溶藻细菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)对塔玛亚历山大藻生长及抗氧化系统的影响

【目的】研究溶藻细菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)胁迫下塔玛亚历山大藻细胞光合作用、抗氧化酶系统和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)变化,探讨溶藻细菌BS03对塔玛亚历山大藻的溶藻机制。【方法】通过0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%不同终浓度BS03上清液处理藻细胞后12、24、36、48h取样,测定溶藻过程藻细胞光合色素、叶绿素荧光效率、抗氧化酶系统、Caspase酶活性变化。【结果】(1)BS03上清液处理藻细胞后,藻细胞叶绿素a含量和叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm比值随BS03上清液处理时间延长和浓度的增加呈逐渐下降趋势;低浓度处理组藻细胞类胡萝卜素含量上升到一峰值,高于对照组后逐渐回落,而高浓度处理组类胡萝素含量呈下降趋势,低于对照组;(2)藻细胞抗氧化酶保护系统(SOD和CAT)活性随着BS03上清液处理浓度增加而升高,但随着处理时间的延长呈现先上升后下降趋势。藻细胞膜脂过氧化产物MDA积累量随着BS03上清液处理时间延长和处理浓度的增加而显著提高;(3)处理组藻细胞Caspase-3活性显著高于对照组,呈现出类似程序性死亡特征。【结论】BS03的抑藻机理可能是通过抑制藻细胞光合作用,降低抗氧化酶活性、加大膜脂过氧化起到对塔玛亚历山大藻的溶解作用,并呈现出类程序性死亡特征。     

溶藻细菌胞外活性物质对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

为了探索分离到的溶藻细菌L7胞外活性物质对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应和致毒机理, 采用不同质量浓度的L7胞外活性物质冻干粉(L7-LPEAC)处理蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa), 测定藻细胞的光合作用效率(EPR)以及蛋白质、叶绿素a和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。L7-LPEAC溶液浓度较低(0.80 g/L和1.25 g/L)时促进蛋白核小球藻的生长, 其96 h、120 h的EC50分别为5.75 g/L和2.55 g/L。当L7-LPEAC溶液浓度≥2.00 g/L时, 叶绿素a和蛋白质含量变化同步呈现先增加后减少的趋势; 处理72 h后, L7-LPEAC溶液浓度分别为2.00 g/L, 3.13 g/L, 4.90 g/L的浓度组中, 藻细胞MDA含量与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05), 浓度组7.67 g/L和12.00 g/L则与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01); 处理120 h后, 各浓度组藻细胞叶绿素a含量的相对抑制率均大于60%。使用L7-LPEAC修复富营养化水体时, 选择适当的投加浓度, 既能杀灭引起水体富营养化的目标藻类, 又能避免对其他藻类产生抑制作用, 可以较好地维持水生生态系统的平衡。     

溶藻细菌筛选及溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻生理活性的影响

从太湖水华水体中分离纯化细菌, 再将细菌的LB液体和固体斜面纯培养物分别收集后感染铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)细胞, 从中筛选出7株具有溶藻活性的细菌, 并对其中一株溶藻细菌THW7的溶藻方式及溶藻活性物质对铜绿微囊藻生理活性的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明: 仅采用细菌的LB液体纯培养物进行溶藻细菌筛选会存在误筛或高估溶藻效率的风险, 而采用细菌的固体斜面纯培养物进行筛选则可避免以上风险; 溶藻细菌THW7通过分泌胞外活性物质的方式间接溶藻; 在THW7无菌滤液胁迫下, 铜绿微囊藻的生长受到显著抑制(P<0.01), 10d溶藻效率可达94.38%, 光合系统活性也显著降低(P<0.01), MDA含量积累, SOD、POD、CAT活性整体呈现先升高后降低的趋势且显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。推测菌株THW7分泌的溶藻活性物质可能作用于铜绿微囊藻细胞的光合系统Ⅱ, 阻碍电子传递, 抑制其光合作用过程, 并对藻细胞产生氧化损伤, 破坏藻细胞细胞膜的完整性, 从而实现溶藻作用。     

三株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质若干分离特性的研究

为了探索新分离到的3株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质的分离特性,选择了对水华鱼腥藻生长无抑制作用的淀粉培养基培养溶藻细菌.采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、活性炭吸附与解吸等方法对其分离特性进行了研究.溶藻细菌L7的溶藻活性物质的分子量小于3.5 kD,溶藻细菌L8、L18的溶藻活性物质的分子量在3.5 kD～7 kD之间;3株溶藻细菌的胞外溶藻活性物质不能用乙醇沉淀法完全分离;3株溶藻细菌的溶藻活性物质具较好的亲水性和较强的极性,且都不能被活性炭吸附.     

三株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质若干分离特性的研究

为了探索新分离到的3株溶藻细菌胞外溶藻活性物质的分离特性, 选择了对水华鱼腥藻生长无抑制作用的淀粉培养基培养溶藻细菌。采用透析、乙醇沉淀、有机溶剂萃取、活性炭吸附与解吸等方法对其分离特性进行了研究。溶藻细菌L7的溶藻活性物质的分子量小于3.5 kD, 溶藻细菌L8、L18的溶藻活性物质的分子量在3.5 kD~7 kD之间; 3株溶藻细菌的胞外溶藻活性物质不能用乙醇沉淀法完全分离; 3株溶藻细菌的溶藻活性物质具较好的亲水性和较强的极性, 且都不能被活性炭吸附。     

滇池中溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻效应

【背景】藻类水华或赤潮在世界范围内频发,带来各种危害,亟需找到有效途径控制水华或赤潮。溶藻细菌具有杀死藻类控制藻类生物量的能力,可以作为防治水华和赤潮的有效工具。【目的】分离并鉴定滇池中的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)及其溶藻细菌,对溶藻菌作用于铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效应进行研究,初步了解其溶藻特性与溶藻机制。【方法】采用LB平板稀释涂布,再经多次划线分离纯化细菌,测定16SrRNA基因序列以鉴定细菌种类;采用毛细管分离的方法分离铜绿微囊藻,并测定其cpcBA基因序列以鉴定蓝藻种类;采用热乙醇法提取叶绿素a,从而计算溶藻效率;基于过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)探究藻细胞在溶藻菌处理下的抗氧化系统响应。【结果】共分离获得11株微囊藻和17株针对铜绿微囊藻的高效溶藻菌。选取其中一株生长速度最快的铜绿微囊藻DCM4和一株溶藻效果最好的溶藻菌Sp37 (Bacillus siamensis)进行后续研究。Sp37对DCM4的4 d溶藻率达到92.4%±1.5%,且对微囊藻属的水华微囊藻(M. flos-aquae)和惠氏微囊藻(M.wesenbergii)均有溶藻效果,而对绿藻没有溶藻效果。Sp37的原菌液和无菌滤液对DCM4的4d溶藻率分别为86.8%±4.3%和81.1%±2.2%,两者没有显著差异(P0.05)。Sp37菌体对DCM4的溶藻率为25.4%±7.3%。Sp37无菌滤液经不同温度和pH处理之后的溶藻率与未经处理的无菌滤液的溶藻率无明显差异。Sp37无菌滤液处理藻细胞会使藻细胞的CAT、GSH和MDA含量发生变化。【结论】菌株Sp37对铜绿微囊藻DCM4具有高效的溶藻作用,而且对微囊藻属具有一定的溶藻特异性。Sp37是通过分泌胞外物质间接溶藻,且溶藻物质具有热稳定性和酸碱稳定性。Sp37无菌滤液处理藻细胞会触发藻细胞抗氧化系统,并且会损伤藻细胞膜。Sp37无菌滤液很可能是通过对藻细胞造成氧化胁迫,最终导致藻细胞死亡的。     

一株中肋骨条藻特异溶藻菌的分离鉴定及溶藻特性

【背景】赤潮频发引起严重的海洋生态学问题,不仅直接影响到海洋生态系统稳定、海洋生物资源可持续利用和水产养殖业等海洋产业的健康发展,而且对人类健康也构成了严重威胁。高效的溶藻细菌是生物法防控赤潮的有效工具之一。【目的】分离得到对中肋骨条藻具有高效溶藻效果的溶藻细菌,并对其进行分子鉴定,研究该菌株的溶藻机理以及溶藻菌所分泌溶藻物质的特性。【方法】采用2216E平板稀释涂布法分离纯化细菌,测定16S rRNA基因序列以鉴定细菌种类,利用显微镜计数溶藻菌处理后的目标藻种计算溶藻率,通过扫描电镜观察溶藻菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻过程,利用常规生理生化方法研究溶藻菌溶藻物质的特征,并通过透析袋截留法研究溶藻物质分子量大小。【结果】分离得到一株中肋骨条藻高效溶藻菌FDHY-CJ,该菌株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas sp. FDHY-CJ)。该菌株72 h处理赤潮藻结果显示,对中肋骨条藻溶藻率为95.45%,对于其他常见赤潮藻溶藻率低于40%。溶藻菌FDHY-CJ通过胞外分泌物溶藻;溶藻物质的溶藻特性不受反复冻融的影响,但对酸碱性及温度较为敏感;扫描电镜观察结果显示该溶藻菌的溶藻物质直接溶解中肋骨条藻的细胞壁,致使硅质壳打开、内容物流出,达到溶藻的效果;溶藻活性物质具有被乙醇和乙酸乙酯沉淀的特性。【结论】溶藻菌FDHY-CJ对中肋骨条藻具有特异溶藻作用,对其他常见赤潮溶藻效果不明显;该细菌溶藻方式为通过分泌物间接溶藻,溶藻物质属于蛋白类,大小在3.5?10 kD之间。     

一株溶藻细菌对海洋原甲藻的溶藻效应

从深圳大鹏湾南澳赤潮爆发海域的表层海水中分离得到1株对海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)具有溶藻活性的海洋细菌,菌株编号为N10。利用液相感染法研究了该溶藻细菌的溶藻效果和溶藻作用方式。结果表明,菌株N10能使藻细胞失去运动活性,并膨胀变形,细胞膜内物质聚集于一端,藻细胞最终破裂死亡。菌悬液接种到藻液中的量越大,初始细菌密度越高,其溶藻效果越强。菌悬液以1∶10的体积比接种到藻液中时,藻细胞在24 h的死亡率为83%,至72 h全部溶解死亡;体积比为1∶20的藻细胞在24 h的死亡率为71%,之后藻细胞密度略有波动,120 h时死亡率达77%;而体积比为1∶100的藻细胞密度在前24 h有所下降,死亡率达39%,之后藻细胞密度又开始明显上升;对照组的藻细胞密度均呈明显上升趋势。菌悬液过滤液和高温加热处理后的菌悬液过滤液对海洋原甲藻均无溶藻活性,表明菌株N10的溶藻方式为直接溶藻。通过16S rRNA序列分析并与GenBank数据进行同源性检索,并结合细菌形态及生理生化特征,菌株N10隶属于黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)中的Muricauda sp.。     

一株嗜盐杆菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻作用机理研究

藻华是一种全球性的生态灾害, 利用海洋溶藻菌治理藻华是藻华治理领域的一个研究热点。文章旨在揭示一株嗜盐杆菌对中肋骨条藻的溶藻作用机理, 对溶藻作用下中肋骨条藻细胞形态结构进行了观察, 并测定了相关的生理参数, 同时研究了溶藻作用对藻细胞光合作用的影响并比较了与氮代谢、抗氧化系统相关酶活性的变化。结果表明, 溶藻作用使得中肋骨条藻细胞链状结构发生断裂, 细胞多以单细胞形态存在且单细胞长度显著增加, 最终细胞原生质体在细胞一端形成泡状后逐渐膨胀破裂。同时, 溶藻作用下中肋骨条藻细胞内总蛋白质含量、叶绿素a含量、总氮含量、Fv/Fm、Y(II)以及与氮代谢相关的硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性均显著降低, 而与抗氧化系统相关的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性显著上升。溶藻物质显著抑制了中肋骨条藻对氮的吸收利用, 细胞的正常代谢活动受阻, 最终影响到细胞的繁殖分裂。同时细胞内活性氧的增加可能改变了细胞膜的通透性, 大量胞外物质透过细胞膜进入细胞内而使细胞膨胀破裂死亡。     

溶藻细菌BS01产二异丁氧基苯基对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

摘要:【目的】利用一株溶藻细菌BS01分泌的杀藻化合物(二异丁氧基苯基)胺作用于赤潮藻———塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense),研究该化合物对塔玛亚历山大藻的作用效果及可能的作用机制。【方法】利用10和20μg/mL的杀藻化合物处理塔玛亚历山大藻,观察藻细胞的响应。【结果】研究发现,利用20μg/mL的杀藻化合物处理藻,24 h后杀藻率达到84.1%,此时细胞内叶绿素a的含量仅为对照的58.5%。而当对藻细胞最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)进行测定时发现,20 μg/mL的浓度处理24 h后,最大光化学效率相比于对照细胞降低了55.5%,这说明藻细胞的光合作用过程受到抑制。细胞内部的活性氧(ROS)水平在处理0.5 h后即开始增高,并导致细胞内部的脂质过氧化,使细胞内丙二醛(MDA)的含量上升。藻细胞的抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性也有不同程度的增高,以清除细胞内部的活性氧。利用透射电镜观察发现,20 μg/mL的浓度处理24 h后,细胞内重要的细胞结构解体,细胞严重空泡化,显示出细胞死亡的特征。【结论】杀藻化合物(二异丁氧基苯基)胺能够通过引起藻细胞内部氧化损伤的方式引起藻细胞的死亡,同时该化合物仅针对少数几种藻类具有杀藻效果,因此该杀藻化合物在赤潮的治理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

鱼腥蓝细菌PCC 7120游离DnaA的增加降低异形胞频率

研究在模式生物鱼腥蓝细菌Anabaena sp. PCC 7120中, 以DnaA为研究对象, 探究蓝细菌细胞周期中复制起始和异形胞分化之间的关系。结果显示: 在有氮环境中, DnaA蛋白缺失或过表达并不影响细胞增殖和异形胞的分化。在缺氮环境下, DnaA缺失突变株Malr2009的异形胞分化频率(8.57%)与野生型(8.64%)间无显著差别, 且该菌株增殖速率与野生型相比也无显著差异, DnaA蛋白缺失没有影响蓝细菌突变株(Malr2009)的异形胞分化频率和增殖速率。但DnaA蛋白过表达菌株Oalr2009的异形胞分化频率降低了20%, 其在第12天A₇₅₀约为1.2, 细胞增殖速率快于野生型(第12天时A₇₅₀约为0.9), 增殖速率提高了30%。综上结果表明在鱼腥蓝细菌PCC 7120中, 虽然DnaA不是细胞生长过程所必需的, 但在缺氮条件下, 游离DnaA增加会抑制异形胞分化频率。     

A Zoogloea sp. associated with blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae.

Bacteria were found attached to the heterocysts of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and embedded within the mucilage of both anabaena flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa in freshwater plankton. Electron microscopy of thin sections preceding the peak of an Anabaena flos-aquae bloom showed that the density of bacterial cells was 7.4 X 10(5) cells/ml in the planktonic macroenvironment and 2.6 X 10(11) cells/ml within the microenvironment of cyanobacterial mucilage. The bacteria occurred in aggregates and isolation required that these be dispersed by homogenizing at 50 000 rpm with glass beads. This procedure yielded a single bacterial isolate from blooms of Anabaena flos-aquae during 2 consecutive years. The isolate was flagellated, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Gram-negative, and rod-shaped to pleomorphic. Observation that the isolate required a pH greater than 8 for consistent growth, could not grow alone on liquid media but could grow alone on the corresponding solid media, could grow in liquid media only in the presence of Anabaena, formed tough mucilagenous colonies on solid media only in the presence of Anabaena extract, and rapidly assimilated but did not respire extracellular 14C-labelled organic matter produced by Anabaena suggested that the occurrence of the bacterium in cyanobacterial mucilage was not coincidental but reflected an obligatory bacterial requirement for the biological or physicochemical microenvironment of the mucilage. The bacterial isolate occurred in three growth forms. Either as a planktonic swarmer cell (which showed a positive chemotactic response to the cyanobacterium) embedded in cyanobacterial mucilage, or embedded in its own mucilage derived, in part, from a low molecular weight (below 1300) carbohydrate secreted by the cyanobacterium. These cultural, biochemical, and ecological characteristics suggest that the isolate is a new species in the genus Zoogloea and of potential importance in phytoplankton ecology.     

Identification of the active site of HetR protease and its requirement for heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

HetR is a serine-type protease required for heterocyst differentiation in heterocystous cyanobacteria under conditions of nitrogen deprivation. We have identified the active Ser residue of HetR from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 by site-specific mutagenesis. By changing the S152 residue to an Ala residue, the mutant protein cannot be labeled by Dansyl fluoride, a specific serine-type protein inhibitor. The mutant protein showed no autodegradation in vitro. The mutant hetR gene was introduced into Anabaena strain 884a, a hetR mutant. The resultant strain, Anabaena strain S152A, could not form heterocysts under conditions of nitrogen deprivation even though the up-regulation of the mutant hetR gene was induced upon removal of combined nitrogen. The Anabaena strain 216, which carries a mutant hetR gene encoding S179N HetR and could not form heterocysts, also produced HetR protein upon induction. Sequence comparison shows that Ser152 is conserved in all cyanobacterial HetR. Immunoblotting was used to study HetR induction in both the wild-type and mutant strains. The amount of mutant HetR in strain S152A and in strain 216 increased continuously for 24 h after nitrogen step-down, while the amount of HetR in wild-type cells reached a maximum level within 6 h after nitrogen step-down. Our results show the Ser152 is the active site of HetR. The protease activity is required for heterocyst differentiation and might be needed for repression of HetR overproduction under conditions of nitrogen deprivation.     

镉对满江红（Azolla imbricata）-鱼腥藻（Anabaena azollae）共生体氮代谢的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5mg/L)的Cd对满江红-鱼腥藻共生体异型胞频率,固氮酶、谷氨酰氨合成酶活性以及铵态氮、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、总氮含量的影响.结果表明,在整个实验期间,0.01mg/L Cd处理对上述指标均没产生显著影响,说明满江红-鱼腥藻共生体对Cd具有较强的耐性.当培养液中Cd浓度≥0.05mg/L时,随溶液中Cd浓度的增加和处理时间的推移,异型胞频率、固氮酶活性、谷氨酰氨合成酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和总氮含量逐渐下降,而铵态氮含量在处理初期显著降低,随后迅速增加,游离氨基酸含量则逐渐增加.研究结果表明高浓度的Cd处理导致满江红-鱼腥藻共生体氮代谢的紊乱,最终造成氮素积累量的下降.     

Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 hetY gene influences heterocyst development

The filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. strain PCC 7120 responds to starvation for fixed nitrogen by producing a semiregular pattern of nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Overexpression of the hetY gene partially suppressed heterocyst formation, resulting in an abnormal heterocyst pattern. Inactivation of hetY increased the time required for heterocyst maturation and caused defects in heterocyst morphology. The 489-bp hetY gene (alr2300), which is adjacent to patS (asl2301), encodes a protein that belongs to a conserved family of bacterial hypothetical proteins that contain an ATP-binding motif.     

鱼腥藻PCC 7120乙酰辅酶A合成酶All0769的缺失降低异形胞频率

研究鉴定了All0769为鱼腥藻PCC 7120中乙酰辅酶A合成酶,通过CRISPR/Cpf1系统敲除鱼腥藻PCC7120中的乙酰辅酶A合成酶(由all0769编码),探究了乙酰辅酶A合成酶在异形胞分化中的调控机制。结果所示:All0769能在体外反应中催化乙酰辅酶A的生成。在供氮环境下,敲除all0769会影响藻细胞生长速率。而无论环境中是否存在化合氮,Δall0769突变株的乙酰辅酶A和α-酮戊二酸含量均显著减少。在供氮环境下,Δall0769突变株中检测到(26.17±1.55) nmol/mg protein的乙酰辅酶A,而在野生型中检测出(43.04±1.09) nmol/mg的乙酰辅酶A。Δall0769突变株的α-酮戊二酸[(1.41±0.24) nmol/mg protein]低于野生型的α-酮戊二酸[(2.13±0.05) nmol/mg protein]。在缺氮环境下,Δall0769突变株中检测到(10.00±2.81) nmol/mg protein的乙酰辅酶A,而在野生型中检测出(29.82±4.04) nmol/mg protein的乙酰辅酶A。Δall07...     

Nitrogen starvation mediated by DL-7-azatryptophan in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain CA.

The addition of DL-7-azatryptophan (AZAT), a tryptophan analog, to continuous cultures of Anabaena sp. strain CA grown with 10 mM nitrate as the nitrogen source resulted in the differentiation of heterocysts. Analysis of the intracellular amino acid pools of Anabaena sp. strain CA after the addition of AZAT showed a marked decline in the intracellular glutamate pool and a slight increase in the levels of glutamine. The in vitro activity of glutamate synthase, the second enzyme involved in primary ammonia assimilation in Anabaena spp., was partially inhibited by the presence of AZAT at concentrations which are effective in triggering heterocyst formation (15% inhibition at 10 microM AZAT and up to 85% inhibition at 1.0 mM AZAT). Azaserine, a glutamine analog and potent glutamate synthase inhibitor, had no effect on the triggering of heterocyst development from undifferentiated batch and continuous cultures of Anabaena sp. strain CA. However, the presence of 1.0 microM azaserine significantly decreased the intracellular glutamate pool and increased the glutamine pool. The addition of AZAT also caused a decrease in the C-phycocyanin content of Anabaena sp. strain CA as a result of its proteolytic degradation. AZAT also had an inhibitory effect on the nitrogenase activity of Anabaena sp. strain CA. All these results suggest that AZAT causes a general nitrogen starvation of Anabaena sp. strain CA filaments, triggering heterocyst synthesis.     

Modeling culture profiles of the heterocystous N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae

Heterocyst differentiation is a unique feature of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, potentially important for photobiological hydrogen production. Despite the significant advances in genetic investigation on heterocyst differentiation, there were no quantitative culture-level models that describe the effects of cellular activities and cultivation conditions on the heterocyst differentiation. Such a model was developed in this study, incorporating photosynthetic growth of vegetative cells, heterocyst differentiation, self-shading effect on light penetration, and nitrogen fixation. The model parameters were determined by fitting experimental results from the growth of the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae CCAP 1403/13f in media without and with different nitrate concentrations and under continuous illumination of white light at different light intensities (2, 5, 10, 17, 20 and 50 microE m-2 s-1). The model describes the experimental profiles well and gives reasonable predictions even for the transition of growth from that on external N source to that via nitrogen fixation, responding to the change in external N concentrations. The significance and implications of the best-fit values of the model parameters are discussed.