斑叶兰自然种群生物量生殖分配研究

(1.井冈山学院生命科学学院,江西吉安343009;2.西南大学生命科学学院,重庆400715)斑叶兰开花前各构件的生物量在总生物量中所占比例具有明显差异,且在生境间具显著差异。在柳杉林中,茎构件所占比例显著高于其它构件的比例;其它生境中正常叶的比例显著高于同生境下其它构件的比例。花期,斑叶兰茎和叶构件所占比例最大,其中仅在灌丛中正常叶构件分配比例略大于其茎构件的,但二者差异不显著;生殖构件中,花瓣所占比例最大;除花托叶(p=0.002)外,其余生殖构件的分配比例在生境之间的差异均不显著;合蕊柱在各群落生境中的分配比例差异极小,几乎是恒定的。斑叶兰的生物量生殖分配表现出随分布群落演替阶段的提高而下降的趋势,即竹林>人工柳杉林>灌丛>混交林;其生殖分配在20·35%~28.90%之间,而以干重计算则为21.09%~31.80%之间,明显高于其它一些多年生植物的(0%~20%),而表现出一年生植物的生殖分配特性。     

羊草种群能量生殖分配的研究

对羊草种群能量生殖分配规律研究表明,在羊草种群中,各构件热值的大小顺序为穗〉营养枝叶鞘〉生殖枝叶鞘〉营养枝叶〉营养枝茎〉生殖枝茎〉生殖枝叶〉凋落物;营养生长和生殖生长的能量分配比例的大小顺序为营养枝〉根茎〉凋落物〉生殖枝;各构件能量分配比例的季节动态也有差异,在羊草种群的生殖枝构件中,茎和叶鞘的分配比例较大,而穗和叶的能量分配比例较小。     

白刺属植物的分类学及系统学研究

在回顾白刺属(Nitraria L.)研究历史的基础上,对全球所产白刺属的12种植物作了详细的考证和系统整理。根据果皮结构及演化趋势,花粉形态及分布区等方面的研究资料,探讨了属内种间的系统发育,提出了属下的分类系统,在此系统下编制出分组及分种检索表。根据其地理分布,绘制了白刺属植物的中国及世界分布图。     

白刺属4种植物传粉特性的实验研究

根据对乌兰布和沙漠地区白刺属4种植物在花期进行的人工控制性授粉实验及室内外调查分析,系统研究了唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、大白刺和泡泡刺4种白刺属植物的传粉特性。结果表明:不同白刺属植物兼具杂交亲和与自交亲和的能力,更倾向于异交结实。繁育系统属于自交、异交相混合的兼性异交交配系统,存在风媒传粉的可能性,不能进行无融合生殖。白刺属植物的这些传粉特性表现出对干旱荒漠地区恶劣环境的较强生态适应性。     

白刺属植物的分类学及系统学研究

在回顾白刺属(NitrariaL)研究历史的基础上,对全球所产白刺属的12种植物作了详细的考证和系统整理。根据果皮结构及演化趋势,花粉形态及分布区等方面的研究资料,探讨了属内种间的系统发育,提出了属下的分类系统,在此系统下编制出分组及分种检索表。根据其地理分布,绘制了白刺属植物的中国及世界分布图。     

雌雄异株植物鼠李的生殖分配

以雌雄异株树种鼠李为模式物种,分别从树枝、植株和种群水平上分析了雌雄异株树种鼠李的生殖分配过程,检验了营养生长与生殖过程之间的平衡。结果表明:树枝水平,鼠李年生殖生物量(花生物量+果生物量)投资具有显著的性别差异和个体差异(P<0.001)。雌花生物量大于雄花生物量,雌花生物量最大值为雄花生物量最大值的1.75倍。雌树和雄树的叶片生物量差异不显著(P>0.05)。植株水平上,鼠李生殖生物量(花生物量+果生物量)投资具有显著的性别差异和个体差异(P<0.001),雌树与雄树的花生物量和茎干径向增量差异显著(P<0.05),叶片生物量差异不显著(P>0.05)。鼠李胸径大小对花生物量、叶生物量和茎干径向增量影响显著(P<0.05)。鼠李雌树的花生物量和茎干径向增量均大于雄树。种群水平上,鼠李雄树始花期略早于雌树,2010年雌树和雄树分别于5月28日和5月25日始花。在360 m × 660 m研究样地内种群性比为0.17,卡方检验表明种群性比显著偏离1∶1(P<0.001)。雌树和雄树年平均生长量分别为0.78 mm和0.83 mm。因此,在树枝水平、植株水平以及种群水平上,雌雄异株树种鼠李的营养生长和生殖生长不存在平衡关系。推断鼠李雌树能够通过光合过程获得更多生物量来满足其生殖和营养生长过程需要。     

天津沿海滩涂互花米草种群生殖分株数量特征及生殖分配研究

通过对天津沿海滩涂单优群落的取样调查,研究了互花米草种群生殖分株的数量特征和生殖分配规律。结果表明,在籽实成熟期,互花米草种群单个生殖分株重为15.62±9.26 g,穗和种子重分别为2.68±2.08和1.39±1.12 g,小穗和种子数分别为537.7±362.2和490.2±376.3个,生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别为15.02±5.83和7.62±3.8%,结实率为81.9 ±28.6%。穗和种子的形成分别需要分株积累3.2和3.6 g以上的生物量。穗长、穗重、种子数、小穗数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与分株高度呈极显著(p<0.01)的正相关关系。穗重、小穗数、种子重、种子数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与分株重呈极显著(p<0.01)的线性正相关关系。种子数、小穗数、生殖分配Ⅰ和生殖分配Ⅱ分别与茎和叶鞘生物量分配呈极显著(p<0.01)的负相关关系。穗各构件在空间上的分布也存在较强的规律性。     

羊草种群生物量和能量生殖分配的研究

从构件入手,研究了生长季羊草种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及其构件的生物量和能量分配及季节动态,结果表明种群营养枝和生殖枝的生物量和能量分配没有显著的颉抗关系,但营养枝和根茎生物量和能量分配比例间呈显著的颉抗关系。研究结果还表明种群根茎、营养枝和生殖枝及构件的生物量和能量分配比例间的差异基本不显著,而且季节动态趋势一致,即生物量分配和能量分配是等价的。     

金沙江干热河谷车桑子生殖枝生物量分配的性别差异

以车桑子生殖枝为材料,通过野外调查、取样以及各器官生物量的测定,研究金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子不同性别植株生殖枝生物量分配特征。结果表明：（1）金沙江干热河谷地区车桑子种群雄∶雌性别比为0.11,极显著的偏离1∶1（P<0.001）,种群偏雌性。（2）车桑子生殖枝的形态特征和生物量分配特征均具有显著的性别差异;雌性植株生殖枝花朵生物量和总生物量显著高于雄性和两性植株（P <0.05）,而后两者之间无显著差异;生殖枝生殖分配具有显著的性别差异（P <0.05）,但生殖枝叶生物量无性别差异。（3）生殖枝生物量大小与花朵生物量、营养生物量均呈极显著正相关关系（P <0.001）。营养生物量与花朵生物量之间为显著正相关关系(P <0.01),生殖分配与生殖枝大小无相关关系。研究认为,车桑子生殖枝营养生长与生殖生长不具有权衡关系,且生殖分配不具有个体大小依赖性,特定生物量分配模式可能是对金沙江干热河谷区资源利用、环境适应的一种特殊形态模式。     

甘肃省白刺属植物的数量分类研究

根据白刺属植物的46个形态学、解剖学和细胞学性状指标,对甘肃省分布的5种白刺进行了数值分类研究。根据种问欧氏距离,应用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,结果表明：泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)和小果白刺(N.sibirico)间具有较强的亲缘关系,与其它3种的亲缘关系较远;毛瓣白刺(N.praevisa)、唐古特白刺(N.tangutorum)和大果白刺(N.roborowskii)可以归为一类。其中的毛瓣白刺和唐古特白刺之间的亲缘关系最为相近。     

Description of Idiomarina insulisalsae sp. nov., isolated from the soil of a sea salt evaporation pond,proposal to transfer the species of the genus Pseudidiomarina to the genus Idiomarina and emended description of the genus Idiomarina

A halophilic, aerobic Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain CVS-6^T, was isolated from a sea salt evaporation pond on the Island of Sal in the Cape Verde Archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a clear affiliation of the organism with members of the family Idiomarinaceae. Sequence similarities between CVS-6^T and the type strains of the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina ranged from 93.7% to 96.9%. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were 15:0 iso (21.8%), 17:0 iso (12.5%), 17:1 iso ω9c (10.7%), and 16:1 ω7c (10.6%). The DNA G+C content was 51.6 mol%. The species represented by strain CVS-6^T could be distinguished from the species of the genera Pseudidiomarina and Idiomarina; however, it was not possible to distinguish both genera from each other using the phenotypic or chemotaxonomic characteristics examined. Consequently, we propose that the species classified in the genus Pseudidiomarina should be transferred to the genus Idiomarina. We also propose that, on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain CVS-6^T (=LMG 23123=CIP 108836) represents a new species which we name Idiomarina insulisalsae.     

Meiothermus rufus sp. nov., a new slightly thermophilic red-pigmented species and emended description of the genus Meiothermus

Four red-pigmented isolates, with optimum growth temperatures of approximately 55–60 °C and an optimum pH for growth between 7.5 and 8.5, were recovered from hot springs in Central France. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these organisms represented a new species of the genus Meiothermus. The new isolates could be distinguished from other strains of the species of the genus Meiothermus primarily by the glycolipid profile and fatty acid composition because these organisms lacked the hydroxy fatty acids and the glycolipid variant GL-1a found in all other isolates of the species of Meiothermus examined. On the basis of the results presented here we propose the name Meiothermus rufus for the new species, which is represented by strains CAL-4^T (=DSM 22234^T=LMG 24878^T) and CAL-12 (=DSM 22235=LMG 24879). We also propose emending the genus Meiothermus to include strains that have only one glycolipid instead of two glycolipid variants.     

濒危植物安徽羽叶报春两种花型的繁育特性及其适应进化

二型花柱的维持机制和自然选择压力多年来一直是生态学和进化学研究领域的热点之一。通过实验室栽培和野外观察统计相结合的方法,对安徽羽叶报春两种花型(长柱花和短柱花)的形态特征、花粉活力、柱头可授性、花粉/胚珠比、自然授粉及结籽能力、自交亲和性等繁育特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:长、短柱花的花冠直径和裂片宽无明显差异,而花冠筒、雌蕊和雄蕊高、花粉数目及大小、P/O比均有显著差异。在自然条件下,长柱花所接受的总花粉数要明显高于短柱花的总花粉数,但所接受的异型花花粉数和平均每果结籽数两者无显著差异。长柱花和短柱花的花粉和柱头活力相似,均能在较长时间内维持较高活力,仅在开花末期显著下降。两种花型的花在自花授粉、同型异花授粉、异型花授粉条件下均能结籽,但异型花授粉的结籽数均明显高于自花授粉和同型异花授粉结籽数。在长柱花各种授粉方式中,花粉萌发率无明显差异,但异型花花粉管的生长速度明显比同型异花花粉和自花花粉的快,而在短柱花柱头上表现为异型花授粉的萌发率最高,但只要萌发后在花柱中的生长速度无显明差异。此外,综合上述结果,对二种花型花部综合征的维持机制及自然选择压力进行了探讨。     

Reproductive effort,fecundity and energy allocation in two species of the genus Perinereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae)

Summary

The reproductive effort in terms of fecundity and energy allocation was studied in two species of semelparous polychaetes belonging to the genus Perinereis, living in the same environment, with different reproductive modalities. There is a great individual variability both in terms of reproductive effort and fecundity. Fecundity varied from 4080 to 15000 oocytes in P. rullieri and from 7000 to 26000 in P. cultrifera; no linear relationship was found between oocyte number and total jaw length utilised as size index. The energy content of germinal and somatic tissues was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The reproductive effort was calculated as RE = E_G/(E_G + E_S) where E_G is the total energy in germinal tissues and E_S is the total energy in somatic tissues. Reproductive effort is very high with mean values of 0.62 for P. rullieri and 0.79 for P. cultrifera. The different amounts of energy allocated in germinal tissues can be attributed to the different reproductive modalities—P. rullieri reproduces in the atokous phase whereas P. cultrifera has conserved epitoky in its life-cycle. The lack of correlation between reproductive effort and size index strongly suggests that reproductive allocation does not increase with age. In semelparous species the variability in fecundity and reproductive effort observed cannot be interpreted in terms of a trade-off between fecundity and survival as in iteroparous species. In fact, in semelparous an individual allocates all available resources to reproduction and then dies.     

三种同域分布喉毛花的繁殖分配

以青藏高原高寒草甸中三种同域分布的喉毛花为研究对象,通过比较三个种的植株性状和繁殖分配,探讨繁殖分配的种间差异及其与植株个体大小的关系。结果表明:(1)三个种的植株高度、顶花大小和单株花数目、繁殖分配均存在种间差异,这可能与其各自的交配系统和具体的生境以及相应的生活史对策有关;(2)在三种喉毛花中,投入到营养器官和繁殖器官的绝对资源量均呈显著正相关,未检测到植株生长和繁殖间的权衡关系;(3)三个种的个体大小与繁殖器官生物量均呈显著正相关,而与繁殖分配均呈显著负相关,这表明个体越大,繁殖投入越高,而繁殖分配越低,与以往研究结果一致,这可能是由于繁殖分配与个体大小之间存在异速关系。     

Infections of Nosema ceranae in four different honeybee species

The microsporidium Nosema ceranae is detected in honeybees in Thailand for the first time. This endoparasite has recently been reported to infect most Apis mellifera honeybee colonies in Europe, the US, and parts of Asia, and is suspected to have displaced the endemic endoparasite species, Nosema apis, from the western A. mellifera. We collected and identified species of microsporidia from the European honeybee (A. mellifera), the cavity nesting Asian honeybee (Apis cerana), the dwarf Asian honeybee (Apis florea) and the giant Asian honeybee (Apis dorsata) from colonies in Northern Thailand. We used multiplex PCR technique with two pairs of primers to differentiate N. ceranae from N. apis. From 80 A. mellifera samples, 62 (77.5%) were positively identified for the presence of the N. ceranae. Amongst 46 feral colonies of Asian honeybees (A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata) examined for Nosema infections, only N. ceranae could be detected. No N. apis was found in our samples. N. ceranae is found to be the only microsporidium infesting honeybees in Thailand. Moreover, we found the frequencies of N. ceranae infection in native bees to be less than that of A. mellifera.     

石竹花粉母细胞减数分裂的观察

采用常规压片法对石竹(Dianthus chinensis L.)花粉母细胞减数分裂进行了细胞学观察。结果表明,减数分裂过程中存在二价体提前分离、赤道板外染色体、落后染色体、染色体不均等分离等异常现象,各时期的畸形率都低于3%,石竹的减数分裂过程基本正常,石竹染色体数目2n=2x=30。