Cloning and characterization of Ehox,a novel homeobox gene essential for embryonic stem cell differentiation

We report here the identification and characterization of a novel paired-like homeobox-containing gene (Ehox). This gene, identified in embryonic stem (ES) cells, is differentially expressed during in vitro ES cell differentiation. We have assessed Ehox function using the ES cell in vitro differentiation system. This has involved molecular and biological analyses of the effects of sense or antisense Ehox expression (using episomal vectors) on ES cell differentiation. Analysis of antisense Ehox-expressing ES cells indicates that they are unable to express marker genes associated with hematopoietic, endothelial, or cardiac differentiation following removal of leukemia inhibitory factor. In contrast, overexpression of Ehox using the sense construct accelerated the appearance of these differentiation markers. ES cell self-renewal and differentiation assays reveal that inhibition of Ehox activity results in the maintenance of a stem cell phenotype in limiting concentrations of leukemia inhibitory factor and the almost complete impairment of the cardiomyocyte differentiation capacity of these cells. We therefore conclude that Ehox is a novel homeobox-containing gene that is essential for the earliest stages of murine ES cell differentiation.     

Cbfa1/Runx2与成骨细胞分化调控

成骨细胞是由间充质干细胞经骨原细胞和前成骨细胞分化而来的。近年来已鉴定转录因子Cbfal(core binding factor α1)是成骨细胞分化和骨形成的关键调控因子。在成骨细胞分化的过程中,Cbfal通过调控成骨细胞特异性细胞外基质蛋白基因的表达和成骨细胞周期参与成骨细胞的分化过程。新近发现Cbfal能通过自身的PST序列区域与Smads结合形成复合物共同参与成骨细胞的分化调控。     

Hepatic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells.

Murine embryonic stem (ES) cells can replicate indefinitely in culture and can give rise to all tissues, including the germline, when reimplanted into a murine blastocyst. ES cells can also be differentiated in vitro into a wide range of cell types. We have utilized a liver-specific marker to demonstrate that murine ES cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vitro. We have used ES cells carrying a gene trap vector insertion (I.114) into an ankyrin repeat-containing gene (Gtar) that we have previously shown provides an exclusive beta-galactosidase marker for the early differentiation of hepatocytes in vivo. beta-Galactosidase-positive cells were differentiated from I.114 ES cells in vitro. The identity of these cells was confirmed by the expression of the proteins alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, and transferrin and by the fact that they have an ultrastructural appearance consistent with that of embryonic hepatocytes. We propose that this model system of hepatic differentiation in vitro could be used to define factors that are involved in specification of the hepatocyte lineage. In addition, human ES cells have recently been derived and it has been proposed that they may provide a source of differentiated cell types for cell replacement therapies in the treatment of a variety of diseases.     

Salvianolic acid B-vitamin C synergy in cardiac differentiation from embryonic stem cells

Inefficient cardiomyocyte differentiation limits the therapeutic use of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes. While large collections of proprietary chemicals had been screened to improve ES cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, the natural product library remained unexplored. Using a mouse ES cell line transfected with a cardiomyocyte-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter, we screened 24 natural products with known cardioprotective actions. Salvianolic acid B (saB), while produced minimal effect on its own, concentration-dependently synergized with vitamin C in inducing cardiomyocyte differentiation, as demonstrated by an increase in EGFP⁺ cells, beating area in embryoid bodies, and expression of cardiomyocyte maturity markers. This synergy is specific to cardiomyocyte differentiation, and is involved with collagen synthesis. The present study demonstrates the saB-vitamin C synergy in inducing ES cell differentiation into matured and functional cardiomyocytes, and this may lead to a practicable cocktail approach to generate ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac stem cell therapy.     

ISL1与PHF8相互作用促进小鼠胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞的分化

近年的研究发现,在心肌细胞分化过程中,转录因子可以与表观修饰蛋白质结合进行更为精细的转录调控.作为转录因子的胰岛素基因增强子结合蛋白1（islet1, ISL1）,在心血管发育过程中发挥至关重要的作用.然而, ISL1是否能够与表观修饰蛋白质相互作用,从而发挥更为精细的调控作用,目前尚未明确.本室研究发现,ISL1在小鼠胚胎干细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中,能够与组蛋白去甲基化酶PHD指蛋白8(PHF8)相互作用从而促进分化. 实时RT-PCR和Western 印迹的方法检测显示,ES细胞向心肌细胞分化过程中ISL1和PHF8具有相似的表达谱.通过免疫共沉淀的方法检测分化过程中ISL1与PHF8的结合,通过染色质免疫沉淀的方法对二者在ISL1下游靶基因增强子区的结合水平进行检测,利用实时RT-PCR检测二者的相互结合对心肌细胞分化的影响.结果显示,ISL1能够与PHF8相互作用,共同结合在ISL1下游靶基因Mef2c和Myocd的增强子区,协同促进ES细胞向心肌细胞的分化.本研究证实,在心肌细胞分化过程中,ISL1存在与表观修饰蛋白质PHF8的相互作用,从而进一步促进心肌细胞的分化.     

Endothelial cells regulate cardiomyocyte development from embryonic stem cells

The molecules and environment that direct pluripotent stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes are largely unknown. Here, we determined a critical role of receptor tyrosine kinase, EphB4, in regulating cardiomyocyte generation from embryonic stem (ES) cells through endothelial cells. The number of spontaneous contracting cardiomyocytes, and the expression of cardiac‐specific genes, including α‐MHC and MLC‐2V, was significantly decreased in EphB4‐null ES cells. EphB4 was expressed in endothelial cells underneath contracting cardiomyocytes, but not in cardiomyocytes. Angiogenic inhibitors, including endostatin and angiostatin, inhibited endothelial cell differentiation and diminished cardiomyogenesis in ES cells. Generation of functional cardiomyocytes and the expression of cardiac‐specific genes were significantly enhanced by co‐culture of ES cells with human endothelial cells. Furthermore, the defects of cardiomyocyte differentiation in EphB4‐deficient ES cells were rescued by human endothelial cells. For the first time, our study demonstrated that endothelial cells play an essential role in facilitating cardiomyocyte differentiation from pluripotent stem cells. EphB4 signaling is a critical component of the endothelial niche to regulate regeneration of cardiomyocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 29–39, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Histone deacetylase activity is required for embryonic stem cell differentiation

Mammalian development requires commitment of cells to restricted lineages, which requires epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure. Epigenetic modifications were examined during in vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. Global histone acetylation, a euchromatin marker, declines dramatically within 1 day of differentiation induction and partially rebounds by day 2. Histone H3-Lys9 methylation, a heterochromatin marker, increases during in vitro differentiation. Conversely, the euchromatin marker H3-Lys4 methylation transiently decreases, then increases to undifferentiated levels by day 4, and decreases by day 6. Global cytosine methylation, another heterochromatin marker, increases slightly during ES cell differentiation. Chromatin structure of the Oct4 and Brachyury gene promoters is modulated in concert with their pattern of expression during ES cell differentiation. Importantly, prevention of global histone deacetylation by treatment with trichostatin A prevents ES cell differentiation. Hence, ES cells undergo functionally important global and gene-specific remodeling of chromatin structure during in vitro differentiation. genesis 38:32-38, 2004.     

Fibroblast growth factor-10 promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells

Background

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is essential to normal heart development. Yet, its contribution to cardiomyocyte differentiation from stem cells has not been systemically studied. In this study, we examined the mechanisms and characters of cardiomyocyte differentiation from FGF family protein treated embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We used mouse ES cells stably transfected with a cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC) promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and mouse iPS cells to investigate cardiomyocyte differentiation. During cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse ES cells, FGF-3, -8, -10, -11, -13 and -15 showed an expression pattern similar to the mesodermal marker Brachyury and the cardiovascular progenitor marker Flk-1. Among them, FGF-10 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. FGF-10 neutralizing antibody, small molecule FGF receptor antagonist PD173074 and FGF-10 and FGF receptor-2 short hairpin RNAs inhibited cardiomyocyte differentiation. FGF-10 also increased mouse iPS cell differentiation into cardiomyocyte lineage, and this effect was abolished by FGF-10 neutralizing antibody or PD173074. Following Gene Ontology analysis, microarray data indicated that genes involved in cardiac development were upregulated after FGF-10 treatment. In vivo, intramyocardial co-administration of FGF-10 and ES cells demonstrated that FGF-10 also promoted cardiomyocyte differentiation.

Conclusion/Significance

FGF-10 induced cardiomyocyte differentiation from ES cells and iPS cells, which may have potential for translation into clinical applications.     

Kinetic expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) during embryonic stem cell differentiation

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) is widely used as a marker during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis from embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the expression of PECAM-1 isoforms in ES cells has not been determined. The present study was designed to determine the role of PECAM-1 isoforms during in vitro endothelial differentiation of ES cells. It was found that undifferentiated ES cells expressed high level of PECAM-1, which primarily located at cell-cell junction, but the expression of PECAM-1 was sharply down-regulated during early ES cell differentiation. In addition, undifferentiated ES cells were found the expressed all eight known alternatively spliced PECAM-1 isoforms, among them the expression of PECAM-1 isoforms lacking exon 15 or 14&15 was predominant. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of PECAM-1 isoform lacking exon 12&14&15 as vascular development of ES cells. These results indicate a constitutive expression of PECAM-1 in undifferentiated murine ES cells and suggest a developmental role of PECAM-1 isoform changes during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.     

Compactin enhances osteogenesis in murine embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into various cell types in vitro. In this study, we show that retinoic acid is important for the commitment of ES cells into osteoblasts. Culturing retinoic acid treated ES cells in the presence of the osteogenic supplements ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate resulted in the expression of several osteoblast marker genes, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin. However, there was only a slight amount of mineralized matrix secretion. Addition of bone morphogenic protein-2 or compactin, a drug of the statin family of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, resulted in a greatly enhanced formation of bone nodules. Compactin did not modify the expression of osteogenic markers, but at the late stage of differentiation promoted an increase in BMP-2 expression. These results establish ES-cell derived osteogenesis as an effective model system to study the molecular mechanisms by which the statin compactin promotes osteoblastic differentiation and bone nodule formation.     

Enhanced differentiation of embryonic stem cells using co-cultivation with hepatocytes

We examined the effects of co-cultivated hepatocytes on the hepatospecific differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. Utilizing an established mouse ES cell line expressing high or low levels of E-cadherin, that we have previously shown to be responsive to hepatotrophic growth factor stimulation (Dasgupta et al., 2005. Biotechnol Bioeng 92(3):257-266), we compared co-cultures of cadherin-expressing ES (CE-ES) cells with cultured rat hepatocytes, allowing for either paracrine interactions (indirect co-cultures) or both juxtacrine and paracrine interactions (direct co-cultures, random and patterned). Hepatospecific differentiation of ES cells was evaluated in terms of hepatic-like cuboidal morphology, heightened gene expression of late maturation marker, glucose-6-phosphatase in relation to early marker, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and the intracellular localization of albumin. Hepatocytes co-cultured with growth factor primed CE-ES cells markedly enhanced ES cell differentiation toward the hepatic lineage, an effect that was reversed through E-cadherin blockage and inhibited in control ES cells with reduced cadherin expression. Comparison of single ES cell cultures versus co-cultures show that direct contact co-cultures of hepatocytes and CE-ES cells maximally promoted ES cell commitment towards hepatodifferentiation, suggesting cooperative effects of cadherin-based juxtacrine and paracrine interactions. In contrast, E-cadherin deficient mouse ES (CD-ES) cells co-cultured with hepatocytes failed to show increased G6P expression, confirming the role of E-cadherin expression. To establish whether albumin expression in CE-ES cells was spatially regulated by co-cultured hepatocytes, we co-cultivated CE-ES cells around micropatterned, pre-differentiated rat hepatocytes. Albumin localization was enhanced "globally" within CE-ES cell colonies and was inhibited through E-cadherin antibody blockage in all but an interfacial band of ES cells. Thus, stem cell based cadherin presentation may be an effective tool to induce hepatotrophic differentiation by leveraging both distal/paracrine and contact/juxtacrine interactions with primary cells of the liver.     

RNA interference of the BMPR-IB gene blocks BMP-2-induced osteogenic gene expression in human bone cells

We have previously shown that human bone cells express bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB (BMPR-IB). However, little is known about the precise role of this receptor in the response of osteoblastic genes to the BMP in these cells. To determine BMPR-IB-dependent osteoblastic gene expression, the present study examined the effects of BMPR-IB knockdown on BMP-induced osteoblast-associated genes. BMPR-IB mRNA and protein were markedly suppressed by transfection of cells with BMPR-IB siRNA. Using three different bone cell samples, BMP-2 stimulation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), distal-less homeobox-5 (Dlx5) and core binding factor alpha-1 (Cbfa1) was found to be specifically and significantly reduced in the BMPR-IB siRNA-transfected cultures compared with that of control cultures. Our study has provided evidence that BMPR-IB-dependent signaling plays a crucial role in BMP-2 up-regulation of the ALP, OC, Dlx5 and Cbfa1 genes in bone cells, suggesting a pivotal role of this receptor in BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation in vitro. These findings thus suggest the possibility that BMPR-IB could be a therapeutic target for enhancing bone regeneration in vivo.