Blood groups among brahmin and kamma caste populations of coastal Andhra Pradesh

Blood specimens from Brahmin and Kamma caste populations of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India are examined for A₁A₂BO, MNSs, and Rhesus blood groups. Predominance of A group in Brahmins and B group in Kammas is observed. Phenotype A₂ records less than 4% in both populations. High frequencies of genes M, s, D, and e are exhibited among both populations. Statistically significant differences are found only for A₁A₂BO system between Brahmins and Kammas.     

Genetic variation of five blood group polymorphisms in ten populations of Assam,India

Six Mongoloid and four Caucasoid populations of Assam, India, were examined for A₁A₂BO, Rhesus, Duffy and Diego blood groups. The distribution of their phenotypes and allele frequencies are presented. In the perspective of the ethnographic background, the results have been discussed in terms of genetic variability among these populations and probable reasons for its existence. The major groups, namely Caucasoids and Mongoloids, appear to form two separate groups in terms of these blood groups, though evidence is there to suggest intermixture.     

Distribution of ABO and rhesus blood groups in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.

Blood group systems are determined early in intrauterine life, specific to the individual and therefore significant in management and identification. Seven hundred and ninety five volunteer students of the Abraka campus of Delta State University were analyzed in this 4-year retrospective study. Amongst ABO system, blood group O was most common followed by A, B and AB respectively. Rhesus positive was more common than Rhesus negative in the rhesus system. Gender had no significant effect on both blood group systems studied. In the combined ABO and Rhesus blood groups, O positive was most common followed by A positive, B positive, AB positive O negative and A negative respectively. This study documents ABO and Rhesus blood group distribution patterns amongst south southern Nigerians. Findings will be useful in maintaining a register of possible donors, for effective management of medical emergencies.     

Blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in Koya Dora and Konda Kammara tribes of Andhra Pradesh

The present paper reports the distribution of blood groups and ABH saliva secretion in two Andhra tribal populations: the Koya Dora and the Konda Kammara. 100 Koya Dora and nearly 110 Konda Kammara adults of both sexes were tested for A1A2BO, MN, Rh (CcDEe) blood groups and ABH saliva secretion. The gene frequencies for A1A2BO, MN and ABH and the gene as well as chromosome frequencies for Rh (CcDEe) systems were calculated. Koya Doras show a higher incidence of A gene than B gene, while the reverse trend is seen in Konda Kammaras. Both the tribes show a high M gene frequency. No Rh(D) negative individual was found in Koya Doras, while 4.59% of Konda Kammaras are Rh(D) negative. The chromosomes CDE, CdE, cDe, cdE, Cde and cde are absent in Koya Doras, while only the four chromosomes CDE, CdE, cDe and cdE are absent in Konda Kammaras. The chromosome CDe shows the highest frequency in both the tribes. The frequency of secretors is, as usual, higher than that of nonsecretors in both the tribes. The intergroup variation between the two tribes is not statistically significant for MN, Rh (CcDEe) and ABH systems, while the difference is significant for the A1A2BO blood groups. Suitable comparisons have also been made with all the other available data from Andhra Pradesh tribal populations with respect to different systems studied. Finally Fi estimates have been calculated after Harpending et al. (1973) and Workman et al. (1974) for Koya Doras and Konda Kammaras to assess their degree of endogamy, considering the codominant systems studied, which suggest that Koya Doras are relatively more isolated than Konda Kammaras.     

Genetic markers in the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars of Northwestern India

A comparative study of serogenetic markers was carried out among the Hindu and Muslim Gujjars from Northwestern India. From each isolate of Gujjars, 200 adult couples were examined for the A1A2BO and Rhesus blood groups, ABH secretion, the serum proteins haptoglobins, transferrins, and albumins, and 200 male subjects were examined for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme deficiency. The study showed that the Muslim Gujjars differ significantly from their counterpart, the Hindu Gujjars. The differentiation that has occurred among the Muslim Gujjars may be attributed to their geographical dispersal in diverse habitats, the inflow of genes from Islamic invaders as well as non-Islamic surrounding populations, the inbreeding effect, and the comparative breeding isolation. The genetic affinities of the Hindu Gujjars with the Jats and Rajputs provide strong evidence for their common ethnic origin and probably their recent fissioning owing to biosocial practices and occupational patterns. The computed genetic distance matrix shows diversity of Ahirs from all the concerned population groups.     

Blood genetic markers in the Chinese of two eastern provinces

A total of 205 Han Chinese from two eastern provinces (155 from Fujien and 50 from Hopeh) were tested for the distribution of six blood groups--A1A2BO, MN, Rhesus (CcDEe), Lewisa, Kell (Kk) and Fya--four serum proteins--albumin and haptoglobin types; transferrin and group-specific component subtypes--haemoglobin, and twelve red cell enzyme systems--glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate and malate dehydrogenases; acid phosphatase, esterate-D, glyoxalase I, adenylate kinase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase (locus 2), and superoxide dismutase types; and phosphoglucomutase (locus 1) subtypes. The frequencies of blood groups were more or less within the reported frequencies in the Chinese. However the frequency of le was much lower in the present series. The Chinese are characterized by low p1, Ro, k, le, and a high Fya in general. P2 was lacking in the Chinese. There were some differences in the blood group frequencies in the two provinces. The frequencies of Hp alleles; Tf and Gc subtypes show characteristic mongoloid features with high Hp1, TfD, and GcIF. The frequency of TFC2 was higher in the Fujien province than that in Hopeh. At the hemoglobin locus only one Hb AD was detected, while the frequency of the beta-thalassemia trait was 0.03. No red cell G6PD deficiency or variant was detected. The distribution of red cell enzymes showed Mongoloid characteristics with low PGDC, AK2, ESD1, GLO1, and higher pa. PGM1 subtypes also had Mongoloid characteristics with lower PGM2+ and higher PGM2-. The phenotypic distribution of all the fifteen polymorphic loci was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both the Chinese populations.     

Distribution of polymorphic traits in Mazandaranian and Guilanian in Iran

In 1972, over 2,000 blood specimens were obtained from two Iranian populations, Mazandaranians and Guilanians, who live on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. All specimens were screened for hypocatalasemics and randomly selected samples were analyzed for several blood groups (A1A2BO, MNSs, Rh, P, Fy, K, Di, Jk, Lu, Nya), red cell enzyme systems (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, acid phosphatase) and serum protein groups (Hp, Tf). The genetic constitution of these Iranian populations was described, and the genetic relationship to Mongolians and Caucasians was discussed.     

The herbal medicines Saireito and Boiogito improve the hypertension of pre-eclamptic rats induced by N-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester

The chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with N(omega)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induces a pre-eclampsia-like syndrome including hypertension in pregnant rats. We tested the traditional herbal medicines Saireito (SR) and Boiogito (BO), which have been used clinically for the treatment of pre-eclampsia, in this model. L-NAME was infused subcutaneously into pregnant rats from gestational day 14 (G14). SR and BO (both at 1, 2g/kg) were administered by gavage from G14 to G20. Systolic blood pressure was measured on G19. SR and BO (both at 1, 2g/kg) inhibited L-NAME-induced hypertension. SR was effective in both pregnant and non-pregnant rats while BO was effective only in pregnant rats. BO increased blood levels of CGRP and decreased levels of endothelin-1; both are known to play important roles in regulation of blood pressure in pre-eclampsia. SR and BO may be beneficial for the treatment and prevention of hypertension in pre-eclampsia.     

Investigations on the variability of blood group polymorphisms among sixteen tribal populations from Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, India.

Sixteen tribal populations from Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra have been typed for the polymorphic blood group systems A1A2B0, MNSs, Rhesus, Kell, Duffy and Diego. The heterogeneity in the distribution of haplotype and allele frequencies, respectively, is partly considerable. It is supposed that this is due to the operation of several microevolutionary factors, such as genetic drift, social and geographic isolation and gene flow. This is discussed in detail.     

Association of ABO and Rh blood groups with breast cancer

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the association of “ABO” and “Rhesus” blood groups with incidence of breast cancer.MethodsIn this study, we identified 70 research documents from data based search engines including “PubMed”, “ISI-Web of Knowledge”, “Embase” and “Google Scholar”. The research papers were selected by using the primary key-terms including “ABO blood type”, “Rhesus” blood type and “breast cancer”. The research documents in which “ABO” and “Rhesus” blood types and breast cancer was debated were included. After screening, we reviewed 32 papers and finally we selected 25 research papers which met the inclusion criteria and remaining documents were excluded.ResultsBlood group “A” has high incidence of breast cancer (45.88%), blood group “O” has (31.69%); “B” (16.16%) and blood group “AB” has (6.27%) incidence of breast cancer. Blood group “A” has highest and blood group “AB” has least association with breast cancer. Furthermore, “Rhesus +ve” blood group has high incidence of breast cancer (88.31%) and “Rhesus –ve” blood group has least association with breast cancer (11.68%).ConclusionBlood group “A” and “Rhesus +ve” have high risk of breast cancer, while blood type “AB” and “Rhesus –ve” are at low peril of breast cancer. Physicians should carefully monitor the females with blood group “A” and “Rh +ve” as these females are more prone to develop breast cancer. To reduce breast cancer incidence and its burden, preventive and screening programs for breast cancer especially in young women are highly recommended.     

ABO and Rhesus (D) blood group distribution among blood donors in rural south western Uganda: a retrospective study

Background

In Uganda, geographical distribution of blood groups and Rhesus (D) factor varies across the country. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of these groups among voluntary blood donors in rural southwestern Uganda.

Results

Twenty-three thousand five hundred four (23,504) blood donors were included in the study. The donors had a mean age of 21 years (SD ± 5.7) and were mainly male (73%). The distribution of ABO blood group was; blood group O (50.3%); blood group A (24.6%); blood group B (20.7%) and blood group AB (4.5%). The proportions of Rhesus (D) positive and Rhesus (D) negative were 98 and 2% respectively. The proportion of non-adult donors (<18 years) was significantly higher among the female than the male donors (p value <0.001). A significantly higher proportion of males than females were Rhesus (D) negative (p-value <0.001). No significant relationship was found between age and blood group distribution.

Conclusion

The sequence of ABO distribution among the rural population in southwestern Uganda is; O > A > B > AB, with males as the predominant donors. The frequency of Rhesus (D) negative is very low in rural southwestern Ugandan and is mainly among males. The blood bank services in southwestern Uganda need to develop innovative strategies targeting female donors who are more likely to boost blood stocks in the region.

     

Genetics of Caucasian population: distribution of various immunological and biochemical markers in western Georgia

The distribution of genetic markers of blood groups (ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, P, Duffy, Kell-Cellano), plasma proteins (Hp, Gc, Tf, C'3) and red-cell enzymes (AcP, EstD, GLO-1), and also ABH secretion among 10 populations of Western Georgia has been studied. The common characteristic of distribution of gene frequencies for the markers studied was obtained as a whole in Georgia. The Georgians were compared for these markers with some populations of the Caucasus, Europe and West Asia. Among Caucasian populations, Georgians are most similar to Abkhasians. According to some systems, Georgians are close to European groups (ABO, Dubby, GLO-1, EstD), while they are similar to West-Asian groups, as judged by other systems (ABH secretion, AcP). According to Rhesus and MNSs systems, Georgians differ both from populations of Europe and from populations of West Asia.     

Distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups in tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India.

The paper reports the distribution of A1A2BO and Rho (D) blood groups among five tribal populations, Koya Dora, Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi from three districts of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Blood samples from a total of 1090 unrelated individuals were tested. Koya Doras were, however, sampled from five distant localities to find out intratribal variation, if any. In A1A2BO blood group system the combined frequencies of "P1" and "P2" among the five Koya Groups always exceeded the frequency of "q", a characteristic feature of many tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh. However, among Raj Gond, Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes the frequency of "q" is higher than "p" with the maximum in Pardhans. The frequency of "r" is always higher than the combined frequencies of "p1" and "p2" except in Raj Gonds. The higher frequency of "q" over "p" among Naikpod, Pardhan and Lambadi tribes is indicative of a tendency towards the distribution pattern found in North India. A few Rh negative persons were detected only in Koya Dora, Raj Gond and Lambadis indicating that the allele r (cde) is present in these populations, although in a low frequency.     

猴血中SFV病毒基因PCR检测方法的建立及应用

针对猴泡沫病毒SFV（Simian Foany Virus）多聚酶区（pol区）设计两对引物,以猴血DNA为模板者嵌套式PCR扩增,得到500bp左右基因片段,克隆进入pUC-19载体,经测序鉴定为SFV465bp的pol区基因片段,将此段序列与SFV各型425bp的pol区基因片段进行同源性比较,它与SFV－1型的同源性最高,为92.00%。在此基础上,用这两对引物对158例猴血DNA进行检测,阳性54例,阳性率为34.2%,发现猴群中有较高的SFV病毒的感染。     

The use of an agglutination micromethod for erythrocyte phenotyping. Importance of improved blood transfusion safety

The authors describe an easy, sensitive and inexpensive micromethod for red blood cell typing within the Rhesus, Kell and Lewis systems.     

Investigation of benzene oxide in bone marrow and other tissues of F344 rats following metabolism of benzene in vitro and in vivo.

This study examines the initial activation of benzene, exploring key aspects of its metabolism by measurement of benzene oxide (BO) and BO-protein adducts in vitro and in vivo. To assess the potential influence of various factors on the production of BO, microsomes were prepared from tissues that were either targets of benzene toxicity, i.e. the bone marrow and Zymbal glands, or not targets, i.e. liver and kidneys, of control and acetone-treated F344 rats. No BO or phenol was detected in microsomal preparations of bone marrow or Zymbal glands (less than 0.007 nmol BO/mg protein and 0.7 nmol phenol/mg protein). On the other hand, BO and phenol were readily detected in preparations of liver and kidney microsomes and acetone pretreatment resulted in a 2-fold (kidney) increase or 3.7-fold (liver) increase in production of these metabolites. Initial rates of BO production in the liver isolates were 30 (control) to 50 (acetone-treated) times higher than in the corresponding kidney tissues. The estimated half-life of BO in bone marrow homogenates was 6.0 min and the second-order reaction rate constant was estimated to be 1.35 x 10(-3) l (g bone marrow)(-1) (h)(-1). These kinetic constants were used with measurements of BO-bone marrow adducts in F344 rats, receiving a single gavage dosage of 50-400 mg benzene (kg body weight)(-1) (McDonald, T.M., et al. (1994), Cancer Res. 54, 4907-4914), to predict the bone marrow dose of BO. Among the rats receiving 400 mg (kg body weight) (-1), a BO dose of 1.13 x 10(3) nM BO-h was estimated for the bone marrow, or roughly 40% of the corresponding blood dose predicted from BO-albumin adducts. Together these data suggest that, although BO is not produced at detectable levels in the bone marrow or Zymbal glands of F344 rats, BO is rapidly distributed via the bloodstream to these tissues where it may play a role in toxicity.     

Prostaglandins in cerebrospinal fluid of healthy human volunteers, abstinent alcoholics and rhesus monkeys

A sensitive and selective assay for measuring prostaglandins in cerebrospinal fluid has been developed, based on the selected-ion-monitoring, electron-capture negative ionization GC/MS detection for the MO-PFB-TMS derivatives of prostaglandins E2, E1, F2 alpha, F1 alpha, and 6-keto-F1 alpha. Improvements over previously published assay procedures have been made, and the new assay has been applied to measurement of prostaglandin concentrations in lumbar CSF of healthy human volunteers, abstinent alcoholic patients, in cisternal CSF of Rhesus monkeys, and continuously sampled lumbar CSF of awake Rhesus monkeys. Results indicated that the concentrations of PGE2, PGE1, PGF1 alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were below 15 pg/mL CSF in lumbar CSF of healthy humans and abstinent alcoholics, and in cisternal CSF of Rhesus monkeys. In contrast, continuously sampled lumbar CSF of awake Rhesus monkeys contained more than 200 pg/mL of PGE2, PGF2 alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, probably present as a result of local production.     

On the incidence of blood group O and Gm(−1) phenotypes in patients with malignant melanoma

Summary Fifteen polymorphic systems of the blood (ABO, MNSs, Rhesus, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Hp, Gc, Gm, Inv, aP, PGM₁, EsD, and 6-PGD) were examined in 191 unrelated male and female patients suffering from malignant melanoma. These polymorphic systems were compared with the corresponding phenotype and gene frequencies of controls from the same geographical area (Rhineland-Palatinate). The only associations discovered were the ABO and Gm polymorphisms: The incidence of O and Gm(-1) phenotypes in patients is obviously higher than in controls. These observations agree with the findings in other population samples from Germany and Bulgaria.     

Genetic variability of blood and saliva antigens and serum proteins among subtribes of Mali from Andhra Pradesh, India.

The subtribes of Mali viz. Manzai Mali and Bod Mali of Andhra Pradesh, India, were screened for A1A2B0, Rhesus (CcDEe) and MN blood groups, ABH saliva secretion and plasma proteins, namely haptoglobin, transferrin, caeruloplasmin and albumin. The genetic differences between the two subtribes are marginal and not significant except for ABH saliva secretion and plasma haptoglobin. Our observations suggest that the isolation of these two subtribes cannot date long back.     

Population genetics of polymorphisms in Cardiff newborn. Relationship between blood group and allozyme heterozygosity and birth weight

A newborn population of Cardiff, Wales, was screened for variation at three blood group loci (ABO, Rhesus and MN) and four enzyme loci (ACP-1, PGM-1, ADA and EST-D). Birth weights were measured. There were no significant differences between mean birth weights or birth weight variances for individuals homozygous or heterozygous at the MN and the four enzyme loci. (ABO and Rhesus loci cannot be used in these tests.) There was no significant heterogeneity in contingency tables relating phenotypes at the seven loci to birth weight. There were no significant differences in mean heterozygosity per locus between babies placed in different birth weight categories, ranging from 2.5 to 4.2 kg. The genetic variation screened appears therefore to be neutral with respect to this character.