丁氏双鳍电鳐电器官乙酰胆碱受体膜微囊的分离

本文报告了从丁氏双鳍电鳐电器官中分离纯化膜结合烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体的简便方法。比活性达1750nmolα-毒素结合点/克蛋白质,无乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,可避免它的干扰。电镜检查发现受体的膜结合物成微囊状,直径约0.1—0.3μα-毒素结合试验及聚丙烯酰胺凝胺电泳结果证明具有烟碱样胆碱能受体性质,适于受体功能和性质的研究。     

中国丁氏双鳍电鳐乙酰胆碱酯酶的制备亲和层析

Acelylcholinesterase was purified from the electric organs of Torpediniforms nacline timelci by affinity chromatography. "Pure" enzyme preparation as identified by PAGE analysis was obtained. The specific activity is 78 mmol ACh/h/mg protein. Sedimentation coefficient is 11.86 S. Molecular weight is 236000. Acidic amino acid and basic amino acid contents are 22% and 12% respectively. Circular dichroism pattern shows two negative valleys at 209 and 220 nm.Optimum substrate concentration is 1-3 mM ACh with Km around 0.18 rnM. Excess substrate causes inhibition of enzyme activity. Optimum pH lies between 7.5-8.0. Bovine serum albumin and phosphatidylcholine benefits the stability of enzyme activity. The pure enzyme can be stored at - 20癈. Repeated freezing and thawing causes sharp inac tivation.     

黑斑双鳍电鳐(Narcine maculata)电器官ACh受体的分离、纯化及其某些特性的研究

我们用超速离心、非离子去垢剂Tritonx—100增溶提取、亲和层析等方法从产于南中国海的黑斑双鳍电鳐(Narcine maculata)的电器官分离、纯化了ACh受体蛋白。这种电鳐的电器官每克湿组织含有与眼镜蛇神经毒素(cobro—toxin)的结合位点可达到～3 nmol。纯化后的受体蛋白,与眼镜蛇神经毒素结合的比活力约10—12 nmol/mg蛋白。受体蛋白经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳呈现两个主要条带,其表观分子量分别为38,000和53,000。ACh受体与~(125)I标记的眼镜蛇神经毒素结合的复合物在1％Triton X—100存在下用凝胶过滤法测其表观分子量约390,000。等电聚焦测得该复合物的等电点约5.6—5.7。根据超离心分析,纯化的受体蛋白的沉降系数为9S。     

金环蛇神经毒素与乙酰胆碱受体结合的特点

进一步纯化了前一工作中从广西省产金环蛇(Bungarus fasciatus)蛇毒分离的突触后毒素Ⅰ和Ⅱ。以超饱和剂量的毒素Ⅰ或Ⅱ先与从电鳐(Narcine maculata)电器官得到的乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)保温10min 或 lh,再加入~(125)Ⅰ-标记α-银环蛇毒素或~(125)Ⅰ-标记眼镜蛇毒素,继续保温10min 或 lh,由测定与 AChR 结合的放射性强度得知,如以未经毒素Ⅰ或Ⅱ预饱和的放射性强度为100%,则经与其一预饱和者的约为30%,即毒素Ⅰ或Ⅱ只竞争地阻遏了α-银环蛇毒素或眼镜蛇毒素与 AChR 结合能力的2/3左右。文中讨论了存在两种类型 AChR 的可能性。     

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体参与乙酰胆碱调控的气孔运动

动物细胞中 ,乙酰胆碱功能的发挥要求乙酰胆碱受体的参与 ,烟碱型受体的激活剂可以直接影响膜对离子的通透性 .在乙酰胆碱诱导的气孔开放过程中 ,可能同样涉及到烟碱型受体的作用 ,药理学的证据表明烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体参与乙酰胆碱调控的气孔运动 ,而且烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体介导的气孔开放与介质中的离子组成密切相关 ,只有在含K⁺的介质中烟碱才可以诱导气孔开放而在含Ca^{2 +}的介质中没有作用 ;同样 ,烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的抑制剂只有在含K⁺的介质中才能抑制乙酰胆碱诱导的气孔开放 .进一步利用荧光定位技术证明烟碱型受体存在于蚕豆气孔保卫细胞中 ,而且主要分布在保卫细胞原生质体的表面 .免疫印迹实验初步证明在保卫细胞原生质体的微粒体中存在着能与动物烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的α和β亚基发生免疫交叉反应的蛋白条带 .以上结果表明烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体存在于保卫细胞中 ,而且介导了乙酰胆碱诱导的气孔在含K+介质中的开放 .     

利用黑斑双鳍电鳐构建实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力小鼠模型

目的建立符合国际化的临床前实验标准的实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, EAMG)动物模型。方法参照文献报道的方法并改进后,从电鳐电器官提取乙酰胆碱受体(acetylcholine receptor,AchR)蛋白纯品,并采用SDS凝胶电泳蛋白定性鉴定及BCA法蛋白定量;用纯化的蛋白主动免疫C57BL/6小鼠,共免疫3次(分别于第1天、第30天、第60天),进行EAMG小鼠临床评分、体重、血清AchR抗体含量、新斯的明试验、肌电图等综合评价。结果 EAMG模型组与佐剂组比较,自第三周开始发病,平均临床评分显著上升(P<0.01);发病小鼠体重显著减轻(P<0.01);新斯的明试验阳性;血清AchR抗体含量明显增加(P<0.01);肌电图重复电刺激实验阳性。结论从黑斑双鳍电鳐的电器官提取、纯化AchR蛋白成功诱导C57BL/6 EAMG小鼠模型,为进一步研究重症肌无力创造了良好条件。     

作用于烟碱乙酰胆碱受体的α~*-芋螺毒素研究进展

芋螺毒素(conotoxin,conopeptide,CTx)是由热带海洋中的肉食性软体动物芋螺分泌产生的一大类生物活性肽,它们相对分子质量小,能特异地作用于动物体内各种离子通道和受体,具有巨大的药物开发价值。其中,A-超家族的α-芋螺毒素(α-CTx)是发现最早的且最重要的一类成员,它能特异性作用于烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,nAChRs),是肌肉或神经型nAChRs的选择性阻断剂。nAChRs与中枢神经系统紊乱如疼痛、成瘾、癌症等多种疾病密切相关。近年来,人们陆续发现其他超家族的芋螺毒素中也有成员可阻断nAChRs,如αA-、αB-、αO-、αC-、αD-、αS-等家族的芋螺毒素。上述能阻断nAChRs的芋螺毒素统称为α~*-芋螺毒素(α~*-CTx)。α~*-芋螺毒素对nAChRs阻断活性的差别与它们的结构有着密切的联系。结合国内外研究现状,对α~*-CTx与nAChRs相互作用的关键位点以及结构与功能的关系进行综述,可为相关研究提供参考。     

α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在烟碱成瘾不同阶段发挥的作用及其作用机制

烟碱是烟草中备受关注的致瘾性物质,是吸烟者持续使用烟草制品的主要原因之一.Alpha7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7nAChR)在中枢神经系统广泛存在,其功能涵盖学习记忆、认知障碍、神经退行性疾病和药物成瘾等多个方面.近年来,大量研究报道了调控α...     

麦长管蚜烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体基因的克隆和序列分析

昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR)是杀虫剂的重要作用靶标之一。本研究利用简并引物PCR和半巢式PCR技术从麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)中克隆nAChR基因,成功地获得了5个α型nAChR亚基的cDNA片段。根据5个α亚基片段设计特异引物,结合快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)技术,成功克隆了5个α型亚基的全长,并发现α5亚基有两种存在形式,它们仅在胞外区有一段175 bp的片段有差异。序列分析发现,这些基因均具有nAChR基因家族的典型特征,并与已报道的其他昆虫的烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的相应亚基具有很高的同源性。该研究为进一步利用基因表达技术研究昆虫nAChR的天然亚基组成,以及分析麦长管蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的靶标抗性,奠定了基础。     

ASPECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM IN THE ELECTRIC ORGAN OF TORPEDO MARMORATA

Abstract— —The synthesis of acetylcholine and its compartmentation were studied in the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. When electric organ was homogenized in iso-osmotic NaCl-sucrose some 55 per cent of its acetylcholine content was lost unless very potent cholinesterase inhibitors were present. Slices of electric organ incubated in a suitable medium were found to synthesize radioactive-labelled acetylcholine from [ N-Me-³ H] choline. The specific activity of the labelled acetylcholine was higher in the trichloracetic acid extract of the organ slices than in an NaCl-sucrose homogenate. Acetylcholine-containing vesicles isolated from the NaCl-sucrose homogenate contained labelled acetylcholine with about the same specific activity as the parent homogenate. There was thus a fraction of acetylcholine in the incubated tissue of higher specific radioactivity that was lost when the tissue was homogenized. The acetylcholine-containing vesicles lose their acetylcholine when submitted to gel filtration under hypo-osmotic conditions. On standing at 5°C there were only small losses of acetylcholine from the vesicles but at 20°C the losses were substantial. Vesicles containing labelled acetylcholine were studied. On gel filtration under iso-osmotic conditions there was a considerable loss of labelled acetylcholine without a concomitant loss of bio-assayable acetylcholine. The pools of radioactive and bio-assayable acetylcholine are therefore not homogeneous in the vesicles as isolated.     

THE CATION SENSITIVITY OF THE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR FROM TORPEDO CALIFORNICA

—The effects of various cations and cholinergic ligands on the rate of α-bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptor complex formation has been studied by means of a DEAE-cellulose disk assay technique. The reaction rate is reduced to one half the initial rate in the presence of 2·5 · 10^?6m acetyleholine. a value close to the observed K_D of ACh measured by equilibrium dialysis. Inhibition constants of about 5 mM were obtained for most monovalent cations whereas divalent cations gave inhibition constants of 0·05-0·2 mm . The rate and extent of toxin-receptor complex formation was also investigated as a function of hydrogen ion concentration; the rate of formation reaches a maximum at pH 7·5 and a group with a pK about 6 inhibits toxin binding to the receptor when protonated. These data can be correlated with the observed effects of inorganic cations on the binding of cholinergic ligands in vivo at the neuromuscular junction. Given the affinities of the individual cations, it is possible to predict how the apparent affinity of a cation-sensitive cholinergic ligand will change with variations of buffer composition.     

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE YEAST YELLOW PROTEIN

The yeast yellow protein contains two prosthetic groups, one of which is undoubtedly a flavin. The nature of the other is unknown, though some of its properties are described. No catalytic function for this protein has as yet been found.     

不同真菌纤维素酶一些生物化学性质的比较

比较了属于6个属,即青霉(Penicillium)、曲霉(Aspergillus)、木霉(Trichoderma)、漆斑菌(Myrothecium)、镰孢霉(Fusarium)和腐质霉(Humicola),总计9株真菌在麦麸液体培养基中所产纤维素酶的一些生物化学性质。此外,还比较了这9株真菌在麦麸固体培养基上所产纤维素酶的活力以及对脱脂棉、水曲柳木屑、水曲柳木粉、废报纸和玉米芯糠醛废渣的糖化能力。     

EFFECT OF CHOLINE ON THE RATES OF SYNTHESIS and OF RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE ELECTRIC ORGAN OF TORPEDO

Abstract— Slices of electric organ of Torpedo marmorata were chopped and incubated in a saline-urea-sucrose medium. This preparation of minced tissue exhibited a relative enrichment in ACh and nerve endings, which was attributed to a loss of electroplaque cytoplasm. Electron microscopic controls showed nerve endings of normal morphology, some of them forming 'chaplets' separated from electro-plaques. Miniature endplate potentials were recorded on sealed fragments also present in this preparation. ACh levels remained unchanged during incubation periods as long as 19 h. The time course of the incorporation of [1-¹⁴C]acetate of [2-¹⁴C]pyruvate into ACh pools was studied. These incorporations were similarly affected by the choline added to the medium. In the presence of increasing choline concentrations (up to 10^-4 m ), the incorporation of [¹⁴C]acetate or [¹⁴C]pyruvate into ACh increased. They both diminished when choline was added above 10^-4M. The ACh content of the tissue was not affected by added choline. From the constancy of ACh levels in the presence of various choline concentrations and from the steady state of our preparation, we can conclude that the release of transmitter varied in parallel to the incorporation rate of the precursor of the acetyl moiety of ACh. This fact was also found using the efflux of [¹⁴C]acetate as an evaluation of ACh release. The values of release calculated by this method were in good agreement with those determined from the incorporations of acetate and pyruvate into ACh. It is suggested that the primary action of choline is on its high affinity carrier system. This triggers a secondary action on the ACh release mechanisms.     

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN FORMING THE OUTER FIBERS OF CILIA

Cilia were isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis by an ethanol-calcium procedure. Solutions of outer-fiber protein were obtained either by aqueous extraction of an acetone powder of whole cilia, or by dissolving the isolated outer-fibers in 0.6 M KCl. In aqueous solution, the outer-fiber protein has a sedimentation coefficient of 6.0S and a molecular weight of 104,000 ± 14,000. In 5 M guanidine hydrochloride solution the molecular weight falls to 55,000 ± 5,000. After reduction and alkylation in 8 M urea, about 95% of the protein migrates as a single band on electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel at pH 8.9; the migration velocity is identical with that of reduced and alkylated actin. Freshly prepared outer-fiber protein contains about 7.5 sulfhydryl groups per 55,000 g of protein. The amino acid composition of outer-fiber protein resembles that of actin, with such differences as occur being of the same order as those between actins from different species of animal.     

ISOLATION OF PURIFIED BASIC PROTEIN FROM HUMAN BRAIN

—A simplified method for the isolation of an encephalitogenic basic protein from myelin is described. The basic polypeptide is easily extracted from the interfacial protein which separates when chloroform-methanol extracts of myelin are treated with a synthetic upper phase containing citrate. Evidence is presented for the purity and identity of the protein. The disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of this protein was consistent with a high degree of homogeneity.     

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE FROM BOVINE BRAIN CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HIGHLY PURIFIED ENZYME

Choline acetyltransferase from bovine brain caudate nucleus has been purified to a specific activity of 25–30 μmol ACh formed per min and mg protein. Disc electrophoresis at pH 9.5 of the purified enzyme showed two protein bands localized close to each other. We were not able to show if ChAT was linked to one or both bands. In SDS disc electrophoresis the enzyme preparation showed one major and one minor protein band with molecular weights of 69,000 and 34,000, respectively. Heterogeneity of the enzyme preparation was also demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. After ammonium sulphate precipitation no aggregation of the enzyme could be detected by gelfiltration on Ultrogel AC-34 whilst a high molecular weight fraction was occasionally observed by gelfiltration on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was, however, separated into two molecular forms (A and B) on CM-Sephadex chromatography. Both molecular forms had the same S²_20w but differed in heat stability and affinity for acetyl-CoA. Both forms were inactivated by an antibody preparation raised against either a purified preparation of ChAT, or A and B separately. The highly purified enzyme preparation was inactivated more than 98% by immunoprecipitation. The antibody crossreacted with ChATs from several mammalian species, but only slightly with ChAT from pigeon. The results of binding studies with affinity columns, suggest that the enzyme contains a hydrophobic lobe and a dinucleotide fold, and that a free purine rather than a free ribosyl ring of acetyl-CoA is important for the binding of the substrate to the active site. The hydrophobic lobe may be the same as the dinucleotide fold.     

纯化眼镜蛇毒蛋白对乙酰胆碱受体通道的阻断作用

在培养的抓蟾胚胎神经和肌肉细胞上用膜片箝技术研究了从中国华南产眼镜蛇毒分离出的神经毒组分对乙酰胆碱受体（ＡＣｈ－Ｒ）通道的影响,发现它在微终板电位和单通道水平上都有明显的阻断作用。完全阻断神经肌肉接点传递的剂量约为２．０μｇ／ｍｌ,对乙酰胆碱受体通道的半阻断量约为０．２３μｇ／ｍｌ。这表明它与α－银环蛇毒有相似功效。