Enteroviral and Mumps Meningitis in Toronto, 1963

Virological investigations of 115 children with the aseptic meningitis syndrome during 1963 resulted in the isolation of enteroviruses from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or feces of 21 of 48 children who had no association with mumps. For the third successive year, Echo 9 was the dominant enterovirus in cases of aseptic meningitis in Toronto children, but no rashes were associated with Echo 9 meningitis during 1963, in contradistinction to previous years. Mumps virus was isolated from CSF of 25 patients by inoculation of rhesus monkey kidney cultures, and rising or elevated mumps antihemagglutinin titres in paired sera from a further 33 cases provided laboratory evidence of infection with mumps virus in 58 of 67 patients with mumps meningoencephalitis. No enlargement of salivary glands was noted in 20 laboratory-proved cases of mumps meningoencephalitis. Enteroviral meningitis occurred principally during summer, but the peak of mumps meningoencephalitis occurred during late winter.     

Mumps and Enteroviral Meningitis in Toronto, 1966

Of 52 children admitted to hospital for apparently typical mumps meningitis in 1966, 50 had their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examined. In only 17 was the mumps virus isolated from the CSF. Mumps antihemagglutinin conversions or increments were detected in 32 subjects including 10 whose CSF yielded virus. Antibody conversions were found in 16 patients and fourfold increments in another nine whose serum pairs were collected only one to four days apart. Initial sera from 20 patients were obtained three days or less after the onset of meningitis. Antibody increments were frequently noted about one day after defervescence and clinical improvement. Interferon was detected in CSF from two of eight patients, both of whom yielded virus. Enteroviruses were isolated from CSF and/or feces in seven of 15 cases of aseptic meningitis which occurred between July and October. Six patients including three virus excretors showed enteroviral neutralizing antibody increments during convalescence. The dominant enteroviral serotype was coxsackievirus A9.     

Viral Infections of Toronto Children During 1965: I. Enteroviral Disease

Enteroviruses were isolated from feces and/or cerebrospinal fluid of 29 of 43 Toronto children who contracted aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, abdominal pain or febrile upsets between June and October, 1965. Coxsackie A9 virus was the dominant agent in aseptic meningitis and Coxsackie B1 virus in pleurodynia and other syndromes. Sero-logical evidence of recent Coxsackie B1 and Echo 6 infection was obtained in two additional patients with aseptic meningitis who did not yield virus, and elevated Coxsackie B1 antibody titres were found in one patient with pericarditis. A newborn infant died with myocarditis due to Coxsackie B1 virus following infection of the mother during the immediate antenatal period. Paired sera collected only two to four days apart from patients with enteroviral syndromes or mumps meningoencephalitis frequently showed four-fold or greater increases of antibody levels.     

Infection of Mice,Ferrets, and Rhesus Macaques with a Clinical Mumps Virus Isolate

In recent years, many mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations worldwide. The reasons for these outbreaks are not clear. Animal models are needed to investigate the causes of outbreaks and to understand the pathogenesis of mumps virus (MuV). In this study, we have examined the infection of three animal models with an isolate of mumps virus from a recent outbreak (MuV-IA). We have found that while both ferrets and mice generated humoral and cellular immune responses to MuV-IA infection, no obvious signs of illness were observed in these animals; rhesus macaques were the most susceptible to MuV-IA infection. Infection of rhesus macaques via both intranasal and intratracheal routes with MuV-IA led to the typical clinical signs of mumps 2 weeks to 4 weeks postinfection. However, none of the infected macaques showed any fever or neurologic signs during the experimental period. Mumps viral antigen was detected in parotid glands by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Rhesus macaques represent the best animal model for the study of mumps virus pathogenesis.     

Outbreak of mumps virus genotype G infection in tribal individuals during 2016–17 in India

Tribal individuals presented with fever and uni‐ or bi‐lateral parotitis in Galonda and Silli villages (Dadra and Nagar Haveli, India) between 2 October 2016 and 19 March 2017. Consequently, the magnitude and epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak were investigated. Overall, 139 cases of suspected mumps were identified in both the above villages. Most of the suspected cases were 5–15 years old, the exceptions being three adults who had no noticeable complications. Specimens were collected from 42 of the suspected cases and their close contacts (n = 39) for laboratory investigation. Mumps infection was laboratory‐confirmed in 73.8% and 20.5% of the suspected cases and contacts, respectively. Mumps was confirmed in seven adults aged 17–42 years, including three suspected cases and four contacts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a complete virus genome circulating among tribal individuals. Sequencing and phylogenetic studies revealed circulation of mumps virus genotype G in these tribal villages with 99% identity to a mumps virus detected in the UK (1996) and Canada (2009). Comparison with Indian mumps viruses revealed 99% and 98% identity to previously reported isolates from Pune during 2012 and 1986, respectively. Although the outbreak was large, no major complications were reported in the tribal villages. Detection of asymptomatic mumps in numerous close contacts indicates the importance of laboratory investigations in an outbreak setting.

     

2007-2009年玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒的基因型分析

目的了解2007-2009年玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒流行株(MuV)的基因型分布及变异情况。方法采集玉溪市医疗机构部分临床诊断病例含漱液进行RT-PCR病毒核酸检测,对核酸检测阳性标本进行病毒培养病毒分离,将分离病毒株进行SH基因316 bp片段序列分析,并与其他基因型参考株进行同源性比较,构建亲缘进化树。结果采集流行性腮腺炎病例标本136份,RT-PCR病毒核酸阳性30份,阳性率为22.1%;vero细胞分离到6株,6株MuV属于F基因型,各流行株SH基因之间的核苷酸最大差异为2.6%;与其他各基因型代表株之间的核苷酸最大差异达到17.8%,与疫苗株的最大差异为17.4%,与国内F基因型代表株SP的基因差异为2.7%。结论玉溪市流行性腮腺炎病毒流行株为F基因型,针对基因型变异和疫苗效果评价的预防控制策略变得日益重要。     

Mumps vaccine L-Zagreb, prepared in chick fibroblasts. I. Production and field trials

Leningrad-L3 Mumps Vaccine virus has been further attenuated by adaptation and passage on SPF chick embryo fibroblast cell cultures. This new mumps strain has been designated L-Zagreb and has been used to prepare mumps vaccines which meet the WHO requirements. Observations during both the field trial period prior to registration and during the later use of the vaccine showed that the few reactions observed were mild and that seroconversion was obtained in 88-98% of vaccines. The morbidity of mumps in Croatia declined more than tenfold after the introduction of the new vaccine. During a mumps epidemic, vaccine efficiency was calculated to be 97-100%.     

Utility of neutralization test for laboratory diagnosis of suspected mumps

Mumps is an infectious disease caused by mumps virus (MuV), which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Rubulavirus. Typical symptoms of mumps include fever and swelling of the parotid glands; however, mumps can be asymptomatic. Mumps is diagnosed by molecular and serological methods (i.e., PCR and Enzyme Immunoassay [EIA]); however, both methods have pros and cons. This study was performed to compare the diagnostic utility of a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) to that of MuV‐specific commercial IgM and IgG antibody EIA in patients suspected of having mumps. One hundred‐eighty six samples collected during mumps outbreak in 2012–16 were studied. Samples (n = 80) were tested by all the three serological assays and showed 70.4%, 83% and 92.5% positivity by IgM EIA, IgG and FRNT, respectively. In all, 58.8% samples (n = 47) tested positive in all three assays. Concordance between mumps RT‐PCR and IgM EIA was highest during the first 2–5 days and decreased with increasing time post‐onset. Mumps FRNT results agreed with those of RT‐PCR/IgM EIA from the second week onwards, whereas the results of mumps IgG EIA agreed with those of RT‐PCR/IgM EIA from post‐onset days 3–10. These findings suggest the utility of a FRNT for laboratory diagnosis of mumps in countries whose populations are not immunized against this infection.

     

The Congo Protestant Relief Agency

Between November 1962 and March 1963, myxoviruses were isolated from 95 of 224 children (40.5%), most of whom were aged less than three years, who were admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (tracheitis or croup). Viral isolates included 87 strains of Parainfluenza-1, five of Parainfluenza-3, and three of Influenza A2. An epidemic of Influenza A2 afflicted Toronto during March 1963, at which time this virus was isolated from tracheitis patients.Myxoviruses were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions of 285 of 794 tracheitis patients between November 1960 and March 1963. Parainfluenza-1 virus was the dominant serotype, being found in 241 (30.0%) of subjects. Three peaks of Parainfluenza-1 virus isolations were observed in December 1960, March 1962 and November 1962, and this serotype has been isolated during all months except June and July. Although most of the 28 Parainfluenza-3 virus infections occurred between November and February, this strain has also been isolated during summer. Strains of Influenza A2 and Influenza B viruses have been isolated from tracheitis patients during epidemics of influenza in Toronto due to these agents.     

Effects of influenza, mumps, and western equine encephalitis viruses on fetal rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Pregnant Rhesus monkeys were infected via instillation of influenza, mumps and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses respectively into the amniotic sacs at approximately 90 days gestation to determine if fetal infections would occur. Virus was recovered from fetal tissues after seven days in 100% of the exposed animals. Thus, the viruses are capable of causing fetal infection. Rhesus monkey fetuses were inoculated with influenza, mumps and WEE viruses by the direct intracerebral route at approximately 90 days gestation to determine possible teratogenicity of the viruses. influenza virus caused no malformations or measurable fetal effects. Mumps virus resulted in significant fetal mortality. WEE virus resulted in a 100% incidence of encephalitis and hydrocephalus. Thus, mumps and WEE viruses are teratogens in primates and are potential teratogens of man.     

河南省2009—2013年流行性腮腺炎流行病学特征分析

了解河南省2009—2013年流行性腮腺炎的流行病学特征及规律,为制定流行性腮腺炎的预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法对河南省2009年1月1日至2013年12月31日通过"传染病报告信息管理系统"网络直报系统获得的流行性腮腺炎个案资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2009—2013年河南省累计报告流行性腮腺炎病例91 822例,年均发病率为19.50/10万,男女发病比为1.95∶1(男性60 699例,女性31 123例),14岁以下年龄组发病率较高,年均发病率为88.99/10万,学生是主要的发病人群;流行性腮腺炎冬春季节多发,疾病流行呈现双峰分布;每年均有暴发疫情报告,多为学校内暴发。结论 2013年河南省年流行性腮腺炎发病率呈现下降趋势。暴发疫情起数和病例数波动较大,学校及托幼机构是流行性腮腺炎暴发流行的主要场所,应加强冬春季节学校及托幼机构流行性腮腺炎疫情的预防与控制,做好腮腺炎疫苗接种工作。     

Detection of postvaccination mumps virus antibody by neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sensitive hemagglutination inhibition test

A group of 251 children aged 2-3 years given live attenuated mumps virus vaccine PAVIVAC of Czechoslovak production were tested for antiparotitis antibody levels in pre- and postvaccination sera by neutralization test (NT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitive hemagglutination inhibition test, enhanced by heterologous antibody to human immunoglobulin G (E-HIT). The prevaccination findings were as follows: positive ELISA IgG titres, neutralization antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were present in, respectively, 35%, 25.9% and 27.9% of the sera. Postvaccination seroconversions were evaluated in 159 susceptible vaccinees whose prevaccination sera had been negative by all three tests. The lowest seroconversion was detected by NT (74.2%), seroconversions by ELISA and E-HIT were appreciably higher (82.4% and 86.8%, respectively). The seven children showing a seroconversion by E-HIT but not by ELISA had a 4 fold increase of anti-mumps ELISA IgG antibodies as well, but the rise of antibody titres was at a level falling in the range below the positivity criterion for ELISA. The statistically evaluated detection rate for antibodies was significantly higher (significance test "t") by ELISA as compared with neutralization test. However, antibody levels (geometric mean titres) were 8-10 times lower in postvaccination sera than in convalescent sera of 30 children with mumps in all three tests.     

2018-2019年中国流行性腮腺炎流行特征和病毒基因特征分析

阐明中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同)2018-2019年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)流行特征和病毒基因特征。对2018-2019年中国流腮流行病学和病毒学监测数据进行描述流行病学和分子流行病学分析。2018-2019年中国流腮年报告发病率分别为18.65/10万和21.48/10万,15岁以下儿童和青少年是我国流腮的高发人群,分别占总病例数的85.30%和82.56%。流腮的流行具有明显的季节性特征。全国各省、自治区、直辖市份均有流腮病例报告,西部和中部地区发病率高于东部地区。2018-2019年共获得160条腮腺炎病毒(Mumps virus,MuV)SH基因序列,其中150条(93.75%)序列鉴定为F基因型MuV,在我国11个省份检测到;10条(6.25%)序列为G基因型MuV,2019年在广东、湖北和新疆3个省份检测到。和我国既往流行MuV代表株相比,2018-2019年流行的F基因型MuV代表株序列在基因亲缘性关系树上相对集中。现阶段我国流腮的流行病学特征未发生明显改变,仍呈现病毒自然流行模式;F基因型作为优势流行基因型,在我国大部分地区持续流行,但毒株的遗传多态性有所降低,这可能和我国实施1剂次腮腺炎疫苗常规免疫策略有关。G基因型MuV主要在我国局部地区流行,但流行范围在逐渐扩大。建议进一步加强两剂次腮腺炎疫苗接种工作,降低我国腮腺炎易感人群。同时持续性开展MuV流行学和病毒学监测工作,为鉴别病毒的来源,确定病毒传播途径和评估腮腺炎疫苗免疫策略奠定重要的基础。     

Vaccination of School Children With Live Mumps Virus Vaccine

Live, attenuated mumps virus vaccine (Mumpsvax) was administered to 146 school children 6 to 9 years of age. One child developed clinical mumps nine days after vaccination; epidemiological and serological data strongly suggest that this child had become infected before vaccination. Apart from this single instance there were no apparent clinical reactions that could be ascribed to the administration of the vaccine. Sixty-three of the 146 children with no clinical history of mumps had an initial serum neutralizing antibody titre of less than 1:2. Specific antibodies to mumps virus were detected in 93.5% of the sera of the susceptible children 28 days after vaccination, and the geometric mean antibody titre of these sera was low (1:6). Of the 80 initially seropositive children 21 (26.2%) showed a significant antibody response to the vaccine and this was influenced by the pre-existing antibody level. These data have further demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the live mumps vaccine in children.     

Seroprevalence of Mumps in The Netherlands: Dynamics over a Decade with High Vaccination Coverage and Recent Outbreaks

Here we present mumps virus specific antibody levels in a large cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance study performed in the Netherlands in 2006/2007 (n = 7900). Results were compared with a similar study (1995/1996) and discussed in the light of recent outbreaks. Mumps antibodies were tested using a fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassay. Overall seroprevalence was 90.9% with higher levels in the naturally infected cohorts compared with vaccinated cohorts. Mumps virus vaccinations at 14 months and 9 years resulted in an increased seroprevalence and antibody concentration. The second vaccination seemed to be important in acquiring stable mumps antibody levels in the long term. In conclusion, the Dutch population is well protected against mumps virus infection. However, we identified specific age- and population groups at increased risk of mumps infection. Indeed, in 2007/2008 an outbreak has occurred in the low vaccination coverage groups emphasizing the predictive value of serosurveillance studies.     

Swedish experience of two dose vaccination programme aiming at eliminating measles,mumps, and rubella.

In 1982 a two dose regimen was introduced in Sweden for the combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella of children aged 18 months and 12 years. Since 1977 about half of the preschool children were vaccinated against measles annually, and since 1974 about 80% of 12 year old girls were vaccinated against rubella. During the period 1982 to 1985 90-93% of the eligible age cohorts of 18 month old children and 88-91% of the 12 year old children were immunised with the new combined vaccine. A study in 1982 of about 140 18 month old children who were nearly all seronegative before vaccination showed that 96%, 92%, and 99% seroconverted against measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. A second study was carried out in 1983 of 247 12 year old children, of whom 11% lacked antibodies to measles, 27% to mumps, and 45% to rubella. This showed seroconversion in 82% and 80% against measles and mumps, respectively, and all children seroconverted against rubella. In the latest study in 1985 of 496 12 year olds 9% and 13% were seronegative against measles and mumps before vaccination, and 41% against rubella. Of these, 88% seroconverted to measles and 80% to mumps, and all converted to rubella when sera were tested by the haemolysis in gel method. After a neutralisation test against measles as well all children showed immunity to the disease. A low incidence of measles and declining figures for mumps and rubella were reported in 1984 to 1986. An outbreak of rubella during 1985 affected mainly boys in age cohorts in which only the girls had been vaccinated during the 1970s.     

Mumps virus decreases testosterone production and gamma interferon-induced protein 10 secretion by human leydig cells

Mumps virus is responsible for sterility. Here, we show that the mumps virus infects Leydig cells in vitro and totally inhibits testosterone secretion and that ribavirin in mumps virus-infected Leydig cell cultures completely restores testosterone production. Moreover, we show that gamma interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) is highly expressed by mumps virus-infected Leydig cells and that ribavirin does not block IP-10 production.     

靖西县2007—2011年流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的为了解靖西县流行性腮腺炎的疫情动态,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学分析方法对靖西县2007—2011年流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行分析。结果 2007—2011年共报告流行性腮腺炎721例,占法定传染病报告数4.03%,占丙类传染病报告数17.82%,报告年均发病率为23.39/10万。2007—2011年发病率呈上升趋势,其中2011年发病率最高达49.32/10万。全年均有发病,以5—7月为发病高峰,占37.86%,5、6、7月发病数分别占13.73%、11.65%、12.48%。全县19个乡镇都有腮腺炎病例发生,以新靖镇发病率居首位达254.52/10万,其次化峒镇的发病率为183.65/10万。发病主要分布0～15岁年龄组,发病人数占89.65%,以4～8岁年龄组发病人数最多,占45.91%。结论靖西县流行性腮腺炎发病率较高,近年发病呈上升趋势,应采取以腮腺炎疫苗接种为重点的综合性预防控制措施,降低学生和托幼机构儿童的发病率。     

Polypeptides of mumps virus.

Mumps virus was propagated in the extra-embryonic fluids of embryonated chicken eggs and was labeled by cionjection of radioactively labeled amino acids. The virus was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and its polypeptides were analyzed by polyarylamide gel electrophoresis. The virus was found to be composed of six polypeptides, ranging in size from 40,000 to 64,000 daltons. Viral proteins 1 and 3 were the glycoproteins of the virons. When the virus particle was treated with noniontic detergents, a small fraction of these glycoproteins could be released into the supernatant. After treatment with nonionic detergents in high salt and alkaline conditions, more of the surface glycoproteins were removed. This treatment also released the smallest viral polypeptide from the virion. The glycoproteins were separated using an affinity chromatographic column of agarose-fetuin. The heavier glycoprotein, viral protein 1, was found to contain both the neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activity. The two glycoproteins were tested for their ability to react in complement-fixing tests with mumps antisera. Only the heavier glycoprotein reacted with antisera possessing both anti-S and anti-V activity. Neither glycoprotein reacted with antisera specific for the S antigen. Thus, it was concluded that this glycoprotein corresponds to the classical V antigen of mumps virus.