Feeding ecology of the freshwater detritivore Ptychoptera paludosa (Diptera, Nematocera)

1. We examined selected aspects of the nutritional ecology of larval Ptychoptera paludosa and their role in nutrient cycling in the Breitenbach, a first-order stream in Hesse, Germany.
2. Food preference experiments demonstrated significant preference for sediments with a high organic matter content and live bacteria.
3. pH was circumneutral in all sections of the gut.
4. Enzymatic activity (β-glucosidase and amino-peptidase) in different parts of the gut was measured using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- D -glucopyranoside (MUF-Glc) and leucine-4-methylcoumarinyl-7-amide (Leu-MCA). β-glucosidase activity was highest in the hindgut.
5. The mean larval gut passage time was between 7 and 8 h.
6. The egestion rate of last instar larvae was about 0.35 mg dry weight (DW) faeces per larva h^–1 and about 1.25 mg ash-free dry weight (AFDW) faeces per mg larval AFDW day^–1.
7. Larval faeces contained at least 4–18 times more organic matter than the average in the sediments in which they were feeding, that is, larvae fed selectively, extracting organic matter from sediments.
8. P. paludosa larvae are important in the dynamics of detritus in slow-flowing reaches of the Breitenbach. They gather organic material from the sediment to a depth of 3 cm, and release it as faeces onto the sediment surface. A total of 770 g DW faeces m^–2 yr^–1, comprising about 16% organic matter, was produced by the Ptychoptera population.     

Inoculating poultry manure with companion bacteria influences growth and development of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae

The growth and development of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), larvae fed chicken manure inoculated with bacteria isolated from black soldier fly larvae and associated larval feed was evaluated. Four strains of Bacillus subtilis were evaluated. B. subtilis strains S15, S16, S19, were isolated from the gut of black soldier fly larvae. B. natto strain D1 was isolated from the diet fed to black soldier fly larvae. These bacteria were added individually into nonsterile 200 g fresh hen manure at 10(6) cfu/g and homogenized. Treated manure was then inoculated with 4-d old black soldier fly larvae. Prepupal weight ranged from 0.0606 g in the control to 0.0946 g in manure treated with the S15 strain. Larval survivorship to the prepupal stage in all treatments ranged from 98.00 ± 2.65% to 99.33 ± 1.15%. Prepupal survivorship to the pupal stage ranged from 91.92 ± 1.87% to 97.95 ± 1.03%. Adult emergence from the pupal stage did not significantly (P < 0.05) differ across treatments and ranged from 98.95 ± 1.82% to 100.00 ± 0.00%. Adult body length resulting from the larvae in each of the treatments was significantly greater than those from the control. Longevity of adults did not differ significantly between treatments. Time from hatching to the development of the first pupa did not differ significantly across treatments; however, development time from hatching to 90% reaching the prepupual stage was significantly different between treatments and ranged from 29.00 ± 1.00 d to 34.33 ± 3.51 d. Development time from hatching to 90% reaching the adult stages was significantly different between treatments. Our results demonstrate that inoculating poultry manure with bacteria from black soldier fly larvae influences the growth and development of conspecific larvae feeding on the manure.     

白星花金龟人为条件生物学与应用潜力

本文选取人工饲养的东亚飞蝗虫砂作为白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis Lewis幼虫饲料、成虫产卵基质进行人为条件下的生物学研究。测定了其在不同温度条件下各虫态发育历期、不同食物下成虫单雌产卵量、不同酵化周期条件下东亚飞蝗虫砂2龄、3龄幼虫的转化力;分析了幼虫虫体和虫砂的主要营养成分;实施了虫砂盆栽小白菜试验。结果显示,白星花金龟适宜的繁育温度为22~28℃,25℃全世代发育历期为126.62(±1.05)d;以11种水果为食料,成虫单雌产卵量顺序为:芒果>菠萝>葡萄>苹果>桃>梨>西瓜>甜瓜>李子>杏>西红柿,最高207粒,最低68粒;东亚飞蝗虫砂酵化周期与取食龄期的最佳对应组合分别为2龄30 d和3龄25 d,折合每转化100 g可增长2龄虫体3.04 g、产生虫砂81.90 g或3龄虫体4.37 g、虫砂74.48 g;3龄幼虫含蛋白质(53.8%)、脂肪(6.6%)、18种氨基酸(44.68%),是昆虫源高蛋白原料;虫砂含有机质(18.72%)和氮磷钾(5.95%)。盆栽小白菜试验表明,1 cm^2施用0.13 g,效果最佳。水果残余物作为白星花金龟成虫食物,东亚飞蝗虫砂作为成虫产卵基质和幼虫繁育饲料,保持适宜温光条件,可以实现白星花金龟周年繁育。白星花金龟虫体和虫砂在生态循环农业、医药等领域具有应用潜力。     

Gut expansion and contraction in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): a stiff system

Mite digestive processes are inferred from gut expansion and contraction time in the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese), estimated using a temporal series of histological sections. Gut regions (bar the rectal vesicle) behave broadly in unison for rapid initial filling (ingestion half-life about 2–3 min; max 8 min), but behave heterogeneously when slowly emptying (digestion/egestion half-life from about 2–3 h; max 8.5 h). Anterior gut regions fill and empty the earliest. Posterior gut regions take the longest to fill and to empty. Switching first from filling-predominating to emptying-predominating in the gut occurs around 2 h from the start of feeding. Median time for the initial completion of gut filling and for the commencement of gut emptying is 10 min and 12.5 h, respectively, from the start of feeding. Three phases of gut changes are critically discussed: rapid filling, concentration by fluid loss (via coxal glands), and slow emptying. Independent corroboration of coxal droplet formation is included. Predictions to confirm or refute postulated mechanisms of salivary, coxal or rectal water balance are given. Overall total gut filling (ingestion) plus gut emptying (digestion/egestion) time in this poikilotherm is approximately 29–52.5 h ( \(1^{+}-2^{+}\) days) at room temperature from the start of feeding on large dipteran prey ( \(\equiv 0.46-0.83\) gut emptyings per day). Pergamasus longicornis exhibits the stiff digestive system of an intermittent ‘bolus’ feeder.     

投喂水平对长吻 仔稚鱼生长和存活的影响

以长吻(鱼危)仔鱼为实验对象, 探讨不同投喂水平对7-14日龄阶段和21-29日龄阶段的长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼存活、生长以及鱼体组成的影响。7-14日龄阶段设计6个投喂水平, 分别为: 20、30、40、50、60和70 % IBW/d(IBW: initial body weight); 21-29日龄阶段设计6个投喂水平: 10、20、30、40、50、60 % IBW/d。实验结果表明: (1)投喂水平显著影响长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼的存活和生长(P0.05)。7-14日龄阶段, 投喂水平为30%-60% IBW/d处理组的仔鱼存活率显著高于20%与70 % IBW/d投喂组(P0.05)。特定生长率随投喂水平的增加显著上升, 以60% IBW/d投喂组最高(P0.05)。21-29日龄期间, 10% IBW/d投喂组存活率显著低于50% IBW/d投喂组(P0.05), 特定生长率(SGR)则显著低于其他各处理组(P0.05); (2)鱼体体长体重变异系数未受投喂水平的显著影响。鱼体产出与饲料投入之比、鱼体水分含量随投喂水平升高显著下降(P0.05), 粗蛋白含量则显著上升(P0.05); 粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异; (3)分别通过存活率和投喂水平做一元二次回归、特定生长率与投喂水平做折线回归得到7-14日龄阶段的仔鱼最适投喂水平为43 % IBW/d; 通过仔鱼存活率和特定生长率与饲料投喂水平做折线回归得到21-29日龄阶段的仔鱼最适投喂水平分别为30.62% IBW/d和28.41% IBW/d。       

Structure of the gut contents of Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) larvae fixed in situ in eggs of its host Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Trichogramma australicum larvae develop most rapidly in younger eggs of its host, the pest lepidopteran Helicoverpa armigera . To establish how the developmental stage of the host affects the diet of T. australicum , larvae were fixed in situ in eggs of H. armigera of different ages and the structure of the egg contents and parasitoid gut contents examined histologically. Larvae feeding on newly laid host eggs contain primarily yolk particles in their gut, while larvae feeding on older hosts contain necrotic cells and yolk particles. The gut of T. australicum larvae does not contain organised tissue remnants, indicating that larvae feed primarily by sucking food into their pharynx and feed best on a mixture of particulate semisolids in a liquid matrix. Secretory structures of T. australicum larvae that could be involved in modifying the host environment were examined. The hindgut is modified to form an anal vesicle with a number of attributes suggesting that it may be a specialised secretory structure. The paired salivary glands open to the exterior via a common duct.     

The retention of particles intercepted by a dense aggregation of lake-outlet suspension feeders

A thin film of water flowed vertically over the wooden planks impounding a eutrophic lake in Kent, United Kingdom. Suspension-feeding larvae of the blackfly Simulium noelleri Friederichs formed a carpet-like, dense aggregation over these planks and fed on the suspended particles (seston) carried from the lake. Yellow, fluorescent dye particles were used to model the abundant seston and to produce easily-identifiable bands across the gut contents of larvae. No bands were found in larvae that had been feeding for 3 h after the initial application, so egestion of the bands will have been complete by this time. Nevertheless, dye particles were found in the gut contents of larvae after 3 h and 6 h of feeding on natural seston, though quantities were small (approximately 8% of the initial concentration after 3 h and 2% after 6 h). Retention of particles at this site was thus surprisingly low.     

Effect of nematode Panagrellus redivivus density on growth, survival, feed consumption and carcass composition of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson) larvae

The study aimed to determine the optimum density of free‐living nematodes in feeding bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis, larvae. In the first experiment, carp stocked at 25 larvae L^?1 were fed varying levels of nematodes (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 per ml) twice a day for 21 days from the start of exogenous feeding. Final body weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in larvae fed 125 and 150 nematodes per ml than in those fed 50 and 75 per ml, but survival was low (61.8 and 63.6%, respectively). Survival rate was highest in larvae fed 100 nematodes ml^?1 (81.3%). Carcass analysis showed that larvae fed 125 and 150 nematodes ml^?1 had significantly lower body protein and higher body lipid than those fed other nematode densities. Carcass ash was similar for larvae fed 50–100 nematodes ml^?1 but it decreased significantly at the higher nematode densities. Carp larvae in a subsequent experiment were given 50, 75 and 100 nematodes ml^?1 per feeding. Newly hatched Artemia was the control feed. Nematode consumption and growth of the larvae were determined. Larvae were sampled at intervals of 2–4 days and the nematodes in the gut were counted and measured. At each nematode density, the number of nematodes present in the gut of the larvae increased significantly with time. At each sampling day, the number of nematodes in the gut did not differ significantly among treatments (P > 0.05) although it tended to increase with nematode density at day 2 and day 4 but decrease at day 7 onward. The carp larvae consumed significantly shorter nematodes on day 2 and day 4 than on the succeeding sampling days regardless of nematode density. However, the length of nematodes in the gut of the larvae did not differ significantly among the nematode densities. The final body weight of larvae increased with increasing nematode density. The body weight of larvae fed 100 nematodes ml^?1 did not differ significantly from that of larvae given Artemia nauplii. Results show that bighead carp larvae should be fed 100 free‐living nematodes per ml at each feeding time.     

黄河三角洲两种水盐生境下芦苇植被根系特征差异研究

为了研究芦苇在黄河三角洲潮水和淡水两种生境条件下的生长差异,特别是根系生态特征差异,分别在潮水区和淡水区选取长势均匀的芦苇群落,测量不同土层电导率、pH值,芦苇株高、密度、茎叶及不同土层主根、须根生物量、离子含量等指标.结果表明,两个区域的表层土壤(0—10 cm)电导率均大于下层土壤,并在20—30 cm土层处电导率...     

Energetics of the suspension feeding mosquito larva Culex torrentium

During a six-day period the energetics of the suspension feeding larvae of the mosquito Culex torrentium were studied. An experimental assessment of ingestion, growth and respiration were made at near to field conditions. Assimilation and egestion were calculated and an energy budget for an average larva during the experimental period was established. Gut retention time was measured by marking the gut content with charcoal. Organic carbon in the gut contents, of larvae feeding on natural food, and in the tissues (i.e. to establish growth from 2nd and 4th instar) were measured by an elemental analyser. Oxygen consumption was measured as a decrease in volume of a closed system where the respired carbon dioxide was absorbed by KOH. Only 1.6% of ingested organic carbon was assimilated. The ratio between respiration and growth was 13.8. The high value of the ratio is suggested to occur because of the very active behaviour of the larvae. The results are discussed in relation to the energetics of other aquatic primary consumers (Simuliidae and Trichoptera).     

Metallothionein induction in early larval stages of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)

Amounts of whole-body metallothionein (MT) in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae increased to a peak (1,500 ng mg(-1) protein) 1 d after hatching (H1), decreased rapidly thereafter, and was maintained at a constant level (700 ng mg(-1)) 3 d after hatching (H3). Waterborne Cd(2+) could stimulate MT expression in newly hatched (H0) larvae in dose-dependent and time-dependent patterns. H0 larvae, which were treated with 35 microg L(-1) Cd(2+) for 24 h, showed a 1.7-fold increase in the MT amount (174.0+/-64.7) and a 6. 5-fold increase in accumulated Cd(2+) but no significant change in Ca(2+) content, compared with the H0 control (MT, 102.6+/-48.1). H3 larvae with the same treatment revealed about a 10-fold increase in accumulated Cd(2+), a 10% decrease in Ca(2+) content, but no change in MT (261.2+/-120.0), compared with the H3 control (MT, 330+/-74.0). H0 larvae could synthesize more MT to bind Cd(2+) for detoxification in 35 microg L(-1) Cd(2+), a dose that would not affect normal physiology or survival of H0 larvae. On the other hand, 35 microg L(-1) Cd(2+) caused H3 larvae to experience hypocalcemia, an abnormal physiological condition, in which H3 larvae could not synthesize sufficient MT, thus causing greater than 25% mortality. These results indicate for the first time that the inducibility of MT by waterborne Cd(2+) is development dependent, being correlated with inconsistent sensitivities to Cd(2+) during larval development.     

Physiological and behavioral responses of the mud snails Hydrobia glyca and Hydrobia ulvae to extreme water temperatures and salinities: implications for their spatial distribution within a system of temperate lagoons

Physiological responses (oxygen consumption) and behavioral responses (feeding and activity) of the mud snails Hydrobia ulvae and Hydrobia glyca at different salinities (20 per thousand-80 per thousand) and temperatures (20 degrees and 30 degrees C) were studied. After 24 h under experimental conditions, both Hydrobia species already showed maximal activities (>90%) for a wide salinity range (30 per thousand-70 per thousand), with significant differences in activity between species only outside the usual salinity range of the studied lagoon. In contrast, egestion rates of H. glyca were significantly higher at the lowest salinities tested (30 per thousand and 40 per thousand) irrespective of water temperature, whereas egestion rates of H. ulvae were always significantly higher (57% on average) at 20 degrees C than at 30 degrees C and at the usual salinities found in the field (40 per thousand and 50 per thousand). Both species showed an oxyregulatory response to dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from saturation to 1.5 mg O(2) L(-1), although specific oxygen consumption rates were significantly higher at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C (Q(10)=1.47+/-0.08 for H. ulvae and Q(10)=12.1+/-0.06 for H. glyca) and at the lowest salinities (30 per thousand-50 per thousand for H. ulvae and 30 per thousand-40 per thousand for H. glyca). On average, specific rates were higher for the smaller-sized H. glyca (1.64+/-0.03 microg O(2) mg(-1) ash-free dry weight [AFDW]) than for H. ulvae (1.35+/-0.03 microg O(2) mg(-1) AFDW). Despite the overlapping of their tolerances to high temperatures and salinities, the observed interspecies differences could play a certain role in the distribution of H. ulvae and H. glyca in the studied habitat. In particular, the decreasing feeding activity but increasing respiration of H. ulvae at 30 degrees C for salinities that usually occur in the studied lagoon could represent disadvantages to H. glyca during the warm period.     

Assessing the potential for cadmium phytoremediation with Calamagrostis epigejos: a pot experiment

A pot experiment was conducted for three vegetation periods on a sandy soil (pH 7.5) to study the uptake and distribution of Cd in plant tissues of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth. Cadmium was applied as CdCl2 (a total of 11 solution of 0, 20. 100, and 200 mg Cd l(-1)). HNO3- and water-extractable concentrations of Cd in 2- and 20-cm soil depths were correlated with the applied Cd showing that Cd was very mobile in the soil. The uptake of Cd from soil by Calamagrostis epigejos was directly related to the total soil Cd content and to the water-soluble pool of Cd. The concentrations of Cd in plant tissues (roots, rhizomes, leaves) and litter increased with increased applied Cd. Most of the Cd that was taken up was accumulated in roots (range from 1.88+/-0.42 to 40.96+/-16.71 mg kg(-1) dry mass), followed by rhizomes (0.52+/-0.13 to 25.70+/-6.35 mg kg(-1)) and leaves (0.30+/-0.06 to 9.20+/-1.93 mg kg(-1)). Cd concentrations of the litter were about twofold greater than the concentrations in the leaves (0.67+/-0.07 to 18.98+/-7.00 mg kg(-1)). The bioaccumulation factor (leaf/soil concentration ratio) increased significantly from 0.70+/-0.10 (control) to 1.1+/-0.17 (100 mg Cd l(-1)), but decreased again at the highest Cd level (200 mg Cd l(-1)) toward 0.74+/-0.34, which was not significantly different from the control. The low transfer of Cd from soil to above-ground organs at higher soil Cd concentrations indicates an exclusion mechanism. The leaf/root Cd concentration ratio (translocation factor) shows no significant relationship to increasing soil contamination. Only 4-7% of the total plant Cd was accumulated in the above-ground tissues. The phytoextraction potential (total Cd removed from soil) within three growing seasons ranged from 0.11 to 0.25% of the total soil Cd. Total output in above-ground living and dead plant material of C. epigejos would be approximately 20 g ha(-1) a(-1) for the lowest contamination level (+20 mg Cd per pot) and approximately 275 g ha(-1) a(-1) for the highest contamination level (+200 mg Cd per pot). This is within the range where an application for phytoextraction of Cd has been suggested by other authors. However, we conclude that the practical use of C. epigejos for phytoremediation is not mainly in the field of phytoextraction, but phytostabilization. C. epigejos has the capability to structurally stabilize the soil and reduce Cd contamination spread due to erosion. The uptake of the available Cd pool and accumulation in below-ground biomass may further prevent leaching into ground water.     

Effect of delayed first feeding on development and feeding ability of Paralabrax maculatofasciatus larvae

The impact of delayed feeding early in development on late feeding ability and development of spotted sand bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus larvae was examined. Larvae were sampled from hatching until day 19 after delayed feeding for zero (control), 1, 2, or 3 days. Feeding incidence was evaluated as the percentage of larvae with food in the gut and feeding intensity was measured by direct counting of prey after dissection of the gut. Delayed feeding effects due to starvation were observed early in development. By day 5, significant differences ( P  < 0·05) were observed between controls and larvae submitted to degrees of delayed feeding, including total length ( L _T), eye diameter, and the size of the head, liver, gut, muscles and body. Differences were still apparent in L _T, and body, liver and muscle heights at the end of the studied period. Larvae under total starvation did not survive beyond day 5. Initial feeding incidence was 35, 60, 90 and 10% for larvae first fed on day 2, 3, 4 or 5, respectively. Mean ±  s . d . feeding intensity was 3·6 ± 0·8, 2·8 ± 1·3, 5·2 ± 0·3, and 10·2 ± 1·5 rotifers per larva depending on whether larvae were initially fed on day 2, 3, 4 or 5, respectively. The point of no return occurred between 4 and 5 days after hatching.     

The ontogeny of physiological response to light intensity in early stage spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) larvae

Early stage phyllosoma larvae of the spiny rock lobster Jasus edwardsii were examined for swimming speed, feeding, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion as instantaneous performance indicators when exposed to different irradiance levels. Swimming speed was measured in recently hatched Stage I larvae while all other parameters were measured in larvae from hatch to mid-Stage V. The swimming speed of recently hatched Stage I phyllosoma increased logarithmically between light intensities of 2.9 x 10(14) and 1.8 x 10(16) quanta s(-1) cm(-2) indicating that, within this range, swimming activity was only suppressed at the lowest irradiance level. Larvae examined under dark (no light) conditions showed lower feed intake, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion than larvae under low (7.7 x 10(12) q s(-1) cm(-2)) and high (3.9 x 10(14) q s(-1) cm(-2)) light intensities, and this was a consistent pattern observed throughout development from hatch to Stage V. There was no difference in feeding, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion between larvae exposed to low and high light intensities. However, from mid-Stage I to mid-Stage V, the metabolic feeding efficiency (feed intake:oxygen consumption ratio) was consistently higher in larvae exposed to low light intensity than in phyllosoma assessed in the dark and under high irradiance. A light intensity of about 7.7 x 10(12) quanta s(-1) cm(-2) and no higher than 3.9 x 10(14) quanta s(-1) cm(-2) is recommended to stimulate feeding and optimise metabolic feeding efficiency in early larval stages of J. edwardsii.     

Co-option and dissociation in larval origins and evolution: the sea urchin larval gut

SUMMARY The origin of marine invertebrate larvae has been an area of controversy in developmental evolution for over a century. Here, we address the question of whether a pelagic "larval" or benthic "adult" morphology originated first in metazoan lineages by testing the hypothesis that particular gene co-option patterns will be associated with the origin of feeding, indirect developing larval forms. Empirical evidence bearing on this hypothesis is derivable from gene expression studies of the sea urchin larval gut of two closely related but differently developing congenerics, Heliocidaris tuberculata (feeding indirect-developing larva) and H. erythrogramma (nonfeeding direct developer), given two subsidiary hypotheses. (1) If larval gut gene expression in H. tuberculata was co-opted from an ancestral adult expression pattern, then the gut expression pattern will remain in adult H. erythrogramma despite its direct development. (2) Genes expressed in the larval gut of H. tuberculata will not have a coordinated expression pattern in H. erythrogramma larvae due to loss of a functional gut. Five structural genes expressed in the invaginating archenteron of H. tuberculata during gastrulation exhibit substantially different expression patterns in H. erythrogramma with only one remaining endoderm specific. Expression of these genes in the adult of H. erythrogramma and larval gut of H. tuberculata , but not in H. erythrogramma larval endoderm, supports the hypothesis that they first played roles in the formation of adult structures and were subsequently recruited into larval ontogeny during the origin and evolution of feeding planktotrophic deuterostome larvae.     

Use of two formulations and two application techniques to deliver Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for the control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and adults in poultry houses

A field study was carried out for 6 wks to assess, from both an efficiency and economic perspective, the effect of individual and integrated success of feeding and topical applications of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in controlling house fly (Musca domestica L.) larvae and adults in poultry houses. There was no significant difference between the 1 g and 2 g L^?1 spray applications of Bti. In the absence of spray applications, no significant differences in larval mortalities were observed between the 250 mg and 500 mg kg^?1 feed applications. The percentage mortality of larvae accomplished as a result of using a combination of 250 mg kg^?1Bti feed and 2 g L^?1 spray applications was equivalent to that obtained as a result of combining 500 mg kg^?1Bti and 1g L^?1 spray applications. Treatment with Bti caused significant reductions in the emergence (up to 74%) of house fly adults compared to the control. The fact that the emergence of adult house flies was affected by Bti treatments implies that Bti has sublethal effects on house fly larvae. The cost–benefit analysis (expressed in terms of mortality of larvae growing) indicated that the most effective combination for house fly larvae and adult house fly emergence control was the 500 mg kg^?1 of feed and 2 g L^?1 spray application combination that resulted in 67% larval mortality and a 74% decrease in adult house fly emergence. This study presents commercial users with various alternatives for possible combinations of the two Bti formulations.     

枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆后对家蝇的饲养效果

作物秸秆是重要的农业资源,为有效利用作物秸秆,本文利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,配制成人工饲料来饲养家蝇。从菌液加入量和发酵天数来考察对家蝇饲养效果的影响,结果表明:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量为3 mL(3.2×10~(11)cfu/mL),发酵天数3d时对家蝇饲养效果较好,幼虫质量为16.91g,与不加菌液的对照组(13.30g)相比存在显著性差异(P0.05)。经过枯草芽胞杆菌发酵和家蝇幼虫处理后,玉米秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的绝对含量都显著降低(P0.05)。经过家蝇取食后的饲料残渣,经检测,有机质等均达到国家标准。最优家蝇饲料配方为:枯草芽胞杆菌菌液加入量3mL(3.2×10~(11) cfu/mL),发酵天数3d,玉米秸秆和麦麸各125g,每250g饲料添加初孵幼虫200mg。本研究利用枯草芽胞杆菌发酵玉米秸秆,提高其营养价值,并进一步饲养家蝇,为秸秆的资源化利用和家蝇规模化饲养奠定了基础。     

Acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) associated with corn inoculated with Spirillum.

Sorghum and corn breeding lines were grown in soil in field and greenhouse experiments with and without an inoculum of N2-fixing in Spirillum strains from Brazil. Estimated rates of N2 fixation associated with field-grown corn and sorghum plants were less than 4 g of N2/ha per day. The mean estimated N2-fixation rates determined on segments of roots from corn inoculated with Spirillum and grown in the greenhouse at 24 to 27 degrees C were 15 g of N2/ha per day (16 inbreds), 25 g of N2/ha per day (six hybrids), and 165 g of N2/ha per day for one hybird which was heavily inoculated. The corresponding mean rates determined from measurements of in situ cultures of the same series of corn plants (i.e., 16 inbreds, six hybrids, and one heavily inoculated hybrid) were 0.4, 2.3, and 1.1 g of N2/ha per day, respectively. Lower rates of C2H2 reduction were associated with control corn cultures which had been treated with autoclaved Spirillum than with cultures inoculated with live Spirillum. No C2H2 reduction was detected in plant cultures treated with ammonium nitrate. Numbers of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on excised roots of corn plants increased an average of about 30-fold during an overnight preincubation period, and as a result acetylene reduction assays of root samples after preincubation failed to serve as a valid basis for estimating N2 fixation by corn in pot cultures. Plants grown without added nitrogen either with or without inoculum exhibited severe symptoms of nitrogen deficiency and in most cases produced significantly less dry weight than those supplied with fixed nitrogen. Although substantial rates of C2H2 reduction by excised corn roots were observed after preincubation under limited oxygen, the yield and nitrogen content of inoculated plants and the C2H2-reduction rates by inoculated pot cultures of corn, in situ, provided no evidence of appreciable N2 fixation.     

延迟投饵对厚颌鲂仔鱼的影响

在室内养殖条件下,研究厚颌鲂仔鱼的摄食、耐饥饿和恢复生长能力.试验结果表明:(1)仔鱼在孵出后2～3 d开口摄食,卵黄囊在之后的2 d耗尽,饥饿仔鱼在12～13日龄达到不可逆点(PNR);(2)饥饿仔鱼的初次摄食率在卵黄囊耗尽时达到最高,保持在80%以上的时间为7 d;(3)仔鱼在PNR后死亡率急剧增加,PNR后第3 d仔鱼全部死亡;(4)经恢复生长试验,延迟3 d投饵对仔鱼的存活率影响不大,延迟3～6 d投饵对仔鱼全长生长影响不大.