典型温带草原群落土壤呼吸温度敏感性与土壤水分的关系

工业革命以来,人类活动所导致的CO2等温室气体的浓度在大气中持续上升,全球表面温度因此不断升高。在全球温暖化的背景下,土壤呼吸与温室效应之间正反馈关系势必影响到未来陆地生态系统功能与全球变化的趋势,所以,关于土壤呼吸对温度变化响应的研究备受瞩目。土壤呼吸对温度依赖性的研究已经有许多报道,其关系可以用简单的指数方程表示。但是,土壤水分条件对于土壤呼吸温度敏感性(用Q10表示)的影响却研究得较少。采用碱液吸收法对内蒙古典型温带草原11个不同水分状况群落的土壤呼吸进行了测定,并分析了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。结果显示土壤呼吸的温度敏感性存在一定程度的空间变异,各群落Q10值平均为1．65,变异系数为6．94％。其中,春小麦群落的Q10值最高(1．84),其次是湿生杂类草群落(Q10=1．78),而Q10最低的是冷蒿(aRMESIA FRIGIDA)-星毛萎陵菜(pOTENTILLA ACAULIS)群落(1．47)。用Spearman秩相关分析法对表层土壤(O～20cm)水分与Q10值之间的关系进行了分析,结果表明各群落Q10值与生长季土壤平均水分含量呈显著的正相关关系(R=0．64545,p=0．032),说明水分状况对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有一定程度的影响。由此推断,在中国温带草原地区,温度升高对较湿润区域土壤呼吸的影响大于较干旱区域。全球变化导致的水分时空格局的变化可能对温带草原土壤呼吸有较大的影响。所以,模拟大尺度土壤CO2排放量时,水分因素必须作为一个重要的变量加以考虑。     

中国土壤呼吸温度敏感性空间格局的反演

土壤呼吸的温度敏感性（Q10）是模拟全球变暖与生态系统碳释放之间反馈强度的重要参数．虽然实验研究表明Q10值具有明显的空间异质性,但由于其空间分布格局的定量数据的缺乏,目前绝大多数生物地球化学模型将其简化成一个常数,并以此来预测未来的气候变化,这在一定程度上增大了模型预测的不确定性．本研究基于土壤有机碳的实测数据,并结合碳循环过程模型（CASA模型）,利用反演分析方法估算了8km空间分辨率下中国土壤呼吸温度敏感性的空间分布．结果表明,Q10值具有明显的空间异质性,且与实验方法估算的Q10值具有一致性;不同土壤类型的Q10值在1．09～2．38之间变化,其中火山灰土的Q10值最大,冷棕钙土的值最小;Q10值的空间分布与降水及土壤有机碳含量的关系密切．研究表明,该方法能有效反演Q10值的空间分布,从而有助于揭示碳循环规律并降低未来大气CO2浓度及气候变化预测的不确定性．     

CO_2浓度升高和N沉降对中亚热带森林土壤呼吸的短期影响

大气CO2浓度升高和N沉降持续增加已是不争的事实,影响着森林生态系统碳循环。为深入了解CO2浓度升高和N沉降增加对中亚热带森林土壤碳循环的共同影响,本研究通过模拟CO2浓度升高和N沉降增加,利用Li-Cor 8100测定了土壤呼吸1年的变化。结果表明:CO2浓度升高和N沉降显著促进了土壤呼吸,其单独处理的土壤呼吸速率分别比对照高24.4%和27.9%(P0.01);CO2浓度升高和N沉降同时作用下,土壤呼吸速率比对照高46.5%(P0.01)。表明,N沉降和CO2浓度升高对土壤呼吸的促进作用存在非加和效应。相关性分析显示,土壤呼吸与土壤温度呈显著正相关,而与土壤含水量呈负相关。CO2浓度升高和N沉降增加改变了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。CO2浓度升高略微增加了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,而N沉降则降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。因此,在全球CO2浓度升高和N沉降增加的背景下,中亚热带森林土壤有机碳向大气中的排放可能会增加,但有机碳分解对环境温度变化的敏感性降低。     

土壤异养呼吸的测定及其温度敏感性影响因子

土壤异养呼吸主要指土壤中微生物分解有机质释放CO2的过程,是陆地生态系统中土壤碳的主要净输出途径,土壤异养呼吸与净初级生产力的差值是决定生态系统碳源/汇的关键.本文介绍了土壤异养呼吸的测定方法--室内培养的去根土壤样品培养和原状土柱培养,以及野外原位测定的根排除法、环割法和同位素法等操作方法的优缺点以及适用范围.在土壤异养呼吸的研究方面,土壤异养呼吸温度敏感性(Q10)是碳循环研究的重要方面之一,温度、水分以及土壤呼吸底物是影响Q10的主要因子,一般情况下,随着温度的升高,Q10下降;土壤含水量过低或过高时,Q10降低;土壤有机碳的有效性影响着土壤异养呼吸对温度变化的响应程度,当有效性降低时Q10下降,不同周转时间的有机碳的温度敏感性也不相同,活性有机碳的温度敏感性较惰性有机碳的温度敏感性低.     

土壤有机质转化及CO2释放的温度效应研究进展

土壤有机质转化对温度变化的响应,是气候变暖与全球碳循环关系中的核心问题.掌握土壤有机质对温度变化的响应规律,对准确评价气候变暖背景下,全球土壤有机质的转化至关重要.综述了国内外大量研究成果,对基质成分、基质损耗、测试方法、微生物、水分含量等因素,对土壤有机质转化与温度关系的影响机理与影响规律以及Q10的变化规律进行了探讨.提出稳定有机质与不稳定有机质温度敏感性异同问题,应作为土壤有机质转化与温度关系中的核心问题进行深入研究.同时通过分析,提出室内短期培养是首选测试方法.分析认为微生物生长温度曲线与微生物呼吸之间不存在必然联系,而在过低和过高之间,水分含量是否会影响土壤呼吸,有待进一步试验验证.提出随着城市热岛效应这一环境问题的加剧,研究及评价更大温度区间内的城市土壤有机质对温度变化的响应规律十分重要.     

土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响因素和不确定性

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节之一, 其对温度升高的敏感程度在很大程度上决定着全球气候变化与碳循环之间的反馈关系。为了深刻理解地下生态过程对气候变化的响应和适应,本文综述了土壤呼吸温度敏感性（Q10）的影响因子及其内在机制,并分析了当前研究存在的不确定性。土壤生物、底物质量和底物供应显著调控着土壤呼吸的Q10值,但研究结论仍然有很大差异。温度和水分等环境因子则通过对土壤生物和底物的影响而作用于土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,一般情况下,随着温度的升高,土壤呼吸的Q10值下降;水分过高或过低时Q10值降低。另外本文从土壤温度测定深度、时空尺度、土壤呼吸不同组分温度敏感性差异、激发效应以及采用方法的不同等几方面分析了温度敏感性研究存在的不确定性。并在此基础上, 指出了未来拟重点加强的研究方向:（1）土壤呼吸不同组分温度敏感性差异的机理;（2）底物质量和底物供应对温度敏感性的交互影响;（3）生物因子对土壤呼吸温度敏感性的影响。     

土壤有机质对农田管理措施的动态响应

土壤有机质在农田肥力、环境保护、农业可持续发展等方面具有重要意义。它不仅决定农作物产量,而且在全球碳素循环中起着重要作用。由于大气CO2浓度升高与全球气候变暖等一系列环境问题的加剧,全球碳素循环受到越来越多的关注。农田具有大气CO2源和库的双重潜力。历史上由于人类对农田的过度开垦和耕种,造成土壤有机质含量大幅度下降,降低了农田的作物产量潜力;同时导致大量的碳以CO2形式由陆地生态系统排放到大气圈,加剧了全球温室效应。大量研究结果表明,诸如耕作、种植制度、施肥等农田管理措施能够显著地影响土壤有机质动态,而免耕、提高复种指数、合理的轮作换茬、有机肥料和化肥的施用以及弃耕农田还林还草等保护性管理措施则能够提高农田土壤有机质含量,使农田起到大气CO2汇的作用。综述了近年来农田管理对土壤有机质动态影响研究方面的进展。     

次生栎林和人工松林土壤呼吸对温度敏感性的室内模拟

土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性是影响全球气候变暖不确定性的因素之一.为了解在排除其他生态因子的影响下天然阔叶林和人工针叶林土壤呼吸对温度敏感性的差异,选择了苏南丘陵次生栎林和火炬松人工林为研究对象,采集2种林分0～10cm表层土壤,分别进行了5℃、15℃、25℃和35℃的室内恒温培养实验.用传统的密闭气室碱液吸收法测定它们的CO2释放量的动态变化,并测定土壤理化性质.结果表明:次生栎林对温度的敏感性即Q10值大于火炬松人工林;在5℃、15℃和25℃培养时2种林分土壤呼吸累积释放CO2量的差异不显著,并且土壤释放CO2的动态变化一致,而35℃时,次生栎林显著大于火炬松人工林;在25℃培养时,次生栎林土壤呼吸累积释放CO2量与5℃和15℃相比并没有显著增加,反而低于火炬松人工林;次生栎林的全碳、全氮、全钙、全磷含量以及碳氮比显著大干火炬松人工林.模拟结果表明,在全球气候变暖背景下,天然阔叶林可能比人工针叶林释放更多的CO2.     

马尾松和苦槠林根际土壤矿化和根系分解CO2释放的温度敏感性

以中亚热带马尾松林和苦槠林为对象,原位收集根际和非根际土壤、树木不同生态功能的根系,开展15℃、25℃、35℃和45℃恒温培养模拟试验,采用密闭气室碱液吸收法测定53 d内CO2释放的动态变化.结果表明:两种森林类型不同温度下土壤矿化CO2释放速率的根际效应介于1.12 ～3.09,且培养前期高于培养后期;15℃下马尾松林和苦槠林差异不显著,25℃和35℃下前者低于后者,45℃下则相反.不同培养温度下两树种吸收根分解的CO2释放速率均高于过渡根和贮存根,且马尾松均低于苦槠.两种森林类型CO2释放的Q10值均为土壤(1.21 ～1.83)显著高于根系(0.96 ～1.36).两种森林类型土壤矿化CO2释放的Q10值差异不显著,而马尾松根系分解CO2释放的Q10值高于苦槠.推断全球变暖导致的土壤矿化CO2释放的增量将远远高于根系分解,且马尾松林高于苦槠林;地带性顶极群落应对气候变化的抵抗力强于先锋树种群落.     

植被类型变化对长白山森林土壤碳矿化及其温度敏感性的影响

土壤有机质是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,土壤有机质分解速率及其温度敏感性对生态系统碳循环及其碳汇功能具有重要影响。为揭示植被类型变化对森林土壤有机质分解的影响,以长白山针阔混交林的原生林和次生林为研究对象,分别将土壤在不同水分(30%、60%和90%土壤饱和含水量(SSM))和不同温度(5、10、15、20、25和30 ℃)下培养,在为期56 d的培养期内分9次测定土壤碳矿化速率。实验结果表明:植被类型、培养温度和水分对土壤碳矿化速率具有显著影响,且三者间存在显著的交互效应(P < 0.001)。次生林土壤碳矿化累积量显著高于原生林(P < 0.05),在90% SSM和温度30 ℃培养状况下分别为346.41 μgC/g和241.01 μgC/g。包含温度和水分的双因素模型可很好地拟合土壤碳矿化速率的变化,温度和水分可共同解释土壤碳矿化速率的82.7%-95.9%变异。次生林土壤碳矿化温度敏感性(Q₁₀)显著高于原生林;水分对温度敏感性的影响较复杂,次生林在60% SSM最高,而原生林在90% SSM最高。总之,原生林遭砍伐后将会加速土壤有机质的分解,从而降低土壤有机质含量;另外,根据Q₁₀值可以预测次生林土壤有机质的分解速率对全球变暖反映更明显。     

The global-scale temperature and moisture dependencies of soil organic carbon decomposition: an analysis using a mechanistic decomposition model

Since the decomposition rate of soil organic carbon (SOC) varies as a function of environmental conditions, global climate change is expected to alter SOC decomposition dynamics, and the resulting changes in the amount of CO₂ emitted from soils will feedback onto the rate at which climate change occurs. While this soil feedback is expected to be significant because the amount of SOC is substantially more than the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, the environmental dependencies of decomposition at global scales that determine the magnitude of the soil feedback have remained poorly characterized. In this study, we address this issue by fitting a mechanistic decomposition model to a global dataset of SOC, optimizing the model’s temperature and moisture dependencies to best match the observed global distribution of SOC. The results of the analysis indicate that the temperature sensitivity of decomposition at global scales (Q ₁₀=1.37) is significantly less than is assumed by many terrestrial ecosystem models that directly apply temperature sensitivity from small-scale studies, and that the maximal rate of decomposition occurs at higher moisture values than is assumed by many models. These findings imply that the magnitude of the soil decomposition feedback onto rate of global climate change will be less sensitive to increases in temperature, and modeling of temperature and moisture dependencies of SOC decomposition in global-scale models should consider effects of scale.     

Potential carbon release from permafrost soils of Northeastern Siberia

Permafrost soils are an important reservoir of carbon (C) in boreal and arctic ecosystems. Rising global temperature is expected to enhance decomposition of organic matter frozen in permafrost, and may cause positive feedback to warming as CO₂ is released to the atmosphere. Significant amounts of organic matter remain frozen in thick mineral soil (loess) deposits in northeastern Siberia, but the quantity and lability of this deep organic C is poorly known. Soils from four tundra and boreal forest locations in northeastern Siberia that have been continuously frozen since the Pleistocene were incubated at controlled temperatures (5, 10 and 15°C) to determine their potential to release C to the atmosphere when thawed. Across all sites, CO₂ with radiocarbon (¹⁴C) ages ranging between～21 and 24 ka bp was respired when these permafrost soils were thawed. The amount of C released in the first several months was strongly correlated to C concentration in the bulk soil in the different sites, and this correlation remained the same for fluxes up to 1 year later. Fluxes were initially strongly related to temperature with a mean Q₁₀ value of 1.9±0.3 across all sites, and later were unrelated to temperature but still correlated with bulk soil C concentration. Modeled inversions of Δ¹⁴CO₂ values in respiration CO₂ and soil C components revealed mean contribution of 70% and 26% from dissolved organic C to respiration CO₂ in case of two permafrost soils, while organic matter fragments dominated respiration (mean 68%) from a surface mineral soil that served as modern reference sample. Our results suggest that if 10% of the total Siberian permafrost C pool was thawed to a temperature of 5°C, about 1 Pg C will be initially released from labile C pools, followed by respiration of～40 Pg C to the atmosphere over a period of four decades.     

有机碳质量对黄河三角洲芦苇凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响

凋落物分解速率及其温度敏感性Q_(10)能够影响凋落物对土壤的碳归还及其对全球变暖的响应。然而,凋落物有机碳质量对凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响研究仍不充分。以黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australi)为例,通过凋落物袋法、室内模拟实验及固态~(13)C核磁共振技术,研究有机碳质量对凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的影响,探讨预测凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的指标。结果表明:(1)随着凋落物分解,易分解碳组分(烷氧碳、双烷氧碳)相对含量逐渐降低,而难分解碳组分(芳香碳)相对含量显著增加,疏水碳/亲水碳、芳香碳/烷氧碳比值逐渐增大,凋落物有机碳更加稳定,凋落物呼吸速率及失重率呈下降趋势。(2)凋落物失重主要受烷基碳、烷氧碳相对含量及C/N的影响,凋落物CO_2累积释放量主要受烷氧碳及双烷氧碳相对含量的影响。羰基碳相对含量可以用来解释Q_(10)的变异。因此,相对于生态化学计量比,烷基碳、烷氧碳、双烷氧碳、羰基碳相对含量是预测凋落物分解及其温度敏感性的敏感性指标。     

The Temperature Response of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Production from Bulk Soils and Soil Fractions is Related to Soil Organic Matter Quality

The projected increase in global mean temperature could accelerate the turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Enhanced soil CO₂ emissions could feedback on the climate system, depending on the balance between the sensitivity to temperature of net carbon fixation by vegetation and SOM decomposition. Most of the SOM is stabilised by several physico-chemical mechanisms within the soil architecture, but the response of this quantitatively important fraction to increasing temperature is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to relate the temperature sensitivity of decomposition of physical and chemical soil fractions (size fractions, hydrolysis residues), and of bulk soil, to their quality and turnover time. Soil samples were taken from arable and grassland soils from the Swiss Central Plateau, and CO₂ production was measured under strictly controlled conditions at 5, 15, 25, and 35 °C by using sequential incubation. Physico-chemical properties of the samples were characterised by measuring elemental composition, surface area, ¹⁴C age, and by using DRIFT spectroscopy. CO₂ production rates per unit (g) organic carbon (OC) strongly varied between samples, in relation to the difference in the biochemical quality of the substrates. The temperature response of all samples was exponential up to 25 °C, with the largest variability at lower temperatures. Q₁₀ values were negatively related to CO₂ production over the whole temperature range, indicating higher temperature sensitivity of SOM of lower quality. In particular, hydrolysis residues, representing a more stabilised SOM pool containing older C, produced less CO₂ g⁻¹ OC than non-hydrolysed fractions or bulk samples at lower temperatures, but similar rates at ≥25 °C, leading to higher Q₁₀ values than in other samples. Based on these results and provided that they apply also to other soils it is suggested that because of the higher sensitivity of passive SOM the overall response of SOM to increasing temperatures might be higher than previously expected from SOM models. Finally, surface area measurements revealed that micro-aggregation rather than organo-mineral association mainly contributes to the longer turnover time of SOM isolated by acid hydrolysis.     

Decomposition of Organic Carbon in Fine Soil Particles Is Likely More Sensitive to Warming than in Coarse Particles: An Incubation Study with Temperate Grassland and Forest Soils in Northern China

It is widely recognized that global warming promotes soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition, and soils thus emit more CO₂ into the atmosphere because of the warming; however, the response of SOC decomposition to this warming in different soil textures is unclear. This lack of knowledge limits our projection of SOC turnover and CO₂ emission from soils after future warming. To investigate the CO₂ emission from soils with different textures, we conducted a 107-day incubation experiment. The soils were sampled from temperate forest and grassland in northern China. The incubation was conducted over three short-term cycles of changing temperature from 5°C to 30°C, with an interval of 5°C. Our results indicated that CO₂ emissions from sand (>50 µm), silt (2–50 µm), and clay (<2 µm) particles increased exponentially with increasing temperature. The sand fractions emitted more CO₂ (CO₂-C per unit fraction-C) than the silt and clay fractions in both forest and grassland soils. The temperature sensitivity of the CO₂ emission from soil particles, which is expressed as Q₁₀, decreased in the order clay>silt>sand. Our study also found that nitrogen availability in the soil facilitated the temperature dependence of SOC decomposition. A further analysis of the incubation data indicated a power-law decrease of Q₁₀ with increasing temperature. Our results suggested that the decomposition of organic carbon in fine-textured soils that are rich in clay or silt could be more sensitive to warming than those in coarse sandy soils and that SOC might be more vulnerable in boreal and temperate regions than in subtropical and tropical regions under future warming.     

Temperature response of litter and soil organic matter decomposition is determined by chemical composition of organic material

The global soil carbon pool is approximately three times larger than the contemporary atmospheric pool, therefore even minor changes to its integrity may have major implications for atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. While theory predicts that the chemical composition of organic matter should constitute a master control on the temperature response of its decomposition, this relationship has not yet been fully demonstrated. We used laboratory incubations of forest soil organic matter (SOM) and fresh litter material together with NMR spectroscopy to make this connection between organic chemical composition and temperature sensitivity of decomposition. Temperature response of decomposition in both fresh litter and SOM was directly related to the chemical composition of the constituent organic matter, explaining 90% and 70% of the variance in Q₁₀ in litter and SOM, respectively. The Q₁₀ of litter decreased with increasing proportions of aromatic and O‐aromatic compounds, and increased with increased contents of alkyl‐ and O‐alkyl carbons. In contrast, in SOM, decomposition was affected only by carbonyl compounds. To reveal why a certain group of organic chemical compounds affected the temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition in litter and SOM, a more detailed characterization of the ¹³C aromatic region using Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) was conducted. The results revealed considerable differences in the aromatic region between litter and SOM. This suggests that the correlation between chemical composition of organic matter and the temperature response of decomposition differed between litter and SOM. The temperature response of soil decomposition processes can thus be described by the chemical composition of its constituent organic matter, this paves the way for improved ecosystem modeling of biosphere feedbacks under a changing climate.     

Responses of Soil CO2 Fluxes to Short-Term Experimental Warming in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem,Northern Tibet

Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. Therefore small changes in the size of this flux can have a large effect on atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and potentially constitute a powerful positive feedback to the climate system. Soil CO₂ fluxes in the alpine steppe ecosystem of Northern Tibet and their responses to short-term experimental warming were investigated during the growing season in 2011. The results showed that the total soil CO₂ emission fluxes during the entire growing season were 55.82 and 104.31 g C m^-2 for the control and warming plots, respectively. Thus, the soil CO₂ emission fluxes increased 86.86% with the air temperature increasing 3.74°C. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q ₁₀) of the control and warming plots were 2.10 and 1.41, respectively. The soil temperature and soil moisture could partially explain the temporal variations of soil CO₂ fluxes. The relationship between the temporal variation of soil CO₂ fluxes and the soil temperature can be described by exponential equation. These results suggest that warming significantly promoted soil CO₂ emission in the alpine steppe ecosystem of Northern Tibet and indicate that this alpine ecosystem is very vulnerable to climate change. In addition, soil temperature and soil moisture are the key factors that controls soil organic matter decomposition and soil CO₂ emission, but temperature sensitivity significantly decreases due to the rise in temperature.     

Drivers of temperature sensitivity of decomposition of soil organic matter along a mountain altitudinal gradient in the Western Carpathians

Mountain forest soils contain an important stock of carbon. Their altitudinal gradient can serve as a model for research on the potential risk of increased emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in a positive feedback of global warming. Using soil samples collected at three elevations (600, 900, and 1200 m a.s.l.) from five separate slopes of the Carpathian Mountains (Poland), we studied the effects of soil physical, chemical and microbial properties controlling the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ values) of organic matter decomposition in forest soils. Data of soil basal respiration rate measured in laboratory conditions at six different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) were fitted to a Gaussian function. The modelled soil respiration rates differed between altitudes at temperature exceeding 15 °C, and the respiration rate of soil from 1200 m a.s.l. was higher than in soils from the two lower elevations. Based on the modelled respiration values, we calculated Q₁₀ values in the low (Q₁₀L, 0–10 °C), medium (Q₁₀M, 10–20 °C) and high (Q₁₀H, 20–30 °C) temperature ranges. The Q₁₀ values did not differ between elevations. Q₁₀L and Q₁₀M were negatively related only with the C:N ratio. Temperature sensitivity of decomposition of soil organic matter was not affected by bacterial activity and functional diversity (assessed using Biolog^® ECO plates), microbial biomass or community structure (inferred from phospholipid fatty acid assays). Our findings support a kinetics-based theory of the higher temperature sensitivity of more chemically recalcitrant soil organic matter, put forward by other authors.     

Microbial physiology and soil CO2 efflux after 9 years of soil warming in a temperate forest – no indications for thermal adaptations

Thermal adaptations of soil microorganisms could mitigate or facilitate global warming effects on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and soil CO₂ efflux. We incubated soil from warmed and control subplots of a forest soil warming experiment to assess whether 9 years of soil warming affected the rates and the temperature sensitivity of the soil CO₂ efflux, extracellular enzyme activities, microbial efficiency, and gross N mineralization. Mineral soil (0–10 cm depth) was incubated at temperatures ranging from 3 to 23 °C. No adaptations to long‐term warming were observed regarding the heterotrophic soil CO₂ efflux (R₁₀ warmed: 2.31 ± 0.15 μmol m^?2 s^?1, control: 2.34 ± 0.29 μmol m^?2 s^?1; Q₁₀ warmed: 2.45 ± 0.06, control: 2.45 ± 0.04). Potential enzyme activities increased with incubation temperature, but the temperature sensitivity of the enzymes did not differ between the warmed and the control soils. The ratio of C : N acquiring enzyme activities was significantly higher in the warmed soil. Microbial biomass‐specific respiration rates increased with incubation temperature, but the rates and the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ warmed: 2.54 ± 0.23, control 2.75 ± 0.17) did not differ between warmed and control soils. Microbial substrate use efficiency (SUE) declined with increasing incubation temperature in both, warmed and control, soils. SUE and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀ warmed: 0.84 ± 0.03, control: 0.88 ± 0.01) did not differ between warmed and control soils either. Gross N mineralization was invariant to incubation temperature and was not affected by long‐term soil warming. Our results indicate that thermal adaptations of the microbial decomposer community are unlikely to occur in C‐rich calcareous temperate forest soils.     

人工油松林恢复过程中土壤理化性质及有机碳含量的变化特征

采用时空替代法,选取岷江上游大沟流域内不同恢复时期(12、18、25、35a)的人工油松林为研究对象,研究了植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质及有机碳含量的变化特征,同时探讨了它们之间的相互关系.研究结果表明沿恢复梯度,土壤质量得到了改善,主要表现为土壤粘粒含量、比表面积、有机质含量显著增加,土壤粉粒含量和pH值则显著下降.土壤有机质与土壤粘粒和比表面积呈显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关.此外,土壤有机碳含量沿恢复梯度显著增加,0-50 cm内土壤有机碳含量从5.59 kg/m2增加到12.64 kg/m2,土壤年平均固碳速率为0.31 kg/m2.