Amino acid sequence and post-translational modification of stem cell factor isolated from buffalo rat liver cell-conditioned medium.

Stem cell factor (SCF) isolated from culture medium conditioned by Buffalo rat liver cells was subjected to detailed structural analysis. Attempts at direct N-terminal sequencing of the factor indicated that its N terminus is blocked as pyroglutamic acid (Zsebo, K. M., Wypych, J., McNiece, I. K., Lu, H. S., Smith, K. A., Karkare, S. B., Sachdev, R. K., Yuschenkoff, V. N., Birkett, N. C., Williams, L. R., Satyagal, V. N., Bosselman, R. A., Mendiaz, E. A., and Langley, K. E. (1990) Cell 63, 195-201). The removal of the blocking pyroglutamate by pyroglutamate aminopeptidase allowed sequencing of the polypeptide chain to position 47. Stem cell factor was also digested with CNBr, trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus protease (strain V8), and AspN peptidase to generate different sets of peptides that were then separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and sequenced. Sequence of an internal peptide fragment obtained by cleavage of stem cell factor at a single tryptophanyl peptide bond was also obtained. From these analyses, the complete amino acid sequence could be constructed. The factor as isolated is a single polypeptide of 164 or 165 amino acids. The sequence is confirmatory to a sequence deduced from a cDNA sequence and provides important evidence for C-terminal processing of the polypeptide encoded by cDNA. There are four potential N-linked glycosylation sites. Asn65, Asn72, Asn109, and Asn120. Sequence determination of isolated peptides suggested that Asn120 is glycosylated, Asn65 and Asn109 glycosylated in some molecules but not in others, and Asn72 not glycosylated. Amino acids at three positions, i.e. 142, 143, and 155, could not be detected during sequence analysis. Since the gene sequence codes for Ser, Thr, and Thr at these positions (Martin, F. H., Suggs, S. V., Langley, K. E., Lu, H. S., Ting, J., Okino, K. H., Morris, C. F., McNiece, I. K., Jacobsen, F. W., Mendiaz, E. A., Birkett, N. C., Smith, K. C., Johnson, M. J., Parker, V. P., Flores, J. C., Patel, A. C., Fisher, E. F., Erjavec, H. O., Herrera, C. J., Wypych, J., Sachdev, R. K., Pope, J. A., Leslie, I., Wen, D., Lin, C. W., Cupples, R. L., and Zsebo, K. M. (1990) Cell 63, 203-211), they could be sites of O-linked carbohydrate attachment. The four cysteines form two intramolecular disulfide bonds, Cys4-Cys89 and Cys43-Cys138.     

The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen isolated from Southeast Asian horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda

The complete amino acid sequence of coagulogen purified from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda was determined by characterization of the NH2-terminal sequence and the peptides generated after digestion of the protein with lysyl endopeptidase, Staphylococcal aureus protease V8 and trypsin. Upon sequencing the peptides by the automated Edman method, the following sequence was obtained: A D T N A P L C L C D E P G I L G R N Q L V T P E V K E K I E K A V E A V A E E S G V S G R G F S L F S H H P V F R E C G K Y E C R T V R P E H T R C Y N F P P F V H F T S E C P V S T R D C E P V F G Y T V A G E F R V I V Q A P R A G F R Q C V W Q H K C R Y G S N N C G F S G R C T Q Q R S V V R L V T Y N L E K D G F L C E S F R T C C G C P C R N Y Carcinoscorpius coagulogen consists of a single polypeptide chain with a total of 175 amino acid residues and a calculated molecular weight of 19,675. The secondary structure calculated by the method of Chou and Fasman reveals the presence of an alpha-helix region in the peptide C segment (residue Nos. 19 to 46), which is released during the proteolytic conversion of coagulogen to coagulin gel. The beta-sheet structure and the 16 half-cystines found in the molecule appear to yield a compact protein stable to acid and heat. The amino acid sequences of coagulogen of four species of limulus have been compared and the interspecies evolutionary differences are discussed.     

The complete amino acid sequence of the low molecular weight cytosolic acid phosphatase

This paper presents the complete amino acid sequence of the low molecular weight acid phosphatase from bovine liver. This isoenzyme of the acid phosphatase family is located in the cytosol, is not inhibited by L-(+)-tartrate and fluoride ions, but is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. The enzyme consists of 157 amino acid residues, has an acetylated NH2 terminus, and has arginine as the COOH-terminal residue. All 8 half-cystine residues are in the free thiol form. The molecular weight calculated from the sequence is 17,953. The sequence was determined by characterizing the peptides purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography from tryptic, thermolytic, peptic, Staphylococcus aureus protease, and chymotryptic digests of the carboxymethylated protein. No sequence homologies were found with the two known acylphosphatase isoenzymes or the metalloproteins porcine uteroferrin and purple acid phosphatase from bovine spleen (both of which have acid phosphatase activity). Two half-cystines at or near the active site were identified through the reaction of the enzyme with [14C] iodoacetate in the presence or in the absence of a competitive inhibitor (i.e. inorganic phosphate). Ac-A E Q V T K S V L F V C L G N I C R S P I A E A V F R K L V T D Q N I S D N W V I D S G A V S D W N V G R S P N P R A V S C L R N H G I N T A H K A R Q V T K E D F V T F D Y I L C M D E S N L R D L N R K S N Q V K N C R A K I E L L G S Y D P Q K Q L I I E D P Y Y G N D A D F E T V Y Q Q C V R C C R A F L E K V R-OH.     

Modulation of the catalytic activity of neutrophil collagenase MMP-8 on bovine collagen I. Role of the activation cleavage and of the hemopexin-like domain

The cleavage of bovine collagen I by neutrophil collagenase MMP-8 has been followed at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C. The behavior of the whole enzyme molecule (whMMP-8), displaying both the catalytic domain and the hemopexin-like domain, has been compared under the same experimental conditions with that of the catalytic domain only. The main observation is that whMMP-8 cleaves bovine collagen I only at a single specific site, as already reported by many others (Mallya, S. K., Mookhtiar, K. A., Gao, Y., Brew, K., Dioszegi, M., Birkedal-Hansen, H., and van Wart, H. E. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 10628-10634; Kn?uper, V., Osthues, A., DeClerk, Y. A., Langley, K. A., Bl?ser, J., and Tschesche, H. (1993) Biochem. J. 291, 847-854; Marini, S., Fasciglione, G. F., De Sanctis, G., D'Alessio, S., Politi, V., and Coletta, M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18657-18663), whereas the catalytic domain lacks this specificity and cleaves the collagen molecule at multiple sites. Furthermore, a meaningful difference is observed for the cleavage features displayed by two forms of the catalytic domain, which differ for the N terminus resulting from the activation process (i.e. the former Met(80) of the proenzyme (MetMMP-8) and the former Phe(79) of the proenzyme (PheMMP-8)). Thus, the PheMMP-8 species is characterized by a much faster k(cat)/K(m), fully attributable to a lower K(m), suggesting that the conformation of the catalytic domain, induced by the insertion of this N-terminal residue in a specific pocket (Reinemer, P., Grams, F., Huber, R., Kleine, T., Schnierer, S., Piper, M., Tschesche, H., and Bode, W. (1994) FEBS Lett. 338, 227-233), brings about a better, although less discriminatory, recognition process of cleavage site(s) on bovine collagen I.     

REVIEWS

The Chemical Activities of Bacteria. By E. F. G ale , B.A., Ph.D.
Heredity and Variation in Micro-organisms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology.
The Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain. By H erbert W illiam R ickett .
The Living Plant. By I. V. N ewman .
Hormones and Horticulture. The use of special chemicals in the control of plant growth. By G eorge S. A very and E lizabeth B indloss J ohnson , with the collaboration of R uth M. A ddoms and B etty F. T homson .
Plant Physiology. By M eirion T homas .
The Genetics of Garden Plants. By M. B. C rane and W. J. C. L awrence , with a foreword by S ir D aniel H all .
Plant Viruses. By K enneth M. S mith , F.R.S.     

REVIEWS

Grazing in Terrestrial and Marine Environments (British Ecological Society Symposium No. 4). Edited by D. J. C risp
Fundamentals of Botany Series . Edited by W. A. J ensen and L. G. K avaljian
Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Biologists . By H ilary S eal
Differenciation des Cellules Sexuelles et Eécondation chez les Cryptogames (Protoplasmatologia , Vol. VII/3b). By B. V azart
Allgemeine Botanik . By W. N ultsch
Piante Medicinali, Chimica, Farmacologia e Terapia . Vol. II. By R. B enigni , C. C apra and P. E. C attorini
Thermophilic Fungi . By D onald G. C ooney and R alph E merson
The Genera of Flowering Flants (Angiospermae). Based Principally on the Genera Plantarum of G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker. Dicotyledones . vol. 1. By J. H utchinson
Algal Cultures and Phytoplankton Ecology . By G. E. F ogg
Flora Europaea, Vol . 1. Eycopodiaceae to Plantanaceae . Edited by T. G. T utin , V. H. H eywood , N. A. B urges , D. H. V alentine , S. M. W alters and D. A. W ebb
The Biology of the Algae . By F. E. R ound
Flora of the British Isles Illustrations . Part 4. Monocotyledons . Drawings by S ybil J. R oles
Plants and the Ecosystem . By W. D. B illings . (Fundamentals of Botany Series, edited by W. A. J ensen and L. G. K avaljian
Essays on Crop Evolution . Edited by S ir J oseph H utchinson     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Cook, R. J., and K. R Baker , The nature and practice of biological control of plant pathogens.
Grogan, R. G., G. A. Zentmyer and E. B. Cowling (Eds.), Annual Review of Phytopathology.
Zimmermann, M. H. , Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Springer Series in Wood Science
Dixon, G. R. , Plant Pathogens and their Control in Horticulture.
Harley, J. L., and S. E. Smith , Mycorrhizal Sytnbiosis.
Loewus, F. A., and C. A. Ryan (Eds.) , The Phytochemistry of Cell Recognition and Cell Surface Interactions—Recent Advances in Phytochemistry
Holdsworth, S. D. , The preservation of fruit and vegetable products. Sci. Horticult.     

REVIEWS

Book review in this article
Botanical Latin . By W. T. S tearn .
Laboratory Manual of Tropical Mycology and Elementary Bacteriology . By A. T hompson and G loria L im .
Agriculture in the Tropics . By C. C. W ebster and P. N. W ilson .
Bananas . By N. W. S immonds .
Rice . By D. H. G rist .
Tea . By T. E den .
Lowson's Botany . By E. W. S imon , K. J. D ormer and J. N. H artshorne .
Annual Review of Plant Physiology , Vol. 16. Ed. by L. M achlis and W. K. B riggs .
Ultrastructural Plant Cytology . By A. F rey -W yssling and K. M ühlethaler .
Drawings of British Platits . Part XXII, Scrophulariaceae (1). By S tella R oss
Molecules and Cells .By D. A. C oult . The Principles of Modern Biology. Ed. by D. A. C oult .
The Growth of Cereals and Grasses . Ed. by F. L. M ilthorpe and J. D. I vins .
Origins of Metidelism . By R. C. O lby .
Fungal Genetics . By J. R. S. F incham and P. R. D ay . Botanical Monographs, Vol. 4, ed. by W. O. J ames .
Genetik der Pilze . by K. E sser and R. K uenen .
Microbial and Molecular Genetics . By J. R. S. F incham . Modern Biology Series, ed. by J. E. W ebb .
Index Kewensis Plantarum Phanerogamarum, Supplementum XIII . Compiled at the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, under the direction of Sir G eorge T aylor .
A Flora of Northeastern Minnesota . By O lga L akela .
Stephen Hales, D.D., F.R.S. An Eighteenth Century Biography . By A. E. C lark -K ennedy .     

The hereditary hemochromatosis protein, HFE, specifically regulates transferrin-mediated iron uptake in HeLa cells

HFE is the protein product of the gene mutated in the autosomal recessive disease hereditary hemochromatosis (Feder, J. N., Gnirke, A., Thomas, W., Tsuchihashi, Z., Ruddy, D. A., Basava, A., Dormishian, F., Domingo, R. J., Ellis, M. C., Fullan, A., Hinton, L. M., Jones, N. L., Kimmel, B. E., Kronmal, G. S., Lauer, P., Lee, V. K., Loeb, D. B., Mapa, F. A., McClelland, E., Meyer, N. C., Mintier, G. A., Moeller, N., Moore, T., Morikang, E., Prasss, C. E., Quintana, L., Starnes, S. M., Schatzman, R. C., Brunke, K. J., Drayna, D. T., Risch, N. J., Bacon, B. R., and Wolff, R. R. (1996) Nat. Genet. 13, 399-408). At the cell surface, HFE complexes with transferrin receptor (TfR), increasing the dissociation constant of transferrin (Tf) for its receptor 10-fold (Gross, C. N., Irrinki, A., Feder, J. N., and Enns, C. A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22068-22074; Feder, J. N., Penny, D. M., Irrinki, A., Lee, V. K., Lebron, J. A., Watson, N. , Tsuchihashi, Z., Sigal, E., Bjorkman, P. J., and Schatzman, R. C. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 95, 1472-1477). HFE does not remain at the cell surface, but traffics with TfR to Tf-positive internal compartments (Gross et al., 1998). Using a HeLa cell line in which the expression of HFE is controlled by tetracycline, we show that the expression of HFE reduces 55Fe uptake from Tf by 33% but does not affect the endocytic or exocytic rates of TfR cycling. Therefore, HFE appears to reduce cellular acquisition of iron from Tf within endocytic compartments. HFE specifically reduces iron uptake from Tf, as non-Tf-mediated iron uptake from Fe-nitrilotriacetic acid is not altered. These results explain the decreased ferritin levels seen in our HeLa cell system and demonstrate the specific control of HFE over the Tf-mediated pathway of iron uptake. These results also have implications for the understanding of cellular iron homeostasis in organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart, and spleen that are iron loaded in hereditary hemochromatotic individuals lacking functional HFE.     

Books

Books reviewed in this article:
B aker . K. 1993. Identification Guide to European Non-passerines.
B arnard . C., G ilbert , F. & M c G regor
B askett , T.S., S ayre . M.W., T omlinson , R.E. & M irarchi .
B ezzel . E. 1993. Kompendium der Vögel Mitteleuropas.
B right , M. 1993. The Private Life of Birds.
C ook , M. 1992. The Birds of Moray and Nairn.
D avison . G.W.H. 1992. Birds of Mount Kinabalu. Borneo.
E rritzoe . J. 1993. The Buds of CITES and How to Identify Them.
F arner , D.S., K ing , J.R. & P arkes , K.C.
G ibbons , D.W., R eid , J.B. & C hapman . R.A. (eds). 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland.
H illman , J.C.
H uxley . E.
J ackson . C.E. 1993. Great Bird Paintings of the World.
J ohnsgard . P.A. 1993. Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans of the World.
M adge . S. & B urn , H. 1994. Crows and Jays. A Guide to the Crows, Jays and Magpies of the World.
N icolai . B. (ed.).
P ower , D.M. (ed.).
P riklonskiy . S.G. (ed.).
R alph . R. 1993. William MacGillivray.
R obinson , D. & C hapman , A.
S harp . P.J. 1993. Avian Endocrinology.
S mith , K.W., D fe , C.W., F earnside . J.D., F letcher , E.W. & S mith , R.N.
S olomon . D. & W illiams , J.
S ørensen , S., B loch . D. & L angvad . S.
Z immerman , J.L.     

ElaC encodes a novel binuclear zinc phosphodiesterase

ElaC is a widespread gene found in eubacteria, archaebacteria, and mammals with a highly conserved sequence. Two human ElaC variants were recently associated with cancer (Tavtigian, S. V., Simard, J., Teng, D. H., Abtin, V., Baumgard, M., Beck, A., Camp, N. J., Carillo, A. R., Chen, Y., Dayananth, P., Desrochers, M., Dumont, M., Farnham, J. M., Frank, D., Frye, C., Ghaffari, S., Gupte, J. S., Hu, R., Iliev, D., Janecki, T., Kort, E. N., Laity, K. E., Leavitt, A., Leblanc, G., McArthur-Morrison, J., Pederson, A., Penn, B., Peterson, K. T., Reid, J. E., Richards, S., Schroeder, M., Smith, R., Snyder, S. C., Swedlund, B., Swensen, J., Thomas, A., Tranchant, M., Woodland, A. M., Labrie, F., Skolnick, M. H., Neuhausen, S., Rommens, J., and Cannon-Albright, L. A. (2001) Nat. Genet. 27, 172-180; Yanaihara, N., Kohno, T., Takakura, S., Takei, K., Otsuka, A., Sunaga, N., Takahashi, M., Yamazaki, M., Tashiro, H., Fukuzumi, Y., Fujimori, Y., Hagiwara, K., Tanaka, T., and Yokota, J. (2001) Genomics 72, 169-179). Analysis of the primary sequence indicates homology to an arylsulfatase and predicts a metallo-beta-lactamase fold. At present, no ElaC gene product has been investigated. We cloned the Escherichia coli ElaC gene and purified the recombinant gene product. An enzymatic analysis showed that ElaC does not encode an arylsulfatase but rather encodes a phosphodiesterase that hydrolyzes bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate with a k(cat) of 59 s(-1) and K' of 4 mm. Kinetic analysis of the dimeric enzyme revealed positive cooperativity for the substrate bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate with a Hill coefficient of 1.6, whereas hydrolysis of the substrate thymidine-5'-p-nitrophenyl phosphate followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Furthermore, the enzyme is capable of binding two zinc or two iron ions. However, it displays phosphodiesterase activity only in the zinc form. The metal environment characterized by zinc K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy was modeled with two histidine residues, one carboxylate group, and 1.5 oxygen atoms. This corresponds to the coordination found in other metallo-beta-lactamase domain proteins. Phosphodiesterase activity is strongly dependent on the presence of zinc. These results identify the currently unassigned gene product ElaC to be a novel binuclear zinc phosphodiesterase.     

Confirmation of the expression of a large set of conserved hypothetical proteins in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

High-throughput "omic" technologies have allowed for a relatively rapid, yet comprehensive analysis of the global expression patterns within an organism in response to perturbations. In the current study, 9503 different tryptic peptides were identified with high confidence from capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of 26 chemostat cultures of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under various conditions. Using at least one distinctive and a total of two total peptide identifications per protein, we detected the expression of 758 conserved hypothetical proteins. This included 359 such proteins previously described [Kolker, E., Picone, A.F., Galperin, M.Y., Romine, M.F., Higdon, R., Makarova, K.S., Kolker, N., Anderson, G.A., Qiu, X., Auberry, K.J., Babnigg, G., Beliaev, A.S., Edlefsen, P., Elias, D.A., Gorby, Y.A., Holzman, T., Klappenbach, J.A., Konstantinidis, K.T., Land, M.L., Lipton, M.S., McCue, L.A., Monroe, M., Pasa-Tolic, L., Pinchuk, G., Purvine, S., Serres, M.H., Tsapin, S., Zakrajsek, B.A., Zhu, W., Zhou, J., Larimer, F.W., Lawrence, C.E., Riley, M., Collart, F.R., Yates, J.R., III, Smith, R.D., Giometti, C.S., Nealson, K.H., Fredrickson, J.K., Tiedje, J.M., 2005. Global profiling of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1: expression of hypothetical genes and improved functional annotations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102, 2099-2104] with an additional 399 reported herein for the first time. The latter 399 proteins ranged from 5.3 to 208.3 kDa, with 44 being of 100 amino acid residues or less. Using a combination of information including peptide detection in cells grown under specific culture conditions and predictive algorithms such as PSORT and PSORT-B, possible/plausible functions are proposed for some conserved hypothetical proteins. Such proteins were found not only to be expressed, but 19 were only expressed under certain culturing conditions, thereby providing insight into potential functions. These findings also impact the genomic annotation for S. oneidensis MR-1 by confirming that these genes code for expressed proteins. Our results indicate that 399 proteins can now be upgraded from "conserved hypothetical protein" to "expressed protein in Shewanella," 19 of which appeared to be expressed under specific culture conditions.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article
Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Ed. by K. M aramorosch and S. P. R aychaudhuhi .
Alpine Rasengesellschaften auf Silikatgestein bei Davos. By L uca V etterli .
The Rust Fungi. Ed. by K. J. S cott and A. K. C hakravorty .
Environment and Plant Ecology. By J. R. E thehington .
Cryptogams. By K. E sser
Nitrogen fixation. Volume 1: Ecology. Ed. by W. J. B roughton .
Agricultural Plants. By R. H. M. L anger and G. D. H ill
Decomposer Basidiomycetes: their Biology and Ecology. Ed. by J. C. F rankland , J. N. H edger and M. J. S wift .
Cell Walls'81: Proceeding of the Second Cell Wall Meeting held in Gottingen, April 8–11, 1981. Ed. by D. G. R obinson and H. Q uader .     

Recent ornithological publications

ALLAN, R.G. Grain-eating Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa: Identification, Biology and Management ANDERSON, S.H. & SQUIRES, J.R. The Prairie Falcon. ASH, J.S. & MISKELL, J.E. Birds of Somalia. Blomert , A-M., Ens , B.J., Goss -Chrd , J.D., Hulscher , J.B. & Zwarts , L.(eds) Oystercatchers and Their Estuarine Food Supplies. Cook , W.E. Avian Desert Predators. Debus , S The Birds of Prey of Australia: a Field Guide. DEL HOYO, J., ELLIOTT, A. & SARGATAL, J. (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Volume 4. Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Enticott , J & Tipling , D. Photographic Handbook of the Seabirds of the World. Grubb , Jr. T.C. Wild Bird Guides: Tufted Titmouse. Haffer , with contributions from E. MAYR. Ornitholologen-Briefe des 20 Jahrhunderts: ‘We must lead the way on new paths’ the work and correspondence of Hartert, Stresemann and Ernst Mayr, international ornithologists. Holmes , J.S. & Simons , J.R. (eds) The Introduction and Naturalisation of Birds. HOPP, S.L., OWREN, M.J. & EVANS, C.S. (eds) Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods. Johnsgard . PA. The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. Kanouchi , T, Abe , N. & Ueda , H. Wild Birds of Japan. McClure , H.E. Migration and Suvival of Birds of Asia. Newton , I. Population Limitation in Birds. Nikiforov , M.E., Kozulin , A.V., Grichik , V.V., & Tishechkin , A.K. The Birds of Belarus' on the Threshold of the 21st Century (in Russian). Prast . W. & Shamoun . J. BRIS Bird Remains Identification System . Raffaele , H., Wiley , J., Garrido , O., Keith , A. & Raffaele , J. A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies. Ratcliffe , D. The Raven. Rowlands , B.W., Trueman . T, Olson , S.L., Mc Culloch , M.N. & Brooke , R.K. The Birds of St Helena - an Annotated Checklist. Ryabitsev , V. One Season in the Taiga. Stattersfield , A.J., Crosby , M.J., Long , A.J. & Wedge , D.C. Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Bio-diversity Conservation. Steffens , R., Saemann , D. & Grossler , K. (eds) Die >Vogelwelt Sachsens. Sutherland , W.J. (ed.) Conservation Science and Action. Andrew , P. & Mc Allan , I. Nomina: Global Bird Dictionary, Relational Taxonomies. Brendel , U. Vögel der Alpen. Cailliez , R., Ciais , G., Davrainville , Y, Denis , J-P, Haguenauer , C, Janin , B. & Vidailhet , M-A. Les Oiseaux et la Forêt: Leur vie Secrête au Fil des Saisons. Crozier , J. A Birdwatching Guide to the Pyrenees. Davis , B.L. A Field Guide to Birds of the Desert South-west. Armonia /Birdlife Actes del III Encuentro Bolivano para la Conservacion de las Aves, 18 a 20 de Octubre de 1996. Graham , K. Titmice. Donald , P.F. & Aebischer , N.J. (eds) The Ecology and Conservation of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra: proceedings of a conference held at Fordingbridge, Hampshire, 2–3 March 1995. Jobanek , G. A. An Annotated Bibliography of Oregon Bird Literature Published before 1935. Kerslake , L. (ed.) Red Data Book for Northumberland. King , B.F. Checklist of the Birds of Eurasia. Kutac , E.A. Birder's Guide to Texas, Paulson , D. & Erckmann , J. Shorebirds of the Pacific Northwest. Petty , S.J. Ecology and Conservation of Raptors in Forests.     

Books

C ollar , N.J. & A ndrew , P. 1988. Birds to Watch: The ICBP Check-list of Threatened Birds.
D allmann , M. 1987. Der Zaunkönig.
F iuczynski , D. 1987. Der Baumfalke. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei No. 575.
F ry , C.H., K eith , S. & U rban , E.K. 1988. The Birds of Africa, Vol. III.
F urness , R.W. 1987. The Skuas.
H ölzinger , J. 1987. Die Vögel Baden-Württembergs 1 (Parts 1–3).
J ohnson , T.H. 1988. Biodiversity and Conservation in the Caribbean: Profiles of Selected Islands.
K laus , S., A ndreev , A.V., B ergmann , H.-H., M üller , F., P orkert , J. & W iesner , J. 1986. Die Auerhiihner. Die Neue Brehm-Biicherei No. 86.
P yle , P., H owell , S.N.G., Y unick , R.P. & D e S ante , D.F. 1987. Identification Guide to North American Passerines.
S now , D. & B. 1988. Birds and Berries.
SOVON 1987 (eds. J. B ekhuis (et al.). Atlas van de Nederlandse Vogels.
Nederlandse Broedvogels (1979). A long English summary at the end enables readers unfamiliar with Dutch to extract the maximum possible amount of information from this impressive work.
T oivanen , A. & T oivanen , P. (eds) Avian Immunology: Basis and Practice. 2 volumes.     

BOOK REVIEW SECTION

Book Reviewed in this article:
Canning, Elizabeth U., ed. 1981. Parasitological Topics: a Presentation Volume to P. C. C. Garnham F.R.S. on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday 1981
Krylov, M. V. 1981. Piroplazmidy. [Piroplasms.]
Baker, J. R. 1982. The Biology of Parasitic Protozoa
Barriga, Omar O. 1981. The Immunology of Parasitic Infections: a Handbook for Physicians, Veterinarians, and Biologists
Beyer, T. V., Bezukladnikova, N. A., Galuzo, I. G., Konovalova, S. I. & Pak, S. M., eds. 1979. Toksoplasmidy. [The Toxoplasmids
Geltzer, Ya. G., Korganova, G. A., Mavlyanova, M. I. & Nikolyuk, V. I., eds. 1980. Pochvennye Prosteyshie. [The Soil Protozoa.] (Protozoologiya
Beyer, T. V., Kazakova, I. I., Lakhonina, G. M., Roigas, E. M. & Teras, J. H., eds. 1981. Vzaimootnosheniya Prosteyshikh s Virusami. [The Interaction between Protozoa and Viruses.] (Protozoologiya
Ogimoto, Keiji & Imai, Soichi 1981 Allas of Rumen Microbiology
Long, Peter L., ed. 1982. The Biology of the Coccidia
Lloyd, David, Poole, Robert & Edwards, Steven W. 1982. The Cell Division Cycle: Temporal Organization and Control of Cellular Growth and Reproduction
Frederick, J. F., ed. 1981. Origins and Evolution of Eukaryotic Intracellular Organelles. [Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
Hayat, M. A. 1981. Fixation for Electron Microscopy
Buetow, D. E., ed. 1982. The Biology of Euglena.
Ogden, C. G. & Hedley, R. H. 1980. An Atlas of Freshwater Testate Amoebae
Parker, S. P., ed. 1982. Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Margulis, L. & Schwartz, K. V. 1982. Five Kingdoms: an Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth
Cairns, J., Jr., ed. 1982. Artificial Substrates
Curds, C. R. 1982. British and Other Freshwater Ciliated Protozoa     

Structure-activity studies of the inhibition of FabI,the enoyl reductase from Escherichia coli,by triclosan: kinetic analysis of mutant FabIs

Triclosan, a common antibacterial additive used in consumer products, is an inhibitor of FabI, the enoyl reductase enzyme from type II bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. In agreement with previous studies [Ward, W. H., Holdgate, G. A., Rowsell, S., McLean, E. G., Pauptit, R. A., Clayton, E., Nichols, W. W., Colls, J. G., Minshull, C. A., Jude, D. A., Mistry, A., Timms, D., Camble, R., Hales, N. J., Britton, C. J., and Taylor, I. W. (1999) Biochemistry 38, 12514-12525], we report here that triclosan is a slow, reversible, tight binding inhibitor of the FabI from Escherichia coli. Triclosan binds preferentially to the E.NAD(+) form of the wild-type enzyme with a K(1) value of 23 pM. In agreement with genetic selection experiments [McMurry, L. M., Oethinger, M., and Levy, S. B. (1998) Nature 394, 531-532], the affinity of triclosan for the FabI mutants G93V, M159T, and F203L is substantially reduced, binding preferentially to the E.NAD(+) forms of G93V, M159T, and F203L with K(1) values of 0.2 microM, 4 nM, and 0.9 nM, respectively. Triclosan binding to the E.NADH form of F203L can also be detected and is defined by a K(2) value of 51 nM. We have also characterized the Y156F and A197M mutants to compare and contrast the binding of triclosan to InhA, the homologous enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As observed for InhA, Y156F FabI has a decreased affinity for triclosan and the inhibitor binds to both E.NAD(+) and E.NADH forms of the enzyme with K(1) and K(2) values of 3 and 30 nM, respectively. The replacement of A197 with Met has no impact on triclosan affinity, indicating that differences in the sequence of the conserved active site loop cannot explain the 10000-fold difference in affinities of FabI and InhA for triclosan.     

Recent ornithological publications

UK Raptor Wording Group Armstrong , P. The English Country Parson: A companionship between Science and Religion. Berry , R. J. Orkney Nature. Bibby , C. J., Burgess , N.D., Hill , D.A. & Mustoe , S.H. Bird Census Techniques Böhm , C. Die Wasserpieper: Vom Meeresstrand zum Gletscherrand. Brewer , D., Diamond , A., Woodsworth , E.J., Collins , B.T. & Dunn , E.H. Canadian Atlas of Bird Banding. Volume 1: Doves, Cuckoos, and Hummingbirds through Passerines Chapman , A, The Hobby. Chiappe , L.M., Sh'uan , J., Qiang , J. & Norell , M.A. Anatomy and Systematics of the Confucius‐ornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of Northeastern China. Coro Arizmendi , M. & Marquez Valdelamar , L. (eds) Areas de importancia para la Conservación de las Aves en MéAxico. Dean , W.R.J. The Birds of Angola. dolling , R.J., Fay , R.R. & Popper , A.N. (eds) Comparative Hearing: Birds and Reptiles. Elias , G. L., Reino , L. M., Silva , T., Tome , R. & Geraldes , P. Atlas das Aves Invernantes do Baixo Alentejo. Fry , C.H., Keith , S. & Urban , E.K. (eds) Birds of Africa Volume 6. Harris , T. & Franklin , K. Shrikes and Bush‐shrikes; including wood‐shrikes, helmet‐shrikes, flycatchershrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle‐eyes. Johnsgard , P.A. Trogons and Quetzals of the World. Lenz , N. Evolutionary Ecology of the Regent Bowerbird Sericulus chrysocephalus (Lewin, 1808). Olney , P.J.S., & Fisken , F.A. (eds) International Zoo Yearbook, Vol.37. Petersen , Islenskir Fuglar (Icelandic Birds) (in Icelandic). Robb, M.S. Introcuction to Vocalizations of Crossbills in North‐western Europe. Rodner , C., Lentino , M., & Restall , R. Checklist of the Birds of Nortehrn South America: an annotated checklist of the species and subspecies of Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Trinidad & Tobago, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. Sayre , R., Roca , E., Sedaghatkish , G., Young , B., Keel , S., Roca , R. & Shepparo , S. Nture n Focus: Rapid Ecological Assessment. Schulze ‐Hagen , K. & Geus , A. Joseph Wolf. Shawyer , C., Clarke , R. & Dixon , N. A Study into the Raptor Predation of Domestic Pigeons. Sibley , D. The North American Bird Guide. Siokhin , V.D. (ed.) Chislennost' i razmeshchenie gneziashchikhia okolovodnykh ptits v vodno‐bolotnykh ugodiakh Azovo‐Chernomorskogo poberezhia Ukrainy [Numbers and Distribution of Breeding Waterbirds in the Wetlands of the Azov‐Black Sea Region of Ukraine] (in Russian, with English summaries and captions). Skutch , A.F. Harmony and Conflict in the Living World. Snyder , N., Mc Gowan , P., Gilardi , J., & Grajal , A. (eds) Parrots. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000–2004. Storch , I. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2000–2004: Grouse. Tamisier , A. & Dehorter , O. Camargue, Canards et Foulques. Tickell , W.L.N. Albatrosses. Vickery , P.D. & Herkert , R. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Grassland Birds in the Western Hemisphere. Wilcove , D.S. The Condor's Shadow. The Loss and Recovery of Wildlife in America. Chamberlain , D.E., Fuller , R.J., Shrubb , M. Bunce , R.G.H., Duckworth , J.C, Garthwaite , D.G., Impey , A.J. & Hart , A.D.M. The Effects of Agricultural Management on Farmland Birds. Datskevich , V.A. Istoricheskii ocherk i nekotorye itogi ornitologicheskikh issledovanii v Belovezhskoi pushche (1945–1985 gg.) [Historical Survey and some Results of Ornithological Studies in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (1945–1985)]. Fesenko , G.V. & Bokotey , A.A. Anotovanii spisok ukraînskikh naukovikh nazv ptakhiv fauni Ukraîni [The Annotated List of the Ukrainian Scientific Names of the Bird Species belonging to the Fauna of Ukraine] (in Ukrainian). Oddie , B. Bill Oddie's Birding Map of Britain & Ireland, 2nd edn. Pemberton , J.E. (ed.) The Birdwatcher's Yearbook and Diary 2001. Rusev , I.T. (ed.) Ptitsy Azovo‐Chernomorskogo regiona na rubezhe tysiacheletil: materialy iubileinoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi 20‐letiu Azovo Chernomorskoi ornitologicheskoi rabochei gruppy, Odessa 10–14 febralia 2000g [Birds of Black Sea Region on Border of Millenium] Serebryakov , V.V. & Alekseyenko , V.R. Vodno‐bolotnye ugod'ia Azovo‐Chernomorskogo poberezh'ia Ukrainy, bibliograficheskii ukazatel' 1970–1999 [Wetlands of the Azov‐Black Sea Region of Ukraine: Bibliography 1970–19991 (in Russian and English). Symanski , R. Blackhearts: Ecology in Outback Australia. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Checklist of CITES Species: a Reference to the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Chappuis , C. Oiseaux d'Afrique. African Bird Sounds.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Atlas of the British Flora . Edited by F. H. P erring and S. M. W althrs .
Handbuch der Pflanzenphysiologie: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology . Vol. XIV: Growth and Growth Substances. Edited by W. R uhland .
Drawings of British Plants . Part XVII: Compositae (3). By S tella R oss -C raig .
Apical Meristems . By F. A. L. C lowes . Botanical Monographs, vol. 2. Edited by W. O. J ames .
Cellular Regulatory Mechanisms . Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
Proceedings of the Summer School of Botany held June 2–15, 1960, at Darjeeling . Edited by P. M aheshwari , B. M. J ohri and I. K. V asil .
Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth . By R. J. S treets . Edited by Sir H arry C hampion .
A Flora of the Alaskan Arctic Slope . By I. L. W iggins and J. H. T homas
Grundzüge der Pflanzenanatomie . By B. H uber .
Taschenbuch der Botanik . By H. M iehe . Revised by W. M evius .
A Conspectus of Aphids as Vectors of Plant Viruses . By J. S. K ennedy , M. F. D ay and V. F. E astop .
Crop Adaptation and Distribution . By C arroll P. W ilsie .
Flora of Cultivated Plants of the U.S.S.R. Vol. XIII: Perennial Leguminous Plants: Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella. Edited by E. N. S inskaya . Translated by N. L andau .
Der Federsee . Edited by W. Z immermann .
Carbohydrate Resources within the Perennial Plant . By C. A. P riestley .
Flora of the British Isles . By A. R. C lapham , T. G. T utin and E. F. W arburg .
Mineral Salts Absorption in Plants . By J. F. S utcliffe .
The Development of British Heathlands and their Soils . By G. W. D imbleby .
Annual Review of Plant Physiology , vol. 13. Edited by L. M achlis and W. R. B riggs .     

Book Reviews

OWEN, A. B. Empirical Likelihood. GORE, A. and PARANJPE, S. A Course in Mathematical and Statistical Ecology. PAWITAN, Y. In All Likelihood: Statistical Modelling and Inference Using Likelihood. GASTWIRTH, J. L. (editor). Statistical Science in the Courtroom. MUKHOPADHYAY, P. Topics in Survey Sampling. RASHIDI, H. H. and BUEHLER, L. K. Bioinformatics Basics: Applications in Biological Science and Medicine. MUELLER, L. D. and JOSHI, A. Stability in Model Populations. DUFFY, S. W., HILL, C. and ESTEVE, J. (editors). Quantitative Methods for the Evaluation of Cancer Screening. FERNHOLZ, L. T., MORGENTHALER, S. and STAHEL, W. Statistics in Genetics and in the Environmental Sciences. RAYNER, J. C. W. and BEST, D. J. A Contingency Table Approach to Nonparametric Testing. GOLYANDINA, N., NEKRUTKIN, V. and ZHIGLJAVSKY, A. Analysis of Time Series Structure: SSA and Related Techniques. MARI, D. D. and KOTZ, S. Correlation and Dependence. SALSBURG, D. The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. W. FAHRMEIR, L. and TUTZ, G. Multivariate Statistical Modelling Based on Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edition. WILCOX, R. R. Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods: Substantially Improving Power and Accuracy. DAVID, H. A. and EDWARDS, A. W. F. Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics. ELLIOTT, P., WAKEFIELD, J. C., BEST, N. G. and BRIGGS, D. J. (editors). Spatial Epidemiology: Methods and Applications. Brief reports by the editor BARNDORFF‐NIELSEN, O. E., MIKOSCH, T. and RESNICK, S. I. (editors) LéAvy Processes: Theory and Applications. MACARTHUR, R. H. and WILSON, E. O. The Theory of Island Biogeography. ROGERS, L. Sexing the Brain.