控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻田土壤甲烷排放的影响

采用温室盆栽和静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻和亲本常规水稻稻田土壤甲烷(CH4)排放的影响。供试土壤为潴育型水稻土,氮肥种类为尿素和控释氮肥。结果表明,与对照(尿素)相比,控释氮肥提高了水稻分蘖数、株高、生物量及产量。水稻品种对CH4季节性排放规律没有明显影响,CH4排放通量基本表现为,自水稻移栽后逐渐升高,移栽后62—92 d出现峰值,而后逐渐降低至水稻收获。与对照相比,控释氮肥可显著降低CH4排放通量和全生育期累积排放量。抗除草剂转基因水稻稻田土壤CH4排放通量和累积排放量均显著低于亲本常规水稻。研究认为,一次性基施控释氮肥和种植抗除草剂转基因水稻对有效减缓稻田甲烷排放具有重要意义。     

UV-B增强下施硅对稻田CH4和N2O排放及其增温潜势的影响

大气平流层臭氧损耗导致的地表紫外辐射增强作为全球变化重要问题之一,受到广泛关注。硅是水稻生长有益元素,但施硅是否影响稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放,迄今相关报道尚不多见。通过大田试验,研究UV-B增强下施硅对水稻生长、稻田甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮( N_2O)排放及其增温潜势的影响。UV-B辐照设2水平,即对照(A,自然光)和增强20%(E);施硅量设2水平,即对照(Si0,0 kg SiO_2/hm2)和施硅(Si1,200 kg SiO_2/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低了成熟期水稻地上部和地下部生物量,而施硅能缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用,使水稻地上部和地下部生物量增加。UV-B增强可显著提高稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放通量和累积排放量,增加稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放的综合增温潜势。施硅能明显降低稻田CH_4排放,促进 N_2O排放,降低稻田CH_4和 N_2O排放的综合增温潜势。研究表明,施硅显著降低稻田CH_4和 N_2O的全球增温潜势,缓解UV-B增强对稻田CH_4和 N_2O的全球增温潜势的促进作用。     

UV-B辐射增强对元阳哈尼梯田稻田CH4排放规律的影响

在大田条件下,原位种植传统水稻品种白脚老粳,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了UV-B(ultraviolet-B)辐射增强(7.5 kJ m-2d-1)对元阳哈尼梯田海拔1600 m处稻田CH4排放量的影响,同时观测UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射增强显著降低了水稻植株分蘖末期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期、成熟期地上部和地下部生物量(P0.05)。(2)UV-B辐射改变了稻田CH4的季节和日排放(成熟期)规律:对照组在拔节孕穗期出现1个排放峰,处理组在拔节孕穗期和成熟期出现2个排放峰;与对照相比,UV-B辐射增强改变了水稻成熟期CH4日排放第2个峰值出现的时间。(3)处理组CH4的季节排放通量与箱内温度的季节变化有显著的正相关性(R=0.789,P0.05)。(4)UV-B辐射增强在分蘖末期、拔节孕穗期、成熟期都极显著提高了CH4的累计排放量(P0.01),分别提高了47.2%,293.8%和74.4%。总之,UV-B辐射增强促进了元阳哈尼梯田传统水稻田CH4的排放。     

UV-B增强下施硅对水稻生长及CH4排放的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了UV-B增强下不同施硅量和硅肥种类对水稻生长及甲烷(CH₄)排放的影响.UV-B辐射设2个水平,即对照(自然光,A)和增强20%(E);硅肥设4个水平,即Si₀(不施硅,0 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₁(硅酸钠,100 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₂(硅酸钠,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)和Si₃(钢渣硅肥,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2).结果表明: 施硅能缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用,使分蘖数、叶绿素含量、地上部和地下部生物量增加.施硅对水稻生长的促进作用随施硅量(硅酸钠)的增加而增加,钢渣硅肥的促进作用大于硅酸钠.UV-B增强可提高稻田CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,施硅显著降低CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,且CH₄排放随施硅量的增加而减少.在施硅量相同的情况下,钢渣硅肥的减排效果优于硅酸钠.表明在水稻生产中,施用钢渣硅肥不仅能实现废弃物利用,而且可有效降低UV-B增强下CH₄的排放量.     

太阳辐射对稻田甲烷排放的影响

太阳辐射减弱是气候变化的主要特征之一,而太阳辐射减弱对稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的影响尚不明确,且缺少高光谱遥感用于估算稻田CH4排放的研究.通过田间模拟试验,研究了不同遮阴强度对稻田CH4排放和水稻冠层光谱特征的影响,并基于冠层高光谱数据估算了CH4排放通量.采用单因子试验设计,遮阴强度设3个水平,即对照(不遮阴,CK)、轻度遮阴(S1,单层遮阴,遮阴率为60%)和重度遮阴(S2,双层遮阴,遮阴率为84%).结果表明:与对照相比,遮阴明显降低了稻田CH4排放,但重度遮阴下CH4排放高于轻度遮阴;近红外波段水稻冠层反射率表现为CK>S2>S1;水稻冠层光谱反射率(699~1349 nm)与CH4排放通量呈极显著正相关,最高相关系数达0.64,6种植被指数与CH4排放通量也呈极显著相关,其中比值植被指数(RVI)与CH4排放通量的相关系数最大,达0.84;建立了以RVI、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和507 nm原始反射率(ρ507)为参数估算CH4排放通量的逐步回归模型,决定系数R2分别为0.86和0.85,利用该模型可为开展区域稻田温室气体排放的遥感监测提供试验依据.     

UV-B增强下施硅对水稻生长及CH4排放的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了UV-B增强下不同施硅量和硅肥种类对水稻生长及甲烷(CH₄)排放的影响.UV-B辐射设2个水平,即对照(自然光,A)和增强20%(E);硅肥设4个水平,即Si₀(不施硅,0 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₁(硅酸钠,100 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)、Si₂(硅酸钠,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2)和Si₃(钢渣硅肥,200 kg SiO₂·hm^-2).结果表明: 施硅能缓解UV-B增强对水稻生长的抑制作用,使分蘖数、叶绿素含量、地上部和地下部生物量增加.施硅对水稻生长的促进作用随施硅量(硅酸钠)的增加而增加,钢渣硅肥的促进作用大于硅酸钠.UV-B增强可提高稻田CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,施硅显著降低CH₄的排放通量和累积排放量,且CH₄排放随施硅量的增加而减少.在施硅量相同的情况下,钢渣硅肥的减排效果优于硅酸钠.表明在水稻生产中,施用钢渣硅肥不仅能实现废弃物利用,而且可有效降低UV-B增强下CH₄的排放量.     

长期不同施肥制度下湖南红壤晚稻田CH4的排放

选取湖南双季稻田长期不同施肥制度为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻稻田甲烷排放进行观测.研究结果表明,不同施肥制度下的晚稻稻田甲烷排放的季节变化具有一定的规律,晚稻生育期内CH4的排放速率呈先升高后降低的变化趋势.施入秸秆的处理CH4平均排放通量和累积排放通量大于单施化肥的处理;单施化肥的各处理中由于养分缺失情况的不同,CH4平均排放通量和累积排放量具有一定的差异.秸秆区CH4平均排放通量和累积排放量都较大,全量化肥养分施肥区次之,偏施养分和无肥区较小.同时还研究了长期不同施肥制度条件下各环境因素包括土壤温度、灌溉水层深度和土壤Eh,对CH4排放的影响.结果表明,不同的施肥处理,晚稻田CH4排放的季节变化和土壤Eh呈显著负相关,与土壤温度呈显著正相关,与水层深度相关不明显.     

华南丘陵地区农林复合生态系统晚稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放进行田间原位测定。结果表明,有植株参与的稻田CH4排放通量季节变化与地下5cm温度呈显著正相关关系。稻田CH4和N2O季节平均排放通量在有植株参与时分别为1.16±0.38mgm-2h-1和42.33±20.00μgm-2h-1,而无植株参与的分别为0.15±0.11mgm-2h-1和51.69±15.87μgm-2h-1。水稻种植对CH4的排放影响较大,对N2O的排放影响较小,有植株参与的稻田CH4平均排放量显著高于无植株参与的稻田,N2O的平均排放量无显著差异。     

地表UV-B辐射增强对土壤-大豆系统N2O排放的影响

通过大田试验和室外盆栽试验,采用人工增加紫外辐射的方法模拟UV-B辐射增强,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N_2O排放通量,研究地表UV-B辐射增强对土壤-大豆系统N_2O排放的影响.结果表明:在相同的气象条件和田间管理措施下,UV-B辐射增强没有改变土壤-大豆系统N_2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.但从植株结荚到成熟,UV-B辐射增强降低了土壤-大豆系统N_2O排放通量,进而降低了N_2O的累积排放量.收割实验发现,在分枝开花期,UV-B辐射增强对土壤N_2O排放影响明显,降低了土壤N_2O排放通量;从结荚至鼓粒期,UV-B辐射增强主要通过降低植株地上部分N_2O排放通量来降低土壤-大豆系统的N_2O排放.UV-B辐射增强显著降低了植株的生物量,并影响到植株的氮代谢和土壤NH_4~+-N与微生物氮.UV-B辐射增强可能会导致农田生态系统N_2O排放量降低.     

DCD不同施用时间对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响

硝化抑制剂传统的施用方法是在作物移栽或播种前与基肥配合施用.通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,硝化抑制剂双氢胺(dicyandiamide, DCD)不同施用时间(与基肥混施、分孽肥后施入、穗肥后施入)对水稻生长期CH4和N2O排放的影响.结果表明,施入DCD能同时降低CH4和N2O排放量.就整个水稻生长期而言,与基肥混施DCD分别降低21.41%的CH4排放量和8.00%的N2O排放量;调节DCD施用时间至分孽肥后显著降低30.30%的N2O排放量,同时降低5.24%的CH4排放量.就施入DCD到水稻收获的特定生长阶段而言,缓施DCD分别降低32.65%的N2O排放量和11.18%的CH4排放量;晚施DCD对CH4和N2O排放的影响不大.CK、早施DCD、缓施DCD及晚施DCD处理CH4平均排放通量分别为0.95、0.75、0.87 mg/(m2 · h)及0.94 mg/(m2 · h),N2O平均排放通量为155.67、143.24、108.50 μg/(m2 · h)及153.24 μg/(m2 · h),缓施DCD显著降低CH4和N2O排放量(p＜0.01).土壤温度是影响N2O排放的主要因素,而CH4排放通量与土壤Eh呈显著负相关(p＜0.01).     

Non-Methane Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from a Subarctic Peatland Under Enhanced UV-B Radiation

Boreal and subarctic peatlands have been extensively studied for their major role in the global carbon balance. However, study efforts have so far neglected the contribution of these ecosystems to the non-methane biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, which are important in the atmospheric chemistry and feedbacks on climate change. We aimed at estimating the BVOC emissions from a subarctic peatland in northern Finland. Furthermore, our aim was to assess how these emissions are affected by enhanced UV-B radiation, the amount of which has increased especially at high latitudes as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion. The contribution of BVOC emissions to the total net carbon exchange and correlations between the emission of different BVOCs and net ecosystem CO₂ exchange, CH₄ emission, total green leaf area, and abiotic factors were also studied. The UV-B exposure, simulating a 20% depletion of stratospheric ozone, was started in 2003, and measurements were performed during the growing seasons of 2006 and 2008. The subarctic peatland proved to be a small source of BVOCs and the dominant moss, Warnstorfia exannulata, emitted a diverse compound spectrum. The water table level exerted a major influence on the BVOC emissions surpassing the effect of enhanced UV-B. In fact, no overall UV-B effect was established on the BVOC emissions, apart from toluene and 1-octene, emissions of which were doubled and tripled by enhanced UV-B in 2008, respectively. The contribution of BVOCs to the total net carbon exchange was below 1%.     

Boreal peatland ecosystems under enhanced UV-B radiation and elevated tropospheric ozone concentration

Boreal peat-forming wetlands, mires, are globally important sources of methane and sinks for CO₂. As peatland vegetation plays a significant role regulating the exchange of these greenhouse gases, we have assessed the responses of the dominant plants and ecosystem functions to increasing tropospheric ozone concentration and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in long-term experiments, the results of which are summarized in this review. The dominant sedge, Eriophorum vaginatum, and especially the Sphagnum mosses common on peatlands, appear fairly tolerant to the future predicted ozone levels. Similarly, UV-B radiation only caused few alterations in the carbohydrates and pigments of the dominant sedge, Eriophorum russeolum, and had no effects on the dominant moss species of the experimental site, Warnstorfia exannulata. Surprisingly, there were alterations in organic acid concentrations in the peat pore water and peat microbial community composition in both experiments. Elevated ozone caused a transient decrease in ecosystem-level gross photosynthesis and methane (CH₄) emission, which shifted to a slight increase later on. Enhanced UV-B decreased dark ecosystem respiration and increased CH₄ emission in the course of the six measurement years. The emission of isoprene was increased by both ozone and UV-B during warm weather periods, suggesting interactive effects with temperature. All in all, we suggest that ozone and UV-B have limited effects on the carbon cycle in boreal peatlands, because other environmental factors, such as temperature, water level and photosynthetically active radiation more strongly regulate CO₂ and CH₄ exchange rates.     

Increased night temperature reduces the stimulatory effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on methane emission from rice paddy soil

To determine how elevated night temperature interacts with carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) to affect methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddy soil, we conducted a pot experiment using four controlled‐environment chambers and imposed a combination of two [CO₂] levels (ambient: 380 ppm; elevated: 680 ppm) and two night temperatures (22 and 32 °C). The day temperature was maintained at 32 °C. Rice (cv. IR72) plants were grown outside until the early‐reproductive growth stage and then transferred to the chambers. After onset of the treatment, day and night CH₄ fluxes were measured every week. The CH₄ fluxes changed significantly with the growth stage, with the largest fluxes occurring around the heading stage in all treatments. The total CH₄ emission during the treatment period was significantly increased by both elevated [CO₂] (P=0.03) and elevated night temperature (P<0.01). Elevated [CO₂] increased CH₄ emission by 3.5% and 32.2% under high and low night temperature conditions, respectively. Elevated [CO₂] increased the net dry weight of rice plants by 12.7% and 38.4% under high and low night temperature conditions, respectively. These results imply that increasing night temperature reduces the stimulatory effect of elevated [CO₂] on both CH₄ emission and rice growth. The CH₄ emission during the day was larger than at night even under the high‐night‐temperature treatment (i.e. a constant temperature all day). This difference became larger after the heading stage. We observed significant correlations between the night respiration and daily CH₄ flux (P<0.01). These results suggest that net plant photosynthesis contributes greatly to CH₄ emission and that increasing night temperature reduces the stimulatory effect of elevated [CO₂] on CH₄ emission from rice paddy soil.     

Interaction of Elevated Ultraviolet-B Radiation and CO(2) on Productivity and Photosynthetic Characteristics in Wheat, Rice, and Soybean

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bannock), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv IR-36), and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr cv Essex) were grown in a factorial greenhouse experiment to determine if CO₂-induced increases in photosynthesis, biomass, and yield are modified by increases in ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation corresponding to stratospheric ozone depletion. The experimental conditions simulated were: (a) an increase in CO₂ concentration from 350 to 650 microliters per liter; (b) an increase in UV-B radiation corresponding to a 10% ozone depletion at the equator; and (c) a and b in combination. Seed yield and total biomass increased significantly with elevated CO₂ in all three species when compared to the control. However, with concurrent increases in UV-B and CO₂, no increase in either seed yield (wheat and rice) or total biomass (rice) was observed with respect to the control. In contrast, CO₂-induced increases in seed yield and total plant biomass were maintained or increased in soybean within the elevated CO₂, UV-B environment. Whole leaf gas exchange indicated a significant increase in photosynthesis, apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) and water-use-efficiency (WUE) with elevated CO₂ in all 3 species. Including elevated UV-B radiation with high CO₂ eliminated the effect of high CO₂ on photosynthesis and WUE in rice and the increase in AQE associated with high CO₂ in all species. Elevated CO₂ did not change the apparent carboxylation efficiency (ACE) in the three species although the combination of elevated CO₂ and UV-B reduced ACE in wheat and rice. The results of this experiment illustrate that increased UV-B radiation may modify CO₂-induced increases in biomass, seed yield and photosynthetic parameters and suggest that available data may not adequately characterize the potential effect of future, simultaneous changes in CO₂ concentration and UV-B radiation.     

Effects of vegetation on the emission of methane from submerged paddy soil

Summary Methane emission rates from rice-vegetated paddy fields followed a seasonal pattern different to that of weed-covered or unvegetated fields. Presence of rice plants stimulated the emission of CH₄ both in the laboratory and in the field. In unvegetated paddy fields CH₄ was emitted almost exclusively by ebullition. By contrast, in rice-vegetated fields more than 90% of the CH₄ emission was due to plant-mediated transport. Rice plants stimulated methanogenesis in the submerged soil, but also enhanced the CH₄ oxidation rates within the rhizosphere so that only 23% of the produced CH₄ was emitted. Gas bubbles in vegetated paddy soils contained lower CH₄ mixing ratios than in unvegetated fiels. Weed plants were also efficient in mediating gas exchnage between submerged soil and atmosphere, but did not stimulate methanogenesis. Weed plants caused a relatively high redox potential in the submerged soil so that 95% of the produced CH₄ was oxidized and did not reach the atmosphere. The emission of CH₄ was stimulated, however, when the cultures were incubated under gas atmospheres containing acetylene or consisting of O₂-free nitrogen.     

Effects of elevated ozone concentration on methane emission from a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta,China

Few investigations have been made on the impact of elevated ozone (O₃) concentration on methane (CH₄) emission from rice paddies. Using open‐top chambers in situ with different O₃ treatments, CH₄ emissions were measured in a rice paddy in Yangtze River Delta, China in 2007 and 2008. There were four treatments applied: charcoal‐filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and charcoal‐filtered air with different O₃ additions (O₃‐1 and O₃‐2). The mean O₃ concentrations during the O₃ fumigation were 19.7, 22.6, 69.6 and 118.6 ppb in 2007 and 7.0, 17.4, 82.2 and 138.3 ppb in 2008 for treatments CF, NF, O₃‐1 and O₃‐2, respectively. The rice yields, as compared with CF, were reduced by 32.8% and 37.1%, 58.3% and 52.1% in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The diurnal patterns of CH₄ emission varied temporally with treatments and there was inconsistence in diurnal variations in CH₄ emissions from the paddy field. The daily mean CH₄ emissions were significantly lower in treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 than those in treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF treatment, CH₄ emissions from the paddy field were decreased to 46.5% and 38.3%, 50.6% and 46.8% under treatments O₃‐1 and O₃‐2 in the whole growing seasons of 2007 and 2008, respectively. The seasonal mean CH₄ emissions were negatively related with AOT40 (accumulative O₃ concentration above 40 ppb; P < 0.01 in both years), but positively related to the relative rice yield (reference to CF; P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.001 in 2008), aboveground biomass (P < 0.01 in both years) and underground biomass (P < 0.01 in 2007 and P < 0.05 in 2008). The decreased CH₄ emission from the rice paddy due to an increased O₃ exposure might partially mitigate the global warming potential induced by soil carbon loss under elevated O₃ concentrations.