重庆市蝴蝶多样性环境健康指示作用和环境监测评价体系构建

在重庆市生态功能区蝴蝶多样性参数研究的基础上,进行区系相似性分析;选取22个蝴蝶多样性参数和5项主要环境因子指标,进行回归和主成分分析,进而探讨监测指标、监测种类和类群的选取与评价体系的建立。分析结果表明:当进行区域级的监测时,在22个指标中,种、科、属的多样性指数和均匀度指数可以忽略;5项环境指标中,人口压力(X22)因子重于面积比例(X18)、人口密度(X19)、林地比例(X20)、土地载有量(X21)等4项因子。选出物种数(X1),蝴蝶属(X2)、科级(X3)单元的多少,种类优势度(X9),各数量等级的物种数贡献率(X10—X13),人口压力(X22)及4个主成分的综合得分等10个因子,作为重庆市生态功能区环境健康状况的10个评价指标;和24个蝴蝶监测种类,12个蝴蝶监测类群一起,探讨评价方法,共同构筑了重庆市生态功能区环境监测评价体系。在此基础上,对各功能区环境健康状况的评价表明,功能区1的环境健康评价为非常健康,5、9、10区为健康功能区;2、3、6、7、14区为亚健康功能区;不健康功能区是4、8、11、12、13区。功能区13、14是城市化区域,它们的分值在14个区中,居第十二位和第七位,不是最低的,这表明城镇化与环境质量并不完全是因果关系,即通过绿化和环境保护,城镇环境是可能得到很好改善的。期望此监测评价体系在实践中进一步完善。     

长江口及其邻近水域鱼类浮游生物群落的时空格局

根据2007年长江口及其邻近水域4个航次调查资料, 探讨了该水域的鱼类浮游生物群落物种组成和多样性的季节变化特征。结果表明, 2007年共捕获鱼类浮游生物6,463个, 隶属12目28科45种, 以鳀科丰度最高, 占总丰度的76.5%。长江口鱼类浮游生物包括4种生态类型: 淡水型(2种), 半咸水型(14种), 沿岸型(10种)和近海型(16种)。 其中, 近海型物种个体数量最多, 占2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物总丰度的74.55%。鳀(Engraulis japonicus)在4个季节均有出现, 对长江口鱼类浮游生物丰度贡献最大。鱼类浮游生物在物种组成上存在明显的季节变化: 白氏银汉鱼(Allanetta bleekeri)在春季占绝对优势, 鳀是夏季优势度最高的种类, 秋季除鳀外, 前颌间银鱼(Hemisalanx prognathus)成为优势种; 鱼类浮游生物丰度高度集中在优势种上, 各季节优势种对总丰度贡献超过89%。群落物种数量、丰度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数, 在夏季最高, 春季和秋季次之, 冬季最低。长江口鱼类浮游生物群落物种组成和多样性的季节变化特征体现了鱼类繁殖迁移策略和鱼类对环境变异的响应。     

拉萨河中上游夏秋季纤毛虫群落时空变动及其与环境的关系

为揭示中国西藏高原河流浮游纤毛虫群落结构特征及与水环境的关系,于2015—2016年的8月和11月,利用25号浮游生物网,分别在拉萨河中上游共8个代表性采样点,共采集64个水样。物种鉴定采用活体观察和固定染色相结合的方法。共鉴定出纤毛虫91种,夏季49种,各样点物种数由小到大依次为:S2S4S8S5S1S3=S7S6。秋季64种,各样点物种数由小到大依次为:S4S3=S1=S2=S5S8S6=S7。夏季各样点丰度为1.2×10~4—5.6×10~5个/L,秋季各样点丰度在1.2×10~4—2.6×10~5个/L之间。夏、秋季的优势种均为12种且优势种组成与分布不同,表现该流域纤毛虫存在明显的时空差异;群落结构分析显示:纤毛虫群落结构简单,物种组成多样性低而分布均匀;纤毛虫营养功能结构分析表明,夏季B、S类群的物种丰富度低于秋季;相关分析表明,总磷和总氮是影响夏季纤毛虫物种多样性的主要环境因子,并且浊度、NH_4-N和NO_3-N是影响秋季纤毛虫的主要环境因子。     

大庆库里泡浮游植物群落结构及多样性研究

2012年5月—10月, 大庆库里泡浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、优势种及多样性调查研究结果表明, 库里泡共鉴定浮游植物380个分类单位(349种29变种2变型), 隶属于8门11纲22目41科104属。库里泡浮游植物群落组成主要是绿藻—硅藻型, 浮游植物种类数随季节的变化顺序为: 8月>6月>7月>5月>9月>10月。浮游植物丰度季节性变化明显, 变化范围为5.94×105—119×105 ind•L–1。浮游植物优势种不同季节间既有交叉又有演替, 优势种类大多为中营养型和中—富营养型指示种。多样性评价结果表明, 浮游动物被长期高强度捕捞后, 库里泡的浮游植物群落种类组成比较丰富, 群落结构复杂且稳定性较好, 水体处于β—中污染至轻污染水平。     

人工湿地植物种类和多样性对氧化亚氮释放及功能基因丰度的影响

为了解人工湿地处理中碳/氮水平的废水时植物种类及多样性对系统氧化亚氮释放及功能基因丰度的影响,本研究构建了实验尺度的垂直流人工湿地微宇宙实验系统.选取芦苇(Phragmites australis)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)和海寿花(Pontederia cordata)3种人工湿地常用、景观效果好的植物,在系统中配置了3个单种处理和1个三物种混种处理.结果表明:芦苇、千屈菜与海寿花混种系统的氧化亚氮释放强度(24597.0 μg N2O·m-2·d^-1)高于三物种单种系统的平均值(11744.8 μg N2O·m^-2·d^-1)(P<0.001),同氧化亚氮释放一样,混种系统的amoA基因绝对丰度(6.33× 10^7 copies·g^-1 soil)和nirS基因绝对丰度(1.92× 106 copies·g^-1 soil)也高于三物种单种系统的平均值(5.70×10^7和1.58×10^6 copies·g^-1 soil).此外,混种系统的出水硝态氮浓度低于三物种单种系统的平均值(P<0.05),但出水硝态氮浓度、微生物量和植物生物量在单混种系统间无显著差异(P>0.05).3个单种系统间的氧化亚氮释放强度、amoA基因绝对丰度、nirS基因绝对丰度、出水铵态氮浓度、微生物量和植物生物量存在显著差异(P<0.01),但出水硝态氮无显著差异(P>0.05).通过植物种类和丰富度对各指标变异的解释度发现,植物种类和丰富度分别解释变异的比率存在一定差异,总体上,植物丰富度对氧化亚氮释放、amoA基因绝对丰度和nirS基因绝对丰度的影响大于植物种类,植物种类对出水硝态氮浓度的影响大于植物丰富度.     

莱州湾金城海域网采浮游植物年际变化及与环境因子的关系

为了解莱州湾金城海域浮游植物群落年际变化特征,在该海域设置了15个监测站位,于2009年和2010年采用浅水Ⅲ型浮游生物网逐月连续进行24个航次浮游植物调查,同步监测其他环境因子。浮游植物样品经鲁格氏溶液固定后在OLYMPUS BX_(51)显微镜下进行分类、鉴定、计数,共鉴定出浮游植物81种,隶属于硅藻门、甲藻门、黄藻门和金藻门4门25科43属。其中硅藻16科33属67种,占种类数的82.7%;甲藻6科7属11种,占种类数的13.6%;黄藻2科2属2种,占种类数的2.5%;金藻1科1属1种,占种类数的1.2%。2009年和2010年金城海域浮游植物种类组成和比例基本一致,浮游植物丰度年际变化和种类数年际变化均呈现明显的双峰模型,每年2月和9月为高峰期,5月为全年最低值。2009年和2010年细胞丰度均值分别为465×10~4(38.4×10~4—1351×10~4)个/m~3和457×10~4(41.8×10~4—1380×10~4)个/m~3,均低于1982—1983年平均水平。浮游植物群落年际相似性在60%水平聚类分为四个类群,其中Ⅰ类为5月份样品,优势种为夜光藻和洛氏角毛藻;Ⅱ类为11—4月份样品,优势种有中肋骨条藻、旋链角毛藻和夜光藻;Ⅲ类为8、9、10月份样品,优势种为洛氏角毛藻和丹麦细柱藻;Ⅳ类为6、7月份样品,优势种为洛氏角毛藻和尖刺拟菱形藻。浮游植物群落Shannon-Winner多样性指数平均2.715 (1.446—3.807),Margalef丰富度指数平均2.418 (1.545—3.153),Pielou均匀度指数平均0.523 (0.263—0.706)。2009年和2010年多样性指数和均匀度高峰值出现在3月和10月,低值出现在7月和9月;均匀度指数年际变化低值出现在6—9月。浮游植物群落结构主要受水温和盐度环境因素的影响,其中水温与洛氏角毛藻丰度呈极显著正相关(R=0.613,P0.01),与旋链角毛藻、中肋骨条藻和夜光藻丰度呈极显著负相关(R=-0.662,-0.649,-0.649,P0.01);化学需氧量与旋链角毛藻和中肋骨条藻均呈显著负相关(R=-0.589,-0.480,P0.05);盐度与中肋骨条藻呈极显著负相关(R=-0.585,P0.01);其他环境因子与各优势种丰度相关性不明显。     

烟台四十里湾浮游植物群落特征

于 2009 年 3 月至 2010 年 1 月对烟台四十里湾 15 个站进行了 11 个航次的浮游植物群落调查, 并同步监测其它环境因子(表层水温、盐度、透明度、无机氮等)。共鉴定浮游植物 3 门 39 属 82 种, 其中硅藻 13 科 30 属 68 种, 是构成调查海域浮游植物群落的主要类群; 甲藻 7 科 8 属 13 种, 金藻 1 科 1 属 1 种。浮游植物丰度与种类多样性年度变化均呈明显的“双峰”模型, 种类数最高峰出现在 9 月(48 种), 次高峰为 4 月(40 种), 5 月浮游植物种类最少(12 种); 丰度最高值出现在 10 月(9264.9×10⁴ cells·m^-3), 次高峰 3 月(1039.0×10⁴ cells·m^-3), 最低值同样出现在 5 月(31.5×10⁴cells·m^-3)。调查期间优势种主要为中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo...     

莱州湾大型砂壳纤毛虫群落季节变化

为揭示莱州湾砂壳纤毛虫群落季节变化规律, 在莱州湾设置8个站位, 于2011年5-11月及2012年3-4月进行了9个航次的调查, 用浅海III型浮游生物网由底至表垂直拖网采集砂壳纤毛虫。结果表明, 莱州湾3-11月砂壳纤毛虫物种丰富度的变化范围为5-19, 周年变化呈现一峰两谷的趋势。丰度的范围为0-318 ind./L, 丰度较大(> 50 ind./L)的种类有运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis)和清兰拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis chinglanensis)。各月平均丰度随时间的变化趋势为双峰型, 最大值出现在7月(63 ind./L), 次峰值出现在5月(48 ind./L), 最小值出现在3月(2 ind./L)。黏着壳种类在3-11月均有出现, 透明壳种类仅在温度较高(> 15°C)的6-9月出现。各月的优势种数目为1种(5月)到8种(8月), 其中运动类铃虫在所有月中都是优势种, 对砂壳纤毛虫丰度周年的变化规律产生较大影响。使用各月所有种类的平均丰度对各月砂壳纤毛虫群落进行聚类分析, 得到两个群落(相似度30%): 群落I(7-9月)和群落II(3-6月、10-11月), 说明砂壳纤毛虫群落发生了明显的季节变化。砂壳纤毛虫的物种丰富度、丰度与环境因子(温度、盐度)均没有明显的相关性。     

安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟多样性

水鸟群落多样性特征可以反映湿地公园内不同功能区的栖息地质量。除了研究水鸟群落的Alpha多样性,其Beta多样性在空间维度上的物种周转和嵌套组分可以衡量不同功能区物种保护意义。为掌握嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟资源以及湿地公园建设成效,于2019年1月至2019年12月在安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园内设置14个观测点进行水鸟调查。结果显示,该湿地公园共有水鸟6目15科54种,以冬候鸟为主(占53.70%);鸟类区系组成包括古北界种35种(占64.81%)、东洋界种8种(占14.81%)和两界广布种11种(占20.37%);有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种,安徽省重点保护鸟类12种;世界自然保护联盟物种红色名录中的近危(NT)物种2种,易危(VU)物种3种,濒危(EN)物种1种。各功能区间水鸟多样性差异明显,Shannon-Wiener指数以湿地保育区最高(2.33),恢复重建区最低(2.05);恢复重建区与湿地保育区相似性最高(0.8889),游客开放区与湿地保育区相似性指数最低(0.5000);湿地保育区和恢复重建区之间的水鸟群落Beta多样性周转组分高于嵌套组分,其余功...     

秦岭国家植物园蝴蝶群落结构与多样性

为了查明秦岭国家植物园蝴蝶资源和多样性状况, 本研究选取了5种生境, 利用样线法进行了3年的蝴蝶多样性观测。结果表明: 秦岭国家植物园蝴蝶共有5科76属134种; 物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数分别为1.3295、3.4616、0.7068和0.7656; 其中蛱蝶科属数及物种数最多(33属65种), 凤蝶科最低(5属10种); 蛱蝶科物种多样性指数及物种丰富度指数最高, 分别为2.8525及1.3622; 凤蝶科多样性指数最低(1.4936); 粉蝶科物种丰富度指数最低(0.2790)。5种生境中, 随着植被丰富度的增加, 蝴蝶多样性指数上升。     

The post-embryonic development and life history of the millipede, Ommatoiulus moreletii (Diplopoda: Iulidae), introduced in south-eastern Australia

The life cycle of Ommatoiulus moreletii consists of an egg, pupoid and up to sixteen stadia. Sexes are differentiated at the sixth stadium. Males may mature at any moult from the eighth to the twelfth stadia, but most are mature by the tenth or eleventh. Maturation is more difficult to determine in females but seems similar to the males with respect to stadial age. O. moreletii is periodomorphic.
Field studies were made of O. moreletii in an open grassland and a dry sclerophyllous woodland in South Australia. Females matured their eggs in late summer-autumn. They mated and oviposited during autumn-winter. After one year, O. moreletii was in the seventh, eighth or ninth stadium. After two years, the tenth or eleventh stadia were reached and after three years the twelfth or thirteenth. The moulting of individuals older than about one year was confined to moults in (1) spring and (2) summer. Adult males were mature from summer to spring and intercalary from spring to summer.     

Observation on Chromosomes of Wildflowers in China

In this paper 7 species of wildflowers were collected from Beijing suburb and Jilin Province. They are all common sightly and hardy perennials in their localities (See the Appendix for detail of the materials). The micrographs of their somatic metaphases are shown in Plate 1; the karyotype formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Stebbins (1971) are shown in Table 1; the idiograms of 5 species in Figs. 1-5. The karyotype analysis is made on the basis of Li and Chen (1985)⁽¹⁾. The essential points are as follows; (1) Ten pairs of chromosomes of Achyrophorus ciliatus are all submetacentric (sm). (2) Twelve pairs of chromosomes are all metacentric (m), and the short arms of the seventh pair of chromosomes with a pair of satellites in Orychophragmus violaceus. (3) The seventh and nineth pairs of chromosomes are sm and the short arms of latter with satellites in Silene repens var. angustifolia. It is reported for the first time. (4) In Scabiosa tschiliensis. the first, fourth, fifth and eighth pairs of chromosomes are sm, the sixth is terminal (t). The second and seventh are subterminal (st), the third is m. There are satellites on the short arms of third and seventh pairs. It is reported for the first time. (5) The eleventh pair of chromosomes is sm and the others are all m. The short arms of the twelfth pairs with satellites in Lychnis fulgens. (6) The chromosome number (2n) is 42, with a pair of satellites in Papaver pseudo-radicatum. It is also reported for the first time. (7) The chromosome number is2n=56 with two pairs of satellites in Rehmannia glutinosa.     

松嫩平原不同生境蝴蝶群落多样性及其保护建议

随着气候变化加剧和人类活动影响,生物多样性变化及其保护逐渐受到广泛关注。蝴蝶作为开花植物的传粉媒介和生态环境监测及评价的关键指示者,其多样性变化能够在一定程度上反映生境状况,因此,有必要清晰认识不同生境中的蝴蝶多样性变化。为明确松嫩平原蝴蝶资源和不同生境的群落多样性差异,采用样线法于2016年5月-2018年8月对松嫩平原的割草草地、湿地、农田、放牧利用草地及恢复草地共五种生境类型进行调查研究。结果发现,调查共记录蝴蝶5108头,隶属于6科21属26种,其中牧女珍眼蝶（Coenonympha amaryllis）和红珠灰蝶（Plebejus argyrognomon）为优势种类,分别占蝴蝶个体总数的25.61%和31.66%,且在五种生境类型中均有分布。不同生境类型中,蝴蝶群落的物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数无明显差异,而恢复草地生境的蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较高,优势度指数较低。农田生境中的蝴蝶个体数量较少,且群落组成与其他四种生境之间均具有显著差异。五种生境类型中的蝴蝶数量和多样性均呈现一定的月动态和年动态变化趋势。除湿地和农田外,其余三种生境中蝴蝶物种和个体数量从5月到8月均持续升高。四种生境的蝴蝶物种数量、个体数量（除农田外）在2018年均出现明显下降趋势。物种丰富度指数等指标的月动态和年动态在不同生境类型间存在较大差异。这些结果表明,生境类型和人类活动与蝴蝶多样性变化关系密切,表现为单一生境中蝴蝶多样性较低,复杂生境有利于保护蝴蝶多样性。本研究有助于厘清松嫩平原蝴蝶资源的基础数据,并为该地区蝴蝶多样性保护和利用及评估该区域生态环境提供一定理论支撑。     

Determinants of distribution and abundance in the clouded apollo butterfly: a landscape ecological approach

Recent studies on the determinants of distribution and abundance of animals at landscape level have emphasized the usefulness of the metapopulation approach, in which patch area and habitat connectivity have often proved to explain satisfactorily existing patch occupancy patterns. A different approach is needed to study the common situation in which suitable habitat is difficult to determine or does not occur in well‐defined habitat patches. We applied a landscape ecological approach to study the determinants of distribution and abundance of the threatened clouded apollo Parnassius mnemosyne butterfly within an area of 6 km² of agricultural landscape in south‐western Finland. The relative role of 24 environmental variables potentially affecting the distribution and abundance of the butterfly was studied using a spatial grid system with 2408 grid squares of 0.25 ha, of which 349 were occupied by the clouded apollo. Both the probability of butterfly presence and abundance in a 0.25 ha square increased with the presence of the larval host plant Corydalis solida the cover of semi‐natural grassland, the amount of solar radiation and spalial autocorrelation in butterfly occurrence. Additionally, butterfly abundance increased with overall mean patch size and decreased with maximum slope angle and wind speed. Two advantages of the employment of a spatial grid system included the avoidance of a subjective definition of suitable habitat patches and an evaluation of the relative significance of different components of habitat quality at the same time with habitat availability and connectivity. The large variation in habitat quality was influenced by the abundance of the larval host plant and adult nectar sources but also by climatological. topographical and structural factors. The application of a spatial grid system as used here has potential for a wide use in studies on landscape‐level distribution and abundance patterns in species with complex habitat requirements and habitat availability patterns.     

Rewiring of interactions in a changing environment: nettle-feeding butterflies and their parasitoids

Climate and land use change can alter the incidence and strength of biotic interactions, with important effects on the distribution, abundance and function of species. To assess the importance of these effects and their dynamics, studies quantifying how biotic interactions change in space and time are needed. We studied interactions between nettle-feeding butterflies and their shared natural enemies (parasitoids) locally and across 500 km latitudinal gradient in Sweden. We also examined the potential impact of the range-expansion of the butterfly Araschnia levana on resident butterflies via shared parasitoids, by studying how parasitism in resident butterflies covaries with the presence or absence of the newly-established species. We collected 6777 larvae of four nettle-feeding butterfly species (Aglais urticae, Aglais io, Ar. levana and Vanessa atalanta), over two years, at 19 sites distributed along the gradient. We documented the parasitoid complex for each butterfly species and measured their overlap, and analysed how parasitism rates were affected by butterfly species assemblage, variations in abundance, time, and the arrival of Ar. levana. Parasitoids caused high mortality, with substantial overlap in the complex of parasitoids associated with the four host butterflies. Levels of parasitism differed significantly among butterflies and were influenced by the local butterfly species assemblage. Our results also suggest that parasitism in resident butterflies is elevated at sites where Ar. levana has been established for a longer period. In our study system, variations in butterfly species assemblages were associated in a predictable way with substantial variations in rates of parasitism. This relationship is likely to affect the dynamics of the butterfly host species, and potentially cascade to the larger number of species with which they interact. These results highlight the importance of indirect interactions and their potential to reorganise ecological communities, especially in the context of shifts in species distributions in a warmer world.     

The interaction of cefotaxime with the serum albumin of several mammalian species

1. The interaction of cefotaxime with the serum albumin of several mammalian species; horses, swine, sheep, dogs and rabbits, was studied comparatively. The technique of ultrafiltration and spectrophotometric determination of the free antibiotic in the filtrate was used.2. Binding percentages, which vary according to the species studied, were found to be higher in swine and rabbit albumins (between 92 and 81%) and lower for sheep, dog and horse albumins (between 67 and 52%).3. The number of binding sites is usually close to 2; in the case of the horse it is 2.43. The apparent binding constants are: swine, 1.61 × 10⁴ M⁻¹; rabbit, 1.19 × 10⁴ M⁻¹; sheep, 2.33 × 10³ M⁻¹; dog, 2.00 × 10³ M⁻¹; horse, 1.42 × 10³ M⁻¹. The Scatchard model was used for data analysis.4. Possible consequences of this interaction regarding clinical use of cefotaxime on different species are discussed.     

Environmental risk assessment for the small tortoiseshell Aglais urticae and a stacked Bt-maize with combined resistances against Lepidoptera and Chrysomelidae in central European agrarian landscapes

The cultivation of Lepidoptera‐resistant Bt‐maize may affect nontarget butterflies. We assessed the risk posed by event MON89034 × MON88017 (expressing Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 against corn borers) to nontarget Lepidoptera. Using the small tortoiseshell Aglais urticae, a butterfly species common in central Europe, as a test organism we (i) assessed the toxicity of Bt‐maize pollen on butterfly larvae; (ii) measured pollen deposition on leaves of the host plant Urtica dioica; (iii) mapped the occurrence and distribution of host plants and larvae in two arable landscapes in Germany during maize anthesis; and (iv) described the temporal occurrence of a 1‐year population of A. urticae. (i) Larvae‐fed 200 Bt‐maize pollen grains/cm² had a reduced feeding activity. Significant differences in developmental time existed at pollen densities of 300 Bt‐maize pollen grains/cm² and in survival at 400 grains/cm². (ii) The highest pollen amount found was 212 grains/cm² at the field margin. Mean densities were much lower. (iii) In one region, over 50% of A. urticae nests were located within 5 m of a maize field, while in the other, all nests were found in more than 25 m distance to a maize field. (iv) The percentage of larvae developing during maize anthesis was 19% in the study area. The amount of pollen from maize MON89034 × MON88017 found on host plants is unlikely to adversely affect a significant proportion of larvae of A. urticae. This paper concludes that the risk of event MON89034 × MON88017 to populations of this species is negligible.     

Development of the embryonic chicken thymus. I. Characteristic synchronous morphogenesis of lymphocytes accompanied by the appearance of an embryonic thymus-specific antigen.

Differentiation of the lymphoid cells of embryonic chicken thymus was studied morphologically and serologically from the tenth day of incubation to hatching. Lymphoid cells became markedly smaller in size at two stages, from the eleventh to the thirteenth and from the fifteenth to the sixteenth days of incubation. During the first stage, lymphoid cells changed notably in other criteria as well. The mean generation time was prolonged from approximately 12 to 36 hr on Day 13. The proportion of those cells that possessed embryonic thymus-specific antigen synchronously increased from 4–7 to 60–75% during the 24-hr period between the twelfth and the thirteenth days and reached a plateau level on Day 14. Morphologically, cytoplasmic processes became conspicuous in lymphoid cells on Days 11 and 12. These processes probably separated from the main body of the actively transforming lymphoid cells. In this phenomenon, a septum composed of microfilaments and small vesicles was formed at the neck of the process. Between the twelfth and the thirteenth days, the majority of lymphoid cells took the features typical of differentiated lymphocytes, i.e., small round shapes with scanty cytoplasm and distinct heterochromatin in their nuclei.     

Species diversity of butterflies in Changbai Mountain in China

Using a modified belt transect method, we investigated the butterfly communities in five different vertical vegetation belts of Changbai Mountain in China from 1992 to 2009; these belts were broadleaf deciduous forest, coniferous–deciduous mixed forest, coniferous forest, erman’s birch forest and alp tundra. We determined the number of species and abundance of butterflies in each belt and in the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest belt, we also compared these parameters among different months. Preston’s lognormal distribution was used to model the species abundance distributions and five indicators (Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), Pielou uniformity index (J), Simpson predominance centralization index (C), Margalef abundance index (E) and Jaccard similarity coefficients) were used to analyze the butterfly community diversity. We found four main results. (1) Across all five vertical vegetation belts, 9641 butterflies were collected, belonging to 7 families, 98 genera and 196 species. As altitude increased, the number of butterfly genera and species gradually reduced. There was a relationship between the distribution of dominant species and the total species between each belt and the distribution of vascular plants. (2) The species abundance distribution was successfully modeled as a Preston’s lognormal distribution; the best fit was obtained when α = 0.326, the determinant coefficient of the equation was 0.74798. The species abundance distribution indicates that Changbai Mountain provides a suitable environment for butterflies; there was high species richness and an even distribution of butterfly species. There were few very common and very rare species, with most species having an intermediate abundance. (3) As altitude increased, H′ and E gradually became smaller, while C showed the opposite pattern, and J did not significantly change. The similarity coefficients analysis demonstrated a clear difference among belts; the farther apart any two belts, the smaller the similarity coefficient, indicating less similarity in the butterfly communities. The similarity coefficient between the deciduous forest and the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest belt was the largest (0.651) while that between the deciduous forest and the alp tundra was the smallest (0.141). (4) Comparison of the butterfly species communities among different months in the coniferous–deciduous mixed forest found that H′ and E showed similar directional changes, while the opposite pattern was found with C; the changes in J did not necessarily reflect the actual change in diversity.