ。培养温度为 (2 4± 2 )℃ ,光照时间 1 2ｈ·ｄ- 1 ,光照度为 2 0 0 0ｌｘ。4　生长与分化情况4.1　愈伤组织的诱导　从无病虫害、生长健壮的植株上选取茎尖 ,用稀释 …     

Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium

A methanol extract from the flower heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium showed a suppressive effect on umu gene expression of the SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 against the mutagen 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide). The methanol extract was re-extracted with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The ethyl acetate fraction showed a suppressive effect. Suppressive compounds in the ethyl acetate fraction were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified as the flavonoids acacetin (1), apigenin (2), luteolin (3), and quercetin (4) by EI-MS, IR, and (1)H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 suppressed the furylfuramide-induced SOS response in the umu test. Compounds 1-4 suppressed 60.2, 75.7, 90.0, and 66.6% of the SOS-inducing activity at a concentration of 0.70 micromol/ml. The ID50 (50% inhibitory dose) values of 1-4 were 0.62, 0.55, 0.44, and 0.59 micromol/ml. These compounds had the suppressive effects on umu gene expression of the SOS response against other mutagens, 4-nitroquinolin 1-oxide (4NQO) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which do not require liver-metabolizing enzymes. These compounds also showed the suppression of SOS-inducing activity against the other mutagens aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), which require liver-metabolizing enzymes, and UV irradiation. In addition to the antimutagenic activities of these compounds against furylfuramide, Trp-P-1 and activated Trp-P-1 were also assayed by the Ames test using S. typhimurium TA100.     

MicroRNA Expression Profile during Aphid Feeding in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression, affecting many biological processes. As yet, their roles in the response of chrysanthemum to aphid feeding have not been explored. Here, the identity and abundance of miRNAs induced by aphid infestation have been obtained using high-throughput Illumina sequencing platform. Three leaf small RNA libraries were generated, one from plants infested with the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanbourni (library A), one from plants with mock puncture treatment (library M), and the third from untreated control plants (library CK). A total of 7,944,797, 7,605,251 and 9,244,002 clean unique reads, ranging from 18 to 30 nucleotides (nt) in length, were obtained from library CK, A and M, respectively. As a result, 303 conserved miRNAs belonging to 276 miRNAs families and 234 potential novel miRNAs were detected in chrysanthemum leaf, out of which 80, 100 and 79 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in the comparison of CK-VS-A, CK-VS-M and M-VS-A, respectively. Several of the differentially abundant miRNAs (in particular miR159a, miR160a, miR393a) may be associated with the plant''s response to aphid infestation.     

亳菊花中黄酮类化合物的分离鉴定

菊花为菊科植物菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)的干燥头状花序,为了进一步揭示药理活性的物质基础,为该中药的开发利用和质量评价提供依据,安徽亳州亳菊花中的黄酮类化合物进行了系统研究.毫菊经醇提、萃取、硅胶柱层析与纯化得到4个黄酮类化合物.通过理化常数和波谱解析鉴定了其中3个化舍物的结构,分别为:芹菜素-7-甲醚(Apigenin-7-methyl ether)(Ⅰ)、芹菜素(Apigenin)(Ⅱ)和未犀草素(Luteolin)(Ⅲ),另外1个化合物的结构尚在鉴定中.上述3个化合物均为首次从该植物中分到的已知合物.     

菊花多糖的研究进展

菊花多糖是菊花中重要的活性成分,日益受到人们的重视。文章介绍了菊花多糖的结构、提取、分离、纯化、测定方法、生物活性等的研究进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望,为深入研究菊花多糖提供参考。     

Uptake and distribution of the growth retardant, aminozide, in relation to control of latera shoot elongation in Chrysanthemum morifolium

The uptake, stability and redistribution of the plant growth retardant, aminozide, in ‘pinched’ plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Lemon Princess Anne were examined in relation to control of lateral shoot elongation. Foliar uptake was most rapid over the first few hours, and was almost complete within 72 h. More of the available aminozide was taken up by the young lateral shoots than by older foliage on the main stem. The aminozide content of entire plants generally remained constant over several weeks, indicating that the compound was relatively stable within the plant. The time scale and pattern of redistribution of foliar- and root-applied aminozide suggests that the compound may be translocated in both phloem and xylem. Spray application to young lateral shoots was as effective in controlling their elongation as application to all aerial organs. Basipetal transport of aminozide from lateral shoots was slight. The results are discussed in relation to the site of action of the compound and to its application in commercial practice.     

热激锻炼诱导菊花耐热性研究

以菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)叶片和花瓣为试验材料,在38℃下对其进行5 h的热激锻炼,再于50℃下分别进行0、0.5、1.0、1.5、3.0 h的高温胁迫,然后对其细胞膜透性、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白质含量动态变化及5′-核苷酸酶的活性进行了测定.结果表明,热锻炼的菊花叶片电解质渗漏率相对较小,叶片叶绿素含量比对照下降的慢,5′-核苷酸酶活性比对照高,MDA含量也相对较低,而且花瓣中可溶性蛋白质保持了相对较高的含量,说明热锻炼诱导菊花获得了一定的耐热性.     

An Effect of Copper Deficiency on the Initiation and Development of Flower Buds of Chrysanthemum morifolium Grown in Solution Culture

The effects of various levels of copper on the initiation anddevelopment of flower buds in two cuhivars of Chrysanthemummorifolium grown in solution culture have been examined. Plantswere harvested at regular intervals during a short-day photoperiod,and buds scored according to an arbitrary 22-stage scale offlower development. A critical level of copper has been determinedbelow which flower bud initiation is much retarded.     

Polyamine metabolism,floral initiation and floral development in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

In the short-day plant Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. variety Pavo) putrescine and spermidine conjugates appeared in the apical bud before the first observable transformation of the meristem into floral structures. These compounds accumulated on floral initiation and well before floral evocation. Spermidine conjugates were predominant during floral initiation whereas free amines did not accumulate to any significant extent. Different associations of amides were observed during floral initiation as compared with the reproductive phase. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine conjugates (water-insoluble compounds) were the predominant amine conjugates observed during flower development. These compounds decreased drastically after fertilization. In vegetative buds from plants grown in long days polyamine conjugates were very low and appeared as plants aged. We present evidence that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) regulates putrescine biosynthesis during floral initiation and floral development. When ODC action was blocked by DFMO (-DL-difluoromethylornithine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ODC), flowering was inhibited, and free and conjugated polyamines were not detected. This treatment led to a slight enhancement of ADC activity. When putrescine was added, polyamine titers and flowering were restored. A similar treatment with DFMA (-DL difluoromethylarginine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ADC) did not affect flowering and the polyamine titers. The results suggest that ODC and polyamine conjugates are involved in regulating floral initiation in Chrysanthemum.Abbreviations ADC arginine decarboxylase - ODC ornithine decarboxylase - DFMA -DL-difluoromethylarginine - DFMO -DL-difluoromethylornithine     

Pigment Production by Cultured Florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Individual florets (4–5 mm long) of a purple cultivar(Fandango) of the horticultural chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemummorifolium Ramat) were taken from flower buds just prior toopening and cultured in a sterile liquid medium (containinginorganic salts and sucrose) at 15 °C under a 12-h day.For the first 14 days increase in wet weight was exponential.Anthocyanin appeared on the third day and was then synthesizedrapidly. Chlorophyll and carotenoid were present initially:carotenoid levels rose quickly while chlorophyll remained almostconstant. Highest pigment content and most growth were foundwhen the florets were grown on 3 per cent sucrose. However,the highest anthocyanin concentration was found with 4 per centsucrose, the highest carotenoid concentration with 0.6 per centsucrose. No anthocyanin was produced when the florets were grownat 6 or 30 °C; maximum yield was at 15 °C. Most carotenoidwas formed at 30 °C and most chlorophyll was found at 20–5°C. All florets from 1 to 7 mm long could be cultured. Theseresults are discussed in relation to flower colour and pigmentformation in vivo.     

不同品种菊花和贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量比较

目的测定并比较不同品种菊花和贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量。方法用高效液相色谱法测定木犀草素的含量。色谱柱为ODS柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸（体积比45：55：0．4）,检测波长为254nm,流速1．0mL／min。结果7个菊花样品的木犀草素含量,以贵州野菊花的木犀草素含量最高（3．876mg／g）,杭菊的木犀草素含量最低（0．302mg／g）。结论贵州产野菊花中木犀草素的含量均高于其他品种菊花,具有较高的药用价值。     

Genetic Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Underlying Flowering Time in Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

Flowering time is an important trait in chrysanthemum, but its genetic basis remains poorly understood. An intra-specific mapping population bred from the cross between the autumn-flowering cultivar ‘Yuhualuoying’ and the summer-flowering ‘Aoyunhanxiao’ was used to determine the number and relative effect of QTL segregating for five measures of flowering time. From flowering time data recorded over two consecutive seasons, 35 additive QTL were detected, each explaining between 5.8% and 22.7% of the overall phenotypic variance. Of these, 13 were detected in both years. Nine genomic regions harboring QTL for at least two of the five traits were identified. Ten pairs of loci epistatically determined the flowering time, but their contribution to the overall phenotypic variance was less than for the additive QTL. The results suggest that flowering time in chrysanthemum is principally governed by main effect QTL but that epistasis also contributes to the genetic architecture of the trait, and the major QTL identified herein are useful in our ongoing efforts to streamline the improvement of chrysanthemum via the use of molecular methodology.     

Daminozide Alters Anthocyanin Metabolism in Ray Florets of Bronze Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

Daminozide is a well-known chemical inhibitor of the gibberellic acid biosynthesis pathway regulating the vegetative growth of potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). However, the precise mechanism underlying daminozide-related floral color loss is unknown. To investigate the latter, in two separate greenhouse experiments, bronze flowering chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Baton Rouge’ and ‘Pelee’ were treated weekly with consecutive (0 or 5,000 mg l^?1) foliar daminozide spray applications at early, intermediate, and late stages during the short-day photoperiod. The ray florets of both cultivars were sampled, and the effect of daminozide application on anthocyanins and their biosynthetic precursors were determined by HPLC. Daminozide applied to ‘Baton Rouge’ plants at early developmental stages was correlated with partial loss of red color, and HPLC analysis determined that this was associated with a 75 % reduction in ray floret anthocyanins. Conversely, a near complete loss of red coloration in daminozide-sprayed ‘Pelee’ relative to control plants was associated with as much as a 98 % decline in anthocyanins, irrespective of the time of application. HPLC analysis determined that daminozide application was associated with a 22–50 % increase in the flavones apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, acacetin 7-O-rutinoside, diosmetin 7-O-rutinoside, and eupatorin, and a 68 % increase in the flavonol quercetin 3-O-glucoside, in ray florets of ‘Pelee’ relative to control plants. There was no relative change in ‘Baton Rouge’ flavone and flavonol levels. The accumulation of bronze C. morifolium flavones and flavonols following foliar daminozide application suggests that red color loss is associated with inhibition of anthocyanidin synthase of ‘Pelee’ ray florets.     

菊花R病毒杭白菊分离株全基因组序列测定与分析

杭白菊作为著名的中药“浙八味”之一,种植规模和产区不断扩大,但其病毒病的发生也日益严重,对其产量和品质造成严重影响。本研究利用双链RNA（double stranded RNA,dsRNA）和非序列依赖PCR扩增（sequence independent amplification,SIA）等方法,对感病杭白菊病原物进行鉴定,为杭白菊病毒病原的检测构建一套快速和简便的方法。结果表明,感病杭白菊被菊花R病毒（Chrysanthemum virus R,CVR）侵染,将其命名为CVR-TX。通过对其全基因组进行序列扩增与分析,获得其全长基因组为8 872 bp,编码6个ORF,具有Carlavirus属病毒的典型特征。基于全基因组核酸序列以及复制酶、外壳蛋白氨基酸的序列比对发现,CVR-TX与CVR-BJ同源性最高,分别为85.5%、96.0%和96.3%;与Carlavirus属其他病毒同源性分别在48.2%～54.4%、46.9%～55.3%和36.8%～59.5%,因此CVR被确定为一种新的Carlavirus属病毒。系统进化分析表明,基于全长基因组、复制酶（replicase）基因和外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）基因与CVR-BJ聚为一簇,亲缘性最近。本研究获得了CVR-TX的全长基因组,丰富了CVR的基因组信息,通过生物信息学分析明确其种属关系和区域变化情况,从而为建立CVR可靠灵敏的分子检测手段和有效的防控措施提供理论基础。     

菊花R病毒杭白菊分离株全基因组序列测定与分析

杭白菊作为著名的中药“浙八味”之一,种植规模和产区不断扩大,但其病毒病的发生也日益严重,对其产量和品质造成严重影响。本研究利用双链RNA（double stranded RNA,dsRNA）和非序列依赖PCR扩增（sequence independent amplification,SIA）等方法,对感病杭白菊病原物进行鉴定,为杭白菊病毒病原的检测构建一套快速和简便的方法。结果表明,感病杭白菊被菊花R病毒（Chrysanthemum virus R,CVR）侵染,将其命名为CVR-TX。通过对其全基因组进行序列扩增与分析,获得其全长基因组为8 872 bp,编码6个ORF,具有Carlavirus属病毒的典型特征。基于全基因组核酸序列以及复制酶、外壳蛋白氨基酸的序列比对发现,CVR-TX与CVR-BJ同源性最高,分别为85.5%、96.0%和96.3%;与Carlavirus属其他病毒同源性分别在48.2%～54.4%、46.9%～55.3%和36.8%～59.5%,因此CVR被确定为一种新的Carlavirus属病毒。系统进化分析表明,基于全长基因组、复制酶（replicase）基因和外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）基因与CVR-BJ聚为一簇,亲缘性最近。本研究获得了CVR-TX的全长基因组,丰富了CVR的基因组信息,通过生物信息学分析明确其种属关系和区域变化情况,从而为建立CVR可靠灵敏的分子检测手段和有效的防控措施提供理论基础。     

Isolation of Chrysartemins A and B as Rooting Cofactors in Chrysanthemum morifolium

From leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium two stimulants for root initiation in mung bean cuttings have been isolated and identified as chrysartemins A and B (I and II). These substances showed synergistic activity on rooting with indoleacetic acid and were proved to be constituents of the “cofactor 4” designated by Hess.     

‘神马’菊花花芽分化与内源多胺的关系

用薄层层析-荧光法测定菊花'神马'花芽分化期间顶芽和叶片中多胺的动态变化,分析了菊花花芽分化与多胺的关系.结果表明,花芽分化起始期顶芽中的腐胺(Put)含量急剧下降,此后在低水平上波动;叶片内Put则于总苞鳞片分化初期大幅上升,其后各阶段处于较低的水平.顶芽中精胺(Spm)与亚精胺(Spd)含量呈平行波动上升趋势,顶芽中Spin在小花原基分化初期直到花冠分化中期处于优势地位,而顶芽中Spd并无明显变化.顶芽、叶片中的Spin变化趋势相反,顶芽中Spm、Spd的含量变化趋势十分相似,但叶片中却呈交替性变化.结果显示,菊花花芽分化过程中,Put含量的降低有利于启动菊花花芽分化,后期Spm的增加有利于小花的分化,叶片可能向顶芽提供Spm,顶芽和叶片中的Spd与小花原基分化有密切关系.