Canine plasma alkaline phosphatase polymorphism and its relationship with the canine Tr blood group system

A canine blood group antigen, QN, which was detected by a naturally occurring alloantibody in the antiglobulin test, was shown to be antigenically related to the human A and cattle J antigens by absorption experiments. Family studies supported a dominant mode of inheritance with the gene controlling the production of QN being dominant to the gene responsible for its absence. Frequencies of the QN and Tr antigens and serological data strongly suggested that the two antigens are identical. Two canine plasma alkaline phosphatase variants, F and S, were detected by starch gel electrophoresis, pH 8.65. Assuming genetic control of two codominant alleles, ALPF and ALPS, the distributions of types in families differed significantly from expectation. A relationship between the ALP and Tr(QN) systems was demonstrated with Tr-positive animals having a significant deficiency of S alkaline phosphatase types.     

ABO blood group system

The accuracy of regular serum methods to detect ABO blood groups can be negatively affected by some factors, such as irregular antibodies, autoantibodies or effects of diseases leading to false or weak agglutination. This study aimed to accurately identify ambiguous ABO blood groups by serological and gene detection methods. The samples were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2018 to December 2019. ABO genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method in 20 samples, and ABO exons 6 and 7 or FUT1 and FUT2 genes were sequenced in 5 samples. The genes detected in the 21 specimens included 4 cases of A/B, 2 cases of A205/O01, 3 cases of A/O01, 3 cases of A/O02, 1 case of O01/O01, 1 case of O01/O02, 1 case of B/O01, 1 case of B/O02, 1 case of Bel/O01, 1 case of Cisab01/O01, 1 case of rare B/O04, 1 case of Bombay-like Bmh, 1 case of new gene showing c.261del G of exon 6, c.579 T > C of exon 7 and B new/O01. This study suggests that ABO blood group genotyping technology combined with serological typing can be used for accurately typing ambiguous blood groups.     

Serological and genetic analysis of ABO ambiguous blood group samples

The accuracy of regular serum methods to detect ABO blood groups can be negatively affected by some factors, such as irregular antibodies, autoantibodies or effects of diseases leading to false or weak agglutination. This study aimed to accurately identify ambiguous ABO blood groups by serological and gene detection methods. The samples were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2018 to December 2019. ABO genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method in 20 samples, and ABO exons 6 and 7 or FUT1 and FUT2 genes were sequenced in 5 samples. The genes detected in the 21 specimens included 4 cases of A/B, 2 cases of A205/O01, 3 cases of A/O01, 3 cases of A/O02, 1 case of O01/O01, 1 case of O01/O02, 1 case of B/O01, 1 case of B/O02, 1 case of Bel/O01, 1 case of Cisab01/O01, 1 case of rare B/O04, 1 case of Bombay-like Bmh, 1 case of new gene showing c.261del G of exon 6, c.579 T>C of exon 7 and B new/O01. This study suggests that ABO blood group genotyping technology combined with serological typing can be used for accurately typing ambiguous blood groups.     

Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in cheese with the magnetic immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay.

A new detection system, the magnetic immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (MIPA) has been developed to detect Listeria monocytogenes in food. This method separates Listeria cells from PCR-inhibitory factors present in enrichment broths containing food samples by using magnetic beads coated with specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The separated bacteria were lysed, and the supernatant containing the bacterial DNA was subjected to the PCR. Detection of L. monocytogenes in three naturally contaminated cheese samples with two different MAbs and PCR primers specific for the gene encoding the delayed-hypersensitivity factor showed that with MAb 55 all three samples were positive whereas with MAb A two samples were positive. A further improvement of the method was obtained by using a PCR step based on the listeriolysin O gene. A MIPA employing MAb 55 and the listeriolysin O gene primer set detected L. monocytogenes after 24 h of culture in Listeria Enrichment Broth samples from Port Salut artificially contaminated with 40 CFU/25 g. We could detect 1 CFU of L. monocytogenes per g of cheese after a second enrichment for 24 h in Fraser broth. The analysis time including both enrichments is approximately 55 h.     

Immunochemical and structural analysis of the O polysaccharides of Salmonella zuerich [1,9,27,(46)]

Salmonella zuerich [1,9,27,(46)] has been shown to exhibit two levels of structural heterogeneity. The bacterium carries two distinct O-polysaccharide molecules with and without O:factor 1. Both sets of molecules (1+ and 1-) carry the two O:factors 27 and 46 on the same O chain, but they are expressed unevenly; in contrast to factor 27, O:factor 46 is always weakly expressed. Part of this weak expression was thought to be due to strong inhibition of factor 46 by factor 1. In this study, serological analysis gave more detailed information on the sizes of the different O:factor epitopes. Structural analysis of S. zuerich O polysaccharides showed that they are constructed of the expected chemical sequences characteristic of factors 1, 9, 27, and 46. No modification in the sugar sequence could account for the weak expression of O:factor 46. Factors 27 and 46 are present on oligosaccharides carrying either an alpha-Man (factor 27) or a beta-Man (factor 46) residue. In S. zuerich, the alpha-Man configuration is predominant, corroborating the expression of strong factor 27 and weak factor 46 on the bacteria. Questions raised by the existence of such heterogeneous O polysaccharides on the specificity of the O chain polymerase, as well as the place of S. zuerich in Salmonella evolution, are dicussed in this paper.     

Photosynthesis and negative entropy production

The widely held view that the maximum efficiency of a photosynthetic pigment system is given by the Carnot cycle expression (1-T/Tr) for energy transfer from a hot bath (radiation at temperature Tr) to a cold bath (pigment system at temperature T) is critically examined and demonstrated to be inaccurate when the entropy changes associated with the microscopic process of photon absorption and photochemistry at the level of single photosystems are considered. This is because entropy losses due to excited state generation and relaxation are extremely small (DeltaS < T/Tr) and are essentially associated with the absorption-fluorescence Stokes shift. Total entropy changes associated with primary photochemistry for single photosystems are shown to depend critically on the thermodynamic efficiency of the process. This principle is applied to the case of primary photochemistry of the isolated core of higher plant photosystem I and photosystem II, which are demonstrated to have maximal thermodynamic efficiencies of xi > 0.98 and xi > 0.92 respectively, and which, in principle, function with negative entropy production. It is demonstrated that for the case of xi > (1-T/Tr) entropy production is always negative and only becomes positive when xi < (1-T/Tr).     

An N-[(R)-(-)-2-Hydroxypropionyl]-α-L-Perosamine Homopolymer Constitutes the O Polysaccharide Chain of the Lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O144 Which Has Antigenic Factor(s) in Common with V. cholerae O76

Chemical and serological studies were performed with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae O144 (O144). The LPS of O144 contained D -glucose, D -galactose, L -glycero-D -manno-heptose, D -fructose, D -quinovosamine (2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D -gluco-pyranose) and L -perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L -manno-pyranose). The perosamine, a major component sugar of the LPS from O144, was in an L -configuration, as is also the case in the LPS from V. cholerae O76 (O76), in contrast to the D -configuration of the perosamine in the LPS of V. cholerae O1. A structural analysis revealed that the O polysaccharide chain of the LPS from O144 is an α(1 → 2)-linked homopolymer of (R)-(-)-2-hydroxypropionyl-L -perosamine. The serological cross-reactivity between O144 and O76 was clearly revealed by cross-agglutination and cross-agglutinin absorption tests with whole cells, as well as by passive hemolysis tests with sheep red-blood cells that had been sensitized with the LPS from O144 and O76. In contrast, in passive hemolysis tests, the LPS of O144 did not cross-react serologically with the LPSs from other strains such as V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa and Inaba), V. cholerae O140, Vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 (Original and Variant) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9. The LPSs from these strains consist of O polysaccharide chains composed of α(1 → 2)-linked homopolymers of D -perosamine with various N-acyl groups, and they share the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1 in common. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the absolute configuration of the perosamine residue in homopolymers plays a very important role in the expression of the serological specificity of the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1.     

曼地亚红豆杉蒸腾速率日变化及因子分析

应用LI-1600 稳态气孔计对曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus media cv.Hicksii)叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和几个生态因子的日变化同步进行了测定。并采用多元回归分析和灰色关联度分析的方法探讨了曼地亚红豆杉叶片蒸腾速率与影响因子的关系, 结果表明:影响曼地亚红豆杉蒸腾速率的主要因子是叶温、气温;其次是光量子通量密度、空气相对湿度、气孔阻力。灰色关联度分析与多元回归分析结论基本一致。对曼地亚红豆杉叶片蒸腾速率与气孔阻力的相关关系分析表明:蒸腾速率和气孔阻力间属非线性关系, 其方程为:Tr=12.789-13.419 lg Rs(R²=0.971 7)     

Serological and molecular analysis of ABO and Rh blood group chimeras

The serological examination, blood transfusion strategies and the molecular analysis to blood group chimera were conducted to demonstrate existent of chimera in blood group. The blood grouping of ABO or/and RhD, newborn red blood cells separated by capillary centrifugation. Aabsorption tests and DTT treated agglutination erythrocyte tests were implemented in four patients. Further molecular biological research was conducted on one patient''s sample. The results showed that for patient 1: ABO blood group was AB/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhCE chimera gene; Patient 2: Rh blood cells contained the RhD chimera gene; Patient 3: ABO blood group was AB/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhD chimera gene; Patient 4: ABO blood group was O/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhCE chimera gene. The study suggests that the individuals categorized as chimeras are likely to be more common than existing literature reports. According to the serological tests, in the absence of a history of recent blood transfusion or disease to cause reduced antigen, the phenomena of hybrid aggregation of the ABO and Rh blood system were the main feature. In terms of transfusion strategy, the selection of ABO and Rh blood groups should be depended on the group of cells with more antigens.     

Three new blood groups of rhesus monkeys

Three new blood group systems, called “T,” “U,” and “V,” have been identified in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Each system consists of a single antigenic factor (blood group) detected by a monospecific alloimmune reagent that agglutinates erythrocytes. The antisera that detect these blood groups were obtained following a series of alloimmunizations and absorption fractionizations of the resulting antisera to produce operationally monospecific typing reagents. Analyses of family data indicated that each blood group was controlled by an autosomal dominant gene and that each system was independent of previously defined systems. With the addition of these new blood groups, we can identify 16 different blood group systems and well over one hundred million possible phenotypes in this species.     

Serological cross-reaction between Yersinia enterocolitica O9 and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae bio-serogroup Hakata and antigenic analysis of their relationship by their lipopolysaccharides.

Cross-agglutination and cross-agglutinin absorption experiments were carried out on non-O1 Vibrio cholerae bio-serogroup Hakata (Hakata) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9 (O9). It was shown that the O-antigen of Hakata was closely related to that of O9 in an a, b-a, c type of relationship. The antigenic relationship between the O-antigens of the two bacteria was analyzed by passive hemolysis (PH) and passive hemolysis inhibition (PHI) tests by using their lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as antigen for sensitizing sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and, in the case of the latter, as an inhibitor in a PH system consisting of LPS-coated SRBC, guinea-pig complement and anti-Hakata or O9 antiserum, both unabsorbed and absorbed with the heterologous Hakata or O9 antigen. In the PH experiment, unabsorbed anti-Hakata antiserum had hemolytic titers of 126,100 and 2,600 against Hakata- and O9-LPS-coated SRBC, respectively, and anti-O9 antiserum had hemolytic titers of 19,400 and 38,800, respectively, against these SRBC. The PH experiment showed that anti-O9 antiserum contains a hemolysin reacting with the heterologous Hakata antigen at a high titer (19,400), while anti-Hakata antiserum contains a hemolysin reacting with the heterologous O9 antigen at a significant titer (2,600). The former was completely removed from anti-O9 antiserum with the Hakata antigen and the latter from anti-Hakata antiserum with the O9 antigen. Thus, serological cross-reactivity was demonstrated between the Hakata and O9 strains.     

Maternal duplication associated with gene deletion in sporadic hemophilia.

Sporadic occurrences of X-linked disorders can give insights into mutagenesis in man. In a case of sporadic hemophilia, associated with a partial deletion of the factor VIII gene, an unexpected inheritance pattern of gene rearrangements was observed. The factor VIII gene was found to be partially duplicated in the hemophiliac's mother. A pedigree analysis indicates that the mother has contributed both aberrant genes as well as the normal gene to her offspring. One simple model for the evolution of the deletion in this family is that the duplication is the precursor to the deletion.     

Serological and genetic analysis of a rare CisAB01/O01 blood group

The paper aims to analyze a rare blood sample in Ganzhou City Hospital with CisAB subtype and explore a feasible pattern for blood typing of rare blood type patients, so as to ensure clinical transfusion safety. The routine serological methods were used for ABO forward and reverse blood typing and the fluorescence real-time PCR technique was used for sample genotyping. A human ABO blood group 6-7 exon sequencing kit was used for sequence analysis. The nucleic acid sequence of the sample was compared with reference sequences. The forward typing results demonstrated that the sample was ABw, RhD positive. The sample exhibited 4+ agglutination with anti-H and anti-AB antibodies. Reverse typing by microcolumn gel method showed an AB result, but the serum sample demonstrated weak agglutination with B cell under room temperature, 4 °C and 37 °C in saline when tested with tube method respectively. The serological results matched with the A₂B₃ serotype. The fluorescent real-time PCR genotyping results displayed A/O01. The sequence analysis demonstrated deletion of guanine in 261-position 467C>T (heterozygote) and 803G>T (heterozygote) mutation respectively. The mutation caused the A glycosyltransferase peptide chain to change from proline to leucine (P156L) at 156 and from glutamate to alanine (G268A) at 268. The result demonstrated that the sample''s genotype was CisAB01/O01. The mutation of glycosyltransferase coding gene leads to an abnormal serological reaction pattern. Only by combining the results of genetic analysis can we get the true sample blood type and better ensure the safety of clinical blood transfusion.     

Non-linear least-squares methods applied to the analysis of fluorescence energy transfer measurements.

We describe a new method for calculating the efficiency of fluorescence energy transfer on labeled macromolecules using steady-state measurements. A single estimation of the efficiency value is obtained by a global analysis of all the measurement data sets (absorption, emission and excitation spectra) using non-linear least-squares. The method was tested on simulated and experimental data obtained from three simple model compounds: an equimolar mixture of tryptophan-tyrosine and two peptides, Trp-Tyr and Trp-Gly-Gly-Tyr, in which transfer efficiencies are respectively nearly 100% and 50%. The method was found to be reliable and provides methodological and quantitative advantages in regard to the sequential methods currently used.     

Interleukin 3-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane glycoprotein of Mr 150,000 in multi-factor-dependent myeloid cell lines.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins induced by various hematopoietic growth factors such as interleukin 3 (IL3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL4) was studied in several multi-factor-dependent myeloid cell lines. Among the growth factors, IL3 specifically induced rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane glycoprotein of mol. wt 150 kd (gpp150) in the IL3-dependent cell lines, IC2 and DA-1. The IL3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of gpp150 was detected within 30 s, reached a maximum at 3 min and decreased thereafter. The concentration of IL3 required for half-maximum stimulation of gpp150 tyrosine phosphorylation with 2.5 x 10(6)/ml cells was approximately 200 pM, which is the same as the dissociation constant for 125I-labeled IL3 binding. gpp150 was constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine residue(s) in growth factor independent variants, IC2Tr and DA-1Tr, derived from IC2 and DA-1 respectively. Neither variant synthesized IL3. The present findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of gpp150 is a critical event involved in both IL3-dependent and -independent growth.     

Consistency of ABO blood group phenotypes and genotypes in renal transplant patients

The aim of this study was to confirm the concordance between the ABO phenotype and genotype in 34 patients undergoing renal transplant before 2010 in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital. The ABO genotyping kit and column agglutination test (CAT) were used to examine the ABO type, and ABO subgroup was checked by sequence analysis of ABO exons 6 and 7. We found that the genotypes of serological A, AB, O, and B patients were A1A1 in 3 patients and A1O1 in 5 patients, A1B, O1O2 in 1 patient and O1O1 in 11 patients, and BB in 6 patients and BO1 in 6 patients, respectively. However, one patient, who was originally reported as serological B in the 2010 medical record and CAT showed Asub B in 2016 and sequence analysis of ABO exons 6 and 7 demonstrated B(A)04/O1.[not clear] The ABO column agglutination testing combined with genotyping may provide additional value in pre-renal transplantation laboratory examinations, and it may be safe to transplant a B/O1 kidney to a B(A)04/O1 recipient since the transplantation has been success for 6 years.     

Theoretical bases for karyotype evolution. II. The fusion burst in man and mouse

As a theoretical standard for evaluating the high incidence of centric fusion in man and mouse, the relative probabilities of occurrence of reciprocal translocation (Tr), inversion (In) and centric fusion (Fu) were estimated based on the random-contact-and-exchange model. It was shown by this model that centric fusion was extremely rare (Fu = 0.0002, In = 0.0521 and Tr = 0.9477 for a human haploid karyotype). On the other hand, the occurrence rate of centric fusion in human newborn babies and European feral mice was about 500-1,000 times higher than the theoretically expected values, which is termed here the "fusion burst". We suggest that the fusion burst may be induced by the physical proximity of telomeres on the nuclear membrane, and the exchange of DNA strands by errors of telomere replication mechanisms. The cytogenetical significance of the fusion burst is discussed with regard to the minimum interaction hypothesis proposed by Imai et al. (1986). We suggest two closely linked possibilities that (1) the fusion burst in man and mouse can theoretically be placed in karyotype evolution as a transitional phase in the main stream of the fission-inversion cycle, and (2) it may be accelerated by some unknown (mutagenic) factors other than ionizing radiation.