《蚜虫:生物学、天敌与防治》

<正> 该书属世界作物害虫(World Crop Pests)(荷兰W.Helle教授主编)系列丛书之一,全书分为2A、2B、2C共3卷,由来自14个国家的57位专家(仅指A、B卷,C卷正在出版中)分别撰写有关章节,荷兰的A K Minks和P.Harrewijn两位教授编辑,Elsevier Science PublishersB.V.公司1987(A 卷)、1988(B 卷)出版,A、B两卷共计814页,文献3000余篇,是迄今为止第一本全面系统阐述蚜虫生物学、生态学和IPM实践的优秀专著。     

叶螨天敌塔六点蓟马生物学特性的研究

【目的】研究了在不同温度下塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Prisener的生物学参数以及温度对雌虫日产卵动态的影响。【方法】本研究通过在18、22、26、30、34℃5个恒温条件下用二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch卵对塔六点蓟马单头饲养,明确了不同温度下塔六点蓟马试验种群的生物学特性。【结果】观测表明:在18~34℃范围内,塔六点蓟马的发育随着温度的升高而逐渐加快,在18℃下需要1个月左右,而在34℃下完成1个世代仅需7.8 d;其发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.4℃和171.0日·度。在18~34℃之间,塔六点蓟马成虫日均食螨卵量随温度升高而上升,在34℃条件下,单雌每日捕食螨卵量达到105粒左右,而若虫期对二斑叶螨卵的总取食量随温度变化不大。此外,塔六点蓟马的子代雌雄性比随温度升高有依次降低的趋势。【结论】根据室内观察结果认为塔六点蓟马是喜温昆虫,据此可以解释早春低温导致天敌塔六点蓟马种群上升缓慢,而6月份气温升高后田间密度迅速上升成为控制叶螨的优势天敌。     

柑桔叶螨天敌——畸螯螨研究初报

10年前我们在研究柑桔红、黄蜘蛛时,在国内首先发现了数种捕食螨。10余年来,我们对其中发生数量大,行动迅速,繁殖力强,捕杀力大,抗逆性能强的畸螯螨进行了研究。 畸螯螨(Typhlodromus sp.)属蜱螨目,中气门亚目,植绥螨科,盲走螨属。     

危害枣树的朱砂叶螨的生物学及防治

本文记述了危害枣树的朱砂叶螨的生物学特性——生活史、发育历期、越冬雌螨出蛰期、越冬场所及主要习性,并提出了防治建议。     

二点叶螨天敌异绒螨习性的观察

<正> 异绒螨Allothrombium sp.是二点叶螨(棉红蜘蛛)的重要天敌之一。其若、成螨对二点叶螨捕食能力强,食量大。现将近几年来观察研究的初步结果整理如下,供参考。 一、形态特征 成螨(图1)体长2.5—3.5毫米,体宽1.2—2.1毫米,深红色,周身密布针叶松枝形体毛(图2:1),有明显肩部,脊分为头脊、中央脊和     

二斑叶螨生物学研究

作者于1994—1995年对生活在花生和苹果叶上的二斑叶螨的生物学进行了研究。研究结果表明,以花生叶片为食科,该螨在25℃、30℃恒温条件和26．5℃-29．1℃变温条件下,其发育历期分别为11．04天,7．96天和8．64天。雌成螨在25℃、30℃恒温条件和23．8℃-30℃变温条件下,寿命分别是13．14天、10．5天和12．43天;产卵量分别是37．75粒、60,42粒和54．62粒。以苹果叶为食科,该螨在25℃、28℃和30℃恒温条件下,其发育历期分别是11．48天、9．56天和8．63天;雌成螨在25℃、30℃恒温条件和24.4℃-28．1℃变温条件下,其寿命分别为16．75天、14．78天和11.56天;产卵量分别是20粒、31.08粒和33．21粒。在花生上,该螨卵发育的起始温度是6．44℃,有效积温是69．79日度;虫期发育的起始温度是14．65℃．有效积温是74.98日度。在苹果上,卵发育的起始温度是4．61℃,有效积温是82,67日度,虫期发育的起始温度是12．41℃,有效积温是93．99日度。     

叶螨的重要天敌——深点食螨瓢虫的研究进展

叶螨个体小、分布广、繁殖力高、扩散速度快,易对化学杀虫剂产生抗性,在农业生产中为害严重且防治困难,是世界性的重要害虫。在果园等农业生态系统中,深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise是食螨瓢虫和叶螨天敌中的优势种,对叶螨种群的生物防治起着极其重要的作用。本文综述了深点食螨瓢虫的研究进展,主要包括形态特征、地理分布、发生规律、生态学、行为学、人工饲养等方面的研究,阐明了深点食螨瓢虫作为叶螨天敌的重要作用,以期为充分利用该瓢虫生物防治叶螨提供科学参考。     

朱砂叶螨优势种天敌昆虫的评价

对绣球花Hydrangea macrophylla、茄子Solanum melongena和玉米Zea mays 3种植物上朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus天敌昆虫种类及发生数量进行调查,并采用优势度指数评价其优势种,结果表明,3种寄主植物上天敌的种类及其优势种有所不同,绣球花上有深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum、塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii、食螨瘿蚊Acaroletes sp.和食螨隐翅虫Oligota sp.4种天敌,塔六点蓟马和深点食螨瓢虫为优势种;茄子上有塔六点蓟马、微小花蝽Orius minutus、食螨瘿蚊和深点食螨瓢虫4种天敌昆虫,塔六点蓟马为优势种;玉米上有深点食螨瓢虫、塔六点蓟马和食螨瘿蚊3种天敌昆虫,深点食螨瓢虫为优势种.通过测定各种天敌成虫和幼虫对朱砂叶螨成螨、若螨、幼螨和卵的日捕食量,并引入相对差距和法评价优势种天敌昆虫,结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和微小花蝽是朱砂叶螨的优势种天敌.     

荔枝瘿螨的天敌——亚热冲绥螨的生物学及其捕食效能

本文报道了荔枝瘿螨天敌──亚热冲绥螨的生物学、世代历期、捕食效能及其种群消长规律。在室温２８一３１℃,相对湿度７８一８０％的实验条件下,亚热冲绥螨的卵期１．８７±０．５６天;幼螨期１．２７±０．４４天;第一若螨期１．５３±０．４６天;第二若螨期１．５０±０．６３天;产卵前期１．９０±０．５５天;全代历期８．０７±１．３３天。其捕食效能模型为Ｎａ     

叶螨属二新种(蜱螨目:叶螨科)

1976年,在我国西北地区调查时,发现叶螨属二新种,记述如下。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。敦煌叶螨Tetranychus dunhuangensis,新种(图1—12) 雌螨 体长471微米,包括喙529微米,体宽278微米。椭圆形,黄绿色,体侧各有三个大型黑斑。足及颚体部分色稍浅,呈黄色;前足端部呈土黄色。 须肢端感器呈柱形,其长约为宽的2倍;背感器小棍状,稍短于端感器;刺状毛明显地     

Spider Mites of Japan: Their Biology and Control

Spider mite biology and control in Japan were reviewed. Seventy-eight spider mite species of 16 genera (Family Tetranychidae) have been recorded in Japan. Several of the species recently described were separated from a species complex comprising strains with different ecological performance such as host range. These separations were first supported by crossing experiments and then confirmed by molecular genetic studies. Spider mite control in Japan is still dependent on heavy acaricide spraying in order to attain products of extremely high quality. The commercial use of natural enemies in spider mite management has just started.     

Testing for Non-target Effects of Spinosad on Twospotted Spider Mites and their Predator Phytoseiulus persimilis under Greenhouse Conditions

The compatibility of the selective insecticide spinosad (Conserve SC), at rates recommended for thrips control in greenhouses, with release of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to control spider mites, was investigated in a crop of ivy geranium Pelargonium peltatum, cultivar 'Amethyst 96.' Plants were inoculated with twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), 2 weeks before treatments were applied. There were three treatment variables, each at two levels: predators (released or not), spray application (water or Conserve SC at 2 ml/3.79 l), and timing of spray (1 day before or after predators were released). Twospotted spider mite populations then were sampled twice each week over a three-week period. The application or timing of spinosad had no effect on the ability of the predator to reduce the population of spider mites. Spider mite populations in the no-predator treatment continued to expand over the course of the experiment, while those in the predator-release treatment declined. We conclude that P. persimilis can be used in conjunction with spinosad on ivy geraniums without causing obvious detrimental effects to this predator or leading to a reduction in biological control.     

Spider senses - technical perfection and biology

This essay deals with sensory biology in a broad sense. It takes mechanosensory systems of spiders to illustrate a few basic issues. Particular attention is given to two aspects. 1. There is a remarkable “ingenuity” in the uptake and transformation of the adequate stimuli way out in the sensory periphery, which is reflected by an intimate relationship between the physical properties of the stimuli and the characteristics of the structures receiving and transforming them. We need to understand the details of this relationship in order to understand the relationship of an organism to its environment. 2. Sensory systems represent interfaces between the environment and behavior. As highly selective filters they have not evolved to provide abstract knowledge but to guide a particular behavior. The signals sent to the central nervous system are meaningful only in regard to their behavioral significance. – Some details of stimulus transformation in biological strain gauges (slit sensilla), airflow detectors (trichobothria) and touch receptors (tactile hairs) are described. Some of the refinement in the periphery is then meshed with the behavior of the whole organism. In this way the value shall be underlined of trying to understand reductionist details as building blocks of the complexity which enables an organism to behave in its own particular way in its species specific environment.     

Effects of Light on the Tritrophic Interaction Between Kidney Bean Plants, Two-Spotted Spider Mites and Predatory Mites, Amblyseius Womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

By analyzing the volatiles from Tetranychus urticae-infested kidney bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) at different times for two days, we found that they were mainly produced in the light. Tetranychus urticae showed a higher oviposition rate and spent more time feeding during the day (in the light) than at night (in the dark). Infested leaves placed in the light attracted the predatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi, whereas those that were placed in the dark for at least 2h in daytime did not. This indicates that presence or absence of light affects the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Amblyseius womersleyi dispersed more frequently and consumed more T. urticae eggs during the day (in the light) than at night (in the dark), whereas their oviposition rate did not differ between day and night. Presence or absence of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in the surroundings did not affect dispersal, predation or oviposition rates of A. womersleyi. These results show that A. womersleyis behavior coincides with the production pattern of herbivore-induced plant volatiles.     

Spider silks and their applications

Spider silks are characterized by remarkable diversity in their chemistry, structure and functions, ranging from orb web construction to adhesives and cocoons. These unique materials have prompted efforts to explore potential applications of spider silk equivalent to those of silkworm silks, which have undergone 5,000 years of domestication and have a variety of uses, from textiles to biomedical materials. Recent progress in genetic engineering of spider silks and the development of new chimeric spider silks with enhanced functions and specific characteristics have advanced spider silk technologies. Further progress in yields of expressed spider-silk proteins, in the control of self-assembly processes and in the selective exploration of material applications is anticipated in the future. The unique features of spider silks, the progress and challenges in the cloning and expression of these silks, environmentally triggered silk assembly and disassembly and the formation of fibers, films and novel chimeric composite materials from genetically engineered spider silks will be reviewed.     

Synthesis and Acaricidal Activity of Aryl-Spirobutyrolactone Derivatives against Spider Mites under Greenhouse and Field Conditions

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Propesticides play an important role in modern agrochemicals research and development. In the controlling of harmful insects and mites in agriculture,...     

Voluntary Falling in Spider Mites in Response to Different Ecological Conditions at Landing Points

We examined voluntary-falling behaviour by adult females of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and one of its major predators Neoseiulus californicus McGregor (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experiments were conducted using a setup in which mites could only move onto one of two landing points by falling. Significantly more T. urticae females fell onto available food leaves compared to non-food or heavily infested leaves, whereas significantly fewer females fell onto leaves with the predatory mite N. californicus compared to leaves without the predator. This suggests that spider mites can actively choose on which patch to land on the basis of food quality and predation risk on the patch. Using the same experimental setup, starved N. californicus females never fell, suggesting that falling T. urticae females gain the potential advantage of predator avoidance.