水深梯度对竹叶眼子菜生长和繁殖的影响

研究结果表明,水深决定了其生长区内竹叶眼子菜茎的长度,竹叶眼子菜茎叶比与水深有显著相关工：Ｙ＝０．００５１７Ｘ＋０．３１２６;竹叶眼子菜地上与地下部分生物量分配与水深没有相关性;沿着水深梯度,竹叶眼子菜的抽条数（无性繁殖）和花序数呈递减趋势。     

沉水植物竹叶眼子菜的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Miq.),又名马来眼子菜。2材料类别茎段。3培养条件(1)芽诱导培养基:MS+KT0.1mg·L-1(单位下同)+NAA0.05;(2)增殖培养基:MS+6-BA1+NAA0.05;(3)生根培养基:1/2MS+IBA0.5。     

竹叶眼子菜种子的萌发实验研究

竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)是长江中下游湖泊沉水植被中的优势种,在野外条件下主要依靠断枝繁殖,很少发现它的实生苗。在实验条件下对竹叶眼子菜进行了种子萌发研究,探讨了萌发基质、温度和光暗周期以及冷藏时间对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,干藏3个月后未处理种皮的种子发芽率极低,撕破种皮后显著地提高了种子发芽率。在水基质条件下,25℃最适宜竹叶眼子菜的萌发,光暗周期对种子发芽率有显著影响。冷藏6个月的种子发芽率最高,8个月时发芽率显著降低,表明竹叶眼子菜的种子不耐贮藏。还讨论了竹叶眼子菜种子休眠与萌发机制的生态学意义。     

光照、温度和氮对竹叶眼子菜生长的影响

实验选择长江中下游常见沉水植物竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Mig.),利用正交试验设计,通过室内静态模拟实验研究3种主要环境因子光照强度、温度、总氮浓度及其互作对竹叶眼子菜分苗生长的影响。结果表明:光照强度和温度为影响竹叶眼子菜生长的主效环境因子,且它们的交互作用对竹叶眼子菜生长有较为显著的影响;在2～8mg·L^-1的总氮浓度下,竹叶眼子菜均可以正常生长。观察结果可知,竹叶眼子菜在5320～12000lx光照强度、30℃、4～8mg·L^-1水体总氮浓度的条件下生长良好,竹叶眼子菜生长虽然对光照强度的要求较高,但其叶往往集中在水体表面形成冠层,能在透明度较低的水体中生长,加上对高温及高营养盐的耐受性较好,故推测竹叶眼子菜可作为夏季富营养化水体中恢复和重建沉水植被的先锋工具种。     

不同N、P浓度条件下竹叶眼子菜的生理反应

比较研究了不同氮、磷浓度条件（分别对应于寡营养、中营养、富营养和超营养4种水质状况）培养下竹叶眼子菜的可溶性糖含量、生物量、SOD和POD活性以及ATPase活性变化。在对照（寡营养）中生长的竹叶眼子菜的可溶性糖含量、生物量明显高于其他3组不同氮、磷浓度的处理;试验期间,SOD和ATPase的活性一般表现为先上升再下降的格局,POD则相反 ;SOD活性在第1周内上升,对照条件下活性最小;POD活性在前2周内下降,对照条件下下降幅度最小;叶绿体Mg^2 -ATPase活性在前3周内呈现上升格局,对照条件下表现出较低的活性,线粒体Mg^2 -ATPase活性在前2周出现上升格局,对照条件下该酶活性较低,但其峰值在第3周出现;叶绿体和线粒体Ca^2 -ATPase活性在前2周均呈现上升趋势,超富营养条件下该酶活性最大,且酶活性一般呈现随着氮、磷浓度升高而升高的格局。试验表明竹叶眼子菜比较适合寡营养和中营养水质条件,氮、磷浓度的升高将影响其生理功能,过高的营养条件对竹叶眼子菜是一种胁迫,可抑制其生长。竹叶眼子菜对氮、磷浓度变化虽有一定耐性,但耐性会随时间延长而变弱。     

竹叶眼子菜(POTAMOGETON MALAIANUS MIQ.)叶面积测定及与栽培密度的关系初探

通过人为控制种群密度的栽培实验 ,用叶特征度量估测单叶叶面积 ( AL)、用茎特征度量估测整株叶面积 ( AS) ,分析不同栽培密度对叶面积测定的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )叶长×叶宽 ( L× W)与单叶叶面积相关性最大 ;茎长×茎上叶片数 ( LS× NL)测定整株叶面积较为适宜。 ( 2 )随着栽培密度增大 ,叶片相对变长变窄 ,比叶面积则增加 ,平均整株叶面积相应减小。( 3)不同的栽培密度对叶片形状有明显影响 ,反映在不同密度处理条件下叶片的几何拟合图形不同。     

不同营养条件下竹叶眼子菜NH4^＋-N吸收动力学的初步研究

以竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)无菌系种苗为试验材料,研究了不同水体营养浓度水平(低营养:TN 0.213 mg·L-1,TP 0.0093 mg·L-1;中营养:TN 0.71 mg·L-1,TP 0.031 mg·L-1;高营养:TN 7.1 mg·L-1,TP 0.31 mg·L-1)对其生长与NH+4-N的吸收动力学参数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度水体营养对竹叶眼子菜生长的影响较小,而NH+4-N的吸收动力学参数有显著差异.竹叶眼子菜在高、中和低营养培养条件下的NH+4-N最大吸收速率Vmax分别为 41.1、 29.1、 21.1 μmol·g-1·h-1,米氏常数Km分别为 0.356、 0.306、 0.122 mmol·L-1.竹叶眼子菜营养吸收动力学与其生长环境关系紧密,在低浓度生长环境中时,竹叶眼子菜可以通过降低Km值来提高对营养离子的亲和力以满足营养需求;在高浓度生长环境中,该植物通过增大吸收潜力来适应高营养.     

The effect of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus

The effects of temperature, water level and burial depth on seed germination of two submerged species, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. There was no significant difference in final germination of M. spicatum among water level treatments, but P. malaianus germinations at 1 cm and 12 cm water levels were better than at 0 cm water level at temperatures of 20 °C and 30 °C. Little to no germination was observed for either species at the temperature of 10 °C. At 15 °C, however, germination increased significantly to 66.3-70.6% for M. spicatum and to 29.4-48.1% for P. malaianus under all three water level treatments. Increased temperature from 15 °C to 30 °C had no significant effect on the final germination of M. spicatum except at the 1 cm water level, but enhanced significantly the germination of P. malaianus. Analysis of the mean time to germination revealed that M. spicatum was a faster germinator relative to P. malaianus. The two species’ germination differed markedly in response to burial depth. Germination percentage of M. spicatum was 71.3% at 0 cm burial depth, but decreased to 5.0% and to 2.5% at depths of 1 cm and 2 cm, respectively; whereas germination percentages of P. malaianus were 40.0%, 23.8%, 12.5%, 7.5% and 1.3% at depths of 0 cm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm and 5 cm, respectively. We concluded that the two species respond differently to germination strategies. The findings provided further insight into how germination strategy contributes to the seed bank formation and species invasion.     

外源磷或有机质对板蓝根吸收转运砷的影响

采用土壤培养方法,研究了不同含砷水平土壤中添加外源磷或有机质对砷在板蓝根地下部和地上部累积与分配的影响。结果表明,在外源添加磷或者有机质的情况下,与自然土相比含砷土对板蓝根的生长有一定的促进作用;在自然土(13.4 mg/kg)中,外源磷没有明显影响板蓝根地下部对砷的累积,却显著降低了砷由地下部向地上部的转运,并且添加200 mg P2 O5/kg显著降低了砷在地上部的累积。然而,在含砷土(33.4 mg/kg)中,100 mg P2O5/kg处理显著降低了砷在地下部的累积,但随磷用量的增加反而促进了地下部砷的累积;在添加有机质试验中,10 g/kg的有机质显著降低了自然土中板蓝根地下部和地上部对砷的累积,并且砷的吸收能力也明显下降。在含砷土(23.4 mg/kg)中,添加5 g/kg的有机质不仅降低了砷在板蓝根中的富集,而且降低了其对砷的吸收能力,提高了砷由地下部向地上部的转运,但是随着有机质施用量增至10 g/kg,地下部砷含量及其吸收砷的能力均有一定程度的增大。因此,在砷水平较低的自然土壤上种植板蓝根添加200 mg P2O5/kg和10 g/kg的有机质是控制砷在该草药体内积累的适宜用量,而在砷水平较高的土壤上100 mg P2O5/kg和5 g/kg的有机质是降低板蓝根体内砷累积的适宜用量。     

Inter-annual variability of Potamogeton perfoliatus stands

Yearly differences in the composition and nutrient content of submerged macrophyte stands, mainly of the long-term dominant Potamogeton perfoliatus L. were observed at 10 stations along 83 km route of the Estonian shore of L. Peipsi (total area 3555 km²) in the period of 1999–2002. Changes consisted in the differences in the presence of plants (three stations), replacement of dominant (one station), removal of mud sediment (one station), mass propagation of Lemna trisulca (all stations) in 1999 and of Cladophora glomerata on P. perfoliatus (six stations) in 2000. The amount of C. glomerata on pondweed, similar to the biomass of host plant, decreased in 2001–2002, whereas markedly thick layer of epiphytic microalgae covered P. perfoliatus in 2002. In the samples of P. perfoliatus collected at the stations of the mass propagation of C. glomerata in the next year, 2001, inflorescences were absent. The appearance of an increase in P. perfoliatus stands was probably associated with improving sediment conditions in the period of low water level in the last observation years. A trend of constant increase in the mean molar N/P ratio in the tissues of P. perfoliatus in the study period (from 17.8 to 25.2) was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Classical canonical analysis, used to study two complexes correlated between themselves characteristics of P. perfoliatus and environmental conditions, revealed that plant growth factor (including biomass, tissue N%, P% and N/P) was in strong correlation (p < 0.0001) with water condition factor (including mean temperature in May, sum of temperatures between ice break and sampling, mean water level, N_tot and P_tot of water in June). More important for water condition factor were mean temperature in May and P_tot of water in June. Also the independent significance of water N_tot and P_tot for pondweeds was tested and confirmed by ANOVA analysis.     

Nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences data support the origin of Potamogeton intortusifolius J.B. He in China as a hybrid between P. perfoliatus Linn. and P. wrightii Morong

Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast rbcL gene sequence data were used to test the hypothesis that natural populations of Potamogeton intortusifolius J.B. He in China originated from hybridization between P. perfoliatus Linn. and P. wrightii Morong. Based on ITS sequences data, P. intortusifolius possessed heterozygous rDNA genotypes which confirmed the hybrid origin of P. intortusifolius. Chloroplast rbcL gene sequences of P. intortusifolius from Yichang population revealed the same chloroplast haplotype as P. perfoliatus and the samples of P. intortusifolius from Weinan population had the same chloroplast haplotype as P. wrightii, which indicated that both putative parental species had been the maternal parent and that the two populations of P. intortusifolius had independent origins. This study confirms P. intortusifolius as a reciprocal hybrid. Because P. × intortusifolius in China has the same hybrid origin as P. × anguillanus Koidz. in Japan, it is suggested that P. × intortusifolius should be a synonym of P. × anguillanus.     

Root exudates and arsenic accumulation in arsenic hyperaccumulating Pteris vittata and non-hyperaccumulating Nephrolepis exaltata

This study compared the roles of root exudates collected from two fern species, the As hyperaccumulating Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) and the As-sensitive Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), on As-mobilization of two As minerals (aluminum arsenate and iron arsenate) and a CCA (chromated copper arsenate)-contaminated soil as well as plant As accumulation. Chinese Brake fern exuded 2 times more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than Boston fern and the difference was more pronounced under As stress. The composition of organic acids in the root exudates for both ferns consisted mainly of phytic acid and oxalic acid. However, Chinese Brake fern produced 0.46 to 1.06 times more phytic acid than Boston fern under As stress, and exuded 3–5 times more oxalic acid than Boston fern in all treatments. Consequently, root exudates from Chinese Brake fern mobilized more As from aluminum arsenate (3–4 times), iron arsenate (4–6 times) and CCA-contaminated soil (6–18 times) than Boston fern. Chinese Brake fern took up more As and translocated more As to the fronds than Boston fern. The molar ratio of P/As in the roots of Chinese Brake fern was greater than in the fronds whereas the reverse was observed in Boston fern. These results suggested that As-mobilization from the soil by the root exudates (enhancing plant uptake), coupled with efficient As translocation to the fronds (keeping a high molar ratio of P/As in the roots), are both important for As hyperaccumulation by Chinese Brake fern.     

Environmental factors regulating the radial oxygen loss from roots of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton crispus

Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton crispus are common species of shallow eutrophic lakes in north-eastern Germany, where a slow recovery of the submersed aquatic vegetation was observed. Thus, the characterisation of the root oxygen release (ROL) as well as its implication for geochemical processes in the sediment are of particular interest. A combination of microelectrode measurements, methylene blue agar and a titanium(III) redox buffer was used to investigate the influence of the oxygen content in the water column on ROL, diel ROL dynamics as well as the impact of sediment milieu. Oxygen gradients around the roots revealed a maximum oxygen diffusion zone of up to 250 μm. During a sequence with a light/dark cycle as well as alternating aeration of the water column, maximum ROL with up to 35% oxygen saturation at the root surface occurred under light/O₂-saturated conditions. A decrease to about 30% was observed under dark/O₂-saturated conditions, no ROL was detected at dark/O₂-depleted conditions and only a weak ROL with 5–10% oxygen saturation at the root surface was measured under light but O₂-depleted water column. These results indicate, that during darkness, ROL is supplied by oxygen from the water column and even during illumination and active photosynthesis production, ROL is modified by the oxygen content in the water column. Visualisation of ROL patterns revealed an enhanced ROL for plants which were grown in sulfidic littoral sediment in comparison to plants grown in pure quartz sand. For both plant species grown in sulfidic littoral sediment, a ROL rate of 3–4 μmol O₂ h⁻¹ plant⁻¹ was determined with the Ti(III) redox buffer. For plants grown in pure quartz sand, the ROL rate decreased to 1–2 μmol O₂ h⁻¹ plant⁻¹. Hence, aside from the oxygen content in the water column, the redox conditions and microbial oxygen demand in the sediment has to be considered as a further major determinant of ROL.     

菹草附着物对营养盐浓度的响应及其与菹草衰亡的关系

在菹草衰亡阶段对5个静水水体中菹草叶片表面附着物进行野外调查,并将其与水体营养盐浓度、沉水植物衰亡程度进行相关性分析。附着物共调查Chl.a含量、干重、有机质含量和藻类数量4个指标,沉水植物衰亡程度用单位面积叶片Chl.a含量表示,水体营养盐含量测量了TP、TN和N/P 3个指标。结果显示：附着物生物量与水体营养盐状况存在一定的正相关;各个点的附着物生物量与菹草衰亡状况存在一定相关性但相关性趋势与水体污染程度有关。在污染程度较高的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈正相关,在污染程度较低的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈负相关。结论为富营养化湖泊中营养盐含量的增加会导致附着物生物量的增加,但附着物只在污染程度较高的水体中促进植物衰亡。     

低温处理对北美冬青叶片抗氧化能力的影响

为了解低温对北美冬青(Ilex verticillata)生长的影响,对2年生扦插苗经低温处理(-6℃)后的生长和抗氧化能力进行了研究。结果表明,随着低温处理时间的延长,北美冬青叶片的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值和叶绿素b含量增加,而其他色素含量都呈下降趋势;相对电导率(REC)和H_2O_2含量(72 h除外)显著增加。低温处理对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性影响不大,却显著降低CAT的活性。低温处理过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高,48 h活性达到最高;而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性在处理12 h达最高,然后下降。还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量均呈先升高再下降的趋势。因此,北美冬青在短时间内(≤24 h)能够忍受低温(-6℃),抗氧化防御系统在低温初期起关键的作用,但随时间延长(72 h)其抗氧化能力减弱。     

丛枝菌根真菌对三叶草根系分泌的有机酸组分和含量的影响

比较洗根法、层析纸法和琼脂膜法收集土培条件下生长的菌根化和非菌根化三叶草根分泌物的效果。试验采用三室根箱装置 ,将根系与菌丝生长空间分开 ,三叶草生长 5 6d后 ,打开三室根箱装置 ,由于尼龙网的阻挡作用使根系均匀垫积在尼龙网内侧并形成根垫。分别采用洗根法、层析纸法和琼脂膜法 3种方法收集三叶草根系分泌物 ,并通过高效液相色谱方法测定分泌物中草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、乳酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸等有机酸的含量。结果表明 :3种收集方法收集的三叶草分泌的有机酸无论在种类上还是在数量上都存在相当大的差别。从检测到的有机酸种类来看 ,琼脂膜法收集检测到苹果酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸和乳酸 6种有机酸 ;洗根法收集的分泌物检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、乙酸、顺丁烯二酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸和乳酸 7种有机酸 ;层析纸法收集的分泌物检测到酒石酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和乳酸 4种有机酸。从收集到的有机酸数量来看 ,洗根法收集到的有机酸总量为 2 9.97～ 2 32 .7μg/( gfw· 2 h) ;琼脂膜法集到的有机酸总量为 1 .5～ 7.3μg/( cm2· 2 h) ;层析纸法收集的有机酸总量为0 .2 3～ 6.5 8μg/( cm2 · 2 h)。丛枝菌根真菌侵染对三叶草根系分泌的有机酸的组分和含量都有一     

巨桉根系分解对菊苣生长及光合特性的影响

巨桉是我国退耕还林过程中采用的重要速生树种之一,被广泛用于人工造林。采用盆栽试验,研究了巨桉根系分解初期对菊苣幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响。试验设置A1(50 g/盆)、A2(100 g/盆)和对照(CK)3个根系水平,将各处理的根系分别与10 kg土壤混合后装盆,播种菊苣。待A2处理植株的第3片真叶完全展开后测定菊苣光合生理指标及相关生长指标。结果表明:在巨桉根系分解初期,明显抑制了菊苣高生长、根生长、生物量积累、叶面积扩展及光合色素的合成,且随着根系添加量的增加抑制作用加大;菊苣叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加,而净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著低于对照;随土壤中根系含量的增加,除CO2补偿点(CCP)呈增加趋势外,其他光响应和CO2响应的特征参数均呈明显的下降趋势,并与对照差异显著;各生长指标除与胞间CO2浓度呈现出负相关外,与其它光合特征参数、光合色素以及相应的响应曲线参数之间均呈现出显著或极显著的正相关关系;通过GC-MS检测表明,巨桉根系中含有2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、N-甲基苯乙胺等多种具有化感潜力化学物质,在其分解过程中,这些化感物质逐步释放并作用于受体植物,抑制其光合色素合成和光合作用,降低其环境适应能力,从而抑制菊苣的生长。