The rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the freshwater and marine alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)

Summary In the alewife the orohypophyseal duct, a remnant of Rathke's pouch, persists in adults as a tube passing from the rostral pars distalis to the pharyngeal region. Its lumen is not open to the buccal cavity. The prolactin cells are situated around the bifurcations of this duct in the rostral pars distalis. Contents from prolactin cells, such as granules, nuclei, mitochondria and Golgi structures were found in these bifurcations. These contents were indistinguishable from those of intact prolactin cells. Evidence of actual release into the duct was often noted. At the presumptive point of release, the cells lining the lumen separate and the contents, probably of an entire prolactin cell, are extruded. The cilia usually found at the point of extrusion arise from prolactin cells. The prolactin cells of freshwater fish were more heavily granulated than those from a marine environment. Prolactin cells of fish entering freshwater streams were not heavily granulated but showed evidence of increased activity. Granule size was not affected by salinity. The ACTH cells are arranged in bands along branches of the neurohypophysis in the rostral pars distalis. No differences in ACTH cells from fish of different salinities were noted.We would like to thank Mr. D. D. Zumwalt of the John G. Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, Dr. E. D. Warner, Mr. R. L. Flayter, Dr. J. G. Stanley of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Mr. L. Wells of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Lakes Fisheries Laboratory, Ann Arbor, and Mr. L. N. Flagg of the Department of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Augusta, Maine, for their assistance in obtaining the fish used in this study. Dr. T. N. Tahmisian and Mr. G. T. Chubb of Argonne National Laboratories, and Dr. L. M. Srivastava and Dr. V. Bourne of Simon Fraser University, Canada, kindly made electron microscope facilities available. Finally, we wish to thank Mr. W. Goossens and Mr. D. J. DeJong for valuable assistance. This project was supported by a grant from the National Marine Fisheries Service.     

Studies of the grassland vegetation in the kawatabi special research area of the Japanese IBP

Summary 1. The paper demonstrates the utilization of a computerized vegetation analysis on the field data gathered at the Japanese IBP Grassland Site. Hand- and computer sorting procedures are compared and discussed. This part of the paper was a test of the usefulness of the computer simulation of the standard sorting procedures of phytosociological work. Tables 2–6 and Figure 2 demonstrate the usefulness as well as the limitations of the computer analysis. The possibility of incorporating phytosociological tables as matrices into computerized ecosystems models is suggested. 2. The vegetation of the J-IBP Grassland Site is described and preliminary evaluations made with regard to environmental parameters (Table 2 and 5, Figure 1). Some management influences on theMiscanthus grassland are discussed. The primary above-ground productivity ranges from 300 to 1500 g (usually 400 to 600 g) dry matter per m². Contribution from JIBP/PT and CT, and US IBP, Eastern Deciduous Forest Biome, BIOME WIDE STUDIES. This study was supported in part by the special project research “Studies on the dynamic status of biosphere” sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Education, and in part by the North Carolina Board of Science and Technology and the UNC Faculty Grants Committee. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance ofDr. W. C. Moore, Mr. J. S. Radford, andMr. R. Reader in the execution of the computer analysis. Responsible for theories and execution of computer simulation:H. Lieth; responsible for field data:M. Numata andT. Suganuma.     

Order of the ilv genes of Salmonella montevideo

Summary Ilv mutants of aSalmonella typhimurium-Salmonella montevideo hybrid were used in cotransduction studies to obtain evidence for the order of theilv genes ofS. montevideo. The following order, which is the same as that previously reported forS. typhimurium, is derived:ilvE-ilvD-ilvA-ilvC.From the Departments of Genetics and Biochemistry, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607. Paper No. 3300 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. Supported by Research Grant GM 14184-04 from the Public Health Service.     

The fate ofsepia in small populations ofDrosophila melanogaster

Asepia gene found inD. melanogaster collected in North Carolina, and wildtype flies from North Carolina, Bogotá, Barcelona, and California were used to strt 120 cultures that were maintained by mass transfers of adults every third week for more than a year. The frequency ofsepia was determined in these cultures at the termination of the experiment. Thesepia gene was present in considerable frequency (16%–65%) in all backgrounds except one; in cultures involving wildtype chromosomes from North Carolina, it was virtually eliminated. Each of the wildtype backgrounds exhibited a characteristic final frequency ofsepia, suggesting that they had reached at least quasi-stable equilibria. Although it is likely that the retention ofsepia depended upon the superiority of flies heterozygous for this mutant, the technique does not reveal whethersepia itself was involved in the apparent heterosis.The work reported here was done under Contract No. AT-(30-1)-2139, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

A partial skeleton of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cetorhinus parvus</Emphasis> Leriche, 1910 (Chondrichthyes,Cetorhinidae) from the Oligocene of Germany

A partial skeleton of a shark was found in the Frauenweiler clay pit near Rauenberg (Oligocene, Rupelian; Baden-Württemberg, S. Germany). The shark is identified as Cetorhinus parvus Leriche 1910. One tooth, vertebrae, dermal denticles and most of the filter apparatus of the juvenile specimen are described and illustrated. A terminology is introduced for the gill raker elements of the genus Cetorhinus to compare C. parvus and C. maximus.     

In vivo estrogen uptake by individual cell types of the rat anterior pituitary after short-term castration-adrenalectomy

Summary In vivo estrogen uptake was measured in five anterior pituitary cell types of the rat by a quantitative autoradiographic-immunocytochemical technique. In male and female rats that had been castrated and adrenalectomized for one day all five cell types showed nuclear concentration of label one hour after injection of ³H-estradiol. The order of labeling intensity was lactotropes > somatotropes > gonadotropes > corticotropes > thyrotropes. No significant overall sex difference in estrogen uptake was apparent although male pituitaries tended to take up slightly more. Physiological correlates to these data are discussed.Supported by PHS grant HD 12173 and Research Career Development Award HD 00243I wish to acknowledge Mr. Sing Kung Lau for his excellent technical assistance and Dr. P. Rodier for her advise and assistance with the statistical analysis. I also wish to thank Dr. A.F. Parlow and NIAMDD for antisera against rLH, hFSH, rPRL and rTSH and Dr. P. Petrusz, University of North Carolina, for antisera against bGH and h endorphin     

Occurrence of Falcarinol and Falcarindiol In Tomato Plants after Infection with Verticillium albo-atrum and Characterization of Four Phytoalexins by Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Falcarinol and falcarindiol were isolated from tomato vascular tissue infected with Verticillium albo-atrum and identified. Separation and characterization of trimethylsilyl derivatives of four tomato phytoalexins could be obtained by capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry. We are most grateful to Dr. P. J. G. M. de Wit , Agricultural University, Wageningen, to Dr. D. T. Coxon , Food Research Institute, Norwich and to Dr. M. S. Kemp , Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol for making their analytical data available for us. Also thanks are due to Miss J. I. Liem , Mr. G. Verweij and C. Loriaux for their assistance.     

Cat-2 gene expression

Summary Poly(A)⁴ RNA was isolated from maize scutella of different stages of post-germinative development and translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte translation system. Immunoprecipitation of the translation products with CAT-2-specific antibody was used to quantitate the relative levels of translatable CAT-2 mRNA at each stage. The results show a close correlation between the developmental profile of Cat2 gene expression and the profile of CAT-2 mRNA levels. Evidence that the levels of CAT-2 mRNA are regulated by a temporal regulatory gene (Car1) is presented and the possible mechanism(s) of this regulation discussed.This work was supported by Research Grants No. GM22733 and No. GM33817 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service to J.G.S. This is paper No. 9933 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA     

NORTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. IX. ONSLOWIA ENDOPHYTICA GEN. ET SP. NOV. (PHAEOPHYTA,SPHACELARIALES) AND NOTES ON OTHER NEW RECORDS FOR NORTH CAROLINA1

Four benthic algae are reported here for the first time in the North Carolina flora. The new brown algal genus and species, Onslowia endophytica Searles, is described as an endophyte of Halymenia floridana from the North Carolina continental shelf. New records of Boodleopsis pusilla and Naccaria corymbosa from North Carolina constitute range extensions of these tropical species on the American coast north from Florida. Blastophysa rhizopus, an endophyte and epiphyte known from the North Atlantic coast of Europe and America as well as the Caribbean is reported from North Carolina for the first time and in a new host, Predaea feldmannii.     

THE GENUS PROTOSTELIUM

Olive , L. S. (Columbia U., New York, N. Y.) The genus Protostelium . Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(3): 297–303. Illus. 1962.—Two new species of this simplest genus of the cellular slime molds are described: P. fimicola , a species with spherical spores and gelatinizing stalks occurring on dung, and P. arachispora , an elongate-spored species from dead plant material. The first has been found in North Carolina and the West Indies, while the second species has been found only once in North Carolina. Protostelium mycophaga var. major , from Connecticut, has distinctly larger spores than the original species. Further data on the distribution and development of P. mycophaga are presented. The genus is transferred to a family of its own, the Protosteliaceae .     

FURTHER STUDIES IN THE GENUS DRYOPTERIS: THE ORIGIN OF D. CLINTONIANA,D. CELSA AND RELATED TAXA

Walker , S. (Liverpool Univ., England.) Further studies in the genus Dryopteris: the origin of D. clintoniana, D. celsa and related taxa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(5): 497–503. Illus. 1962.—Cytogenetic studies of 5 Dryopteris species, from North America, together with wild and synthesized hybrids between some of them, show that D. clintoniana and D. celsa are allohexaploid and allotetraploid respectively. Cytological and morphological evidence points to D. cristata and D. goldiana being parental to D. clintoniana, whilst D. goldiana and D. ludoviciana are parental to D. celsa. The taxon D. X australis is triploid and has been synthesized; it is the backcross between D. celsa and D. ludoviciana.     

Grazing and mowing as management tools on dunes

A brief review of mowing and grazing of sand dune vegetation introduces the first results of the use of these management techniques at Newborough Warren National Nature Reserve, Anglesey, north Wales. In the mowing experiments, plots are mown one (May), twice (May and July), three times (May, July and September) and five times (May, June, July, August and September).The grazing experiment has the equivalent of one or two animals to three-quarter acre paddocks (0.3 ha) which are grazed for one third, two thirds or for the whole year.Mean numbers of species per plot, and Lotus corniculatus have increased in both sets of experiments whereas Arrhenatherum elatius has declined. Other species do not show clear-cut changes. Both methods provide practical means of maintaining a short turf, but the long-term effects of mowing may not be beneficial to the vascular plant flora. Grazing can however provide a crop as well as a desirable flora although manpower and capital costs may limit its use by conservationists.Nomenclature follows Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. F. & Warburg, E. G. (1962), Flora of the British Isles, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, London.A large grazing experiment can not proceed without the help and advice of many people. The Nature Conservancy Council has allowed the establishment of the grazing and mowing experiments at Newborough Warren National Nature Reserve. The staff of the North Wales region of NCC have encouraged and aided the work in many ways. Mr W. D. Martin, Mr R. A. Bennett, Mr L. C. Colley and the Estate Workers merit special thanks. Dr J. Hodgson, late of the Grasslands Research Institute, now with the Hill Farming Research Organisation and Mr P. Rothery (ITE) gave useful, practical and statistical advice at the planning stages of the grazing experiment. Mr R. J. C. MacMullen assisted with the field survey in 1982 and preparation of the data for computer analysis. Dr D. Moss (ITE) has provided statistical advice and computations. Professor F. T. Last and Dr C. Milner, my senior officers in ITE, have been especially helpful with advice and encouragement.     

Isozyme variability in species of the genus Drosophila. VII. Genotype-environment relationships in populations of D. melanogaster from the eastern United States

Collections of D. melanogaster were analyzed for genetic variation at nine enzyme loci. Allelic frequencies were determined, and comparisons between observed phenotypic proportions and those expected under equilibrium conditions were made. A significant tendency toward homozygote excess was noted. Relationships between patterns of genetic variability and between patterns of genetic and environmental variability were examined by the method of principal components and correlation analysis. Several of the loci showed a clinal pattern in gene frequencies, and overall there was an appreciable amount of genetic-genetic and genetic-environmental association.This work was supported by PHS Research Grant No. GM 11546 and AEC Contract No. AT-(40-1)-3980. Paper No. 4026 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina.     

The role of catastrophic death of Calluna in heathland dynamics

In the Breckland heaths of East Anglia large patches of Calluna are often killed by adverse climatic conditions or insect attack. This paper studies one site, Cavenham Heath, where large areas of Calluna were killed between 1976–1979, and shows that older stands were most affected, and recovery was slowest compared to either younger stands, or stands with an uneven-aged structure. Moreover, where Calluna death was most severe, directional succession to birch woodland was accelerated. At this site, although Calluna regeneration has been previously assumed to be initiated by endogenous factors (i.e. by the life cycle of the Calluna), it is also clearly interrupted by exogenous factors. The implications of these results for heathland conservation are discussed, and it is suggested that intervention management by cutting and burning, to maintain large areas of Calluna in the building phase, may be the most appropriate long term strategy.This work was funded in part by the Nature Conservancy Council as part of its research programme into nature conservation. I thank Mr D. Malins and Mrs D. Reynolds for assistance in both the field and the laboratory, Ms S. Ide and Mr J. Pattin-gale for preparing the figures, and Professor C. H. Gimigham, Dr J. Miles and Dr I. C. Prentice for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.     

Scanning electron microscopic studies of cilia

Summary A simple method for the preparation of ciliated epithelia for study with the scanning electron microscope is described. Ciliary groups are well preserved and it is possible to discern individual cilia and work out their numbers and orientation. Following scanning electron microscopical study some of the material was prepared for transmission electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of the tissue was found to be surprisingly well preserved. The tracheal epithelium of the rabbit, the olfactory epithelia of the goldfish and the rabbit, and the sensory epithelia in the statocyst of a cephalopod mollusc were examined with the scanning electron microscope to demonstrate the possibilities of the method. Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Professor J. Z. Young for his continued interest and support. The scanning electron microscope was purchased with a grant provided by the Science Research Council to Dr. Boyde, Mr. R. Willis helped in the initial stages of the study, Mr. G. Savage provided help with the goldfish material, Mr. S. Waterman provided much photographic assistance, and Mrs. N. Finney the secretarial assistance.     

Ionic currents flow throughMicrasterias andClosterium cells during expansion of the primary cell wall

The results of studies of Micrasterias rotata (Grev.) Ralfs, M. thomasiana Archer (biradiate and uniradiate forms) and Closterium sp. using one- and two-dimensional vibrating probes show that transcellular ionic currents are detectable only around cells undergoing expansion of the primary cell wall (half-cell); current enters local regions of expansion and exits over both the rigid surface of the secondary wall and regions of the primary wall where hardening of the wall prevents further expansion. Current densities remain at steady levels until expansion stops with maturation of the primary wall, whereupon currents are no longer detectable. The temporal and spatial correlation between the currents and regions of wall expansion is particularly evident because morphogenesis of the half-cell is a determinate process. Measurements of inward currents ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 A · cm^–2, and outward currents ranged from-0.05 to -1.5 A · cm^–2 measured at 18 from the cell surface. The results of ion substitution and channel-blocker studies indicate that the currents may be carried at least in part by Ca²⁺, Cl^–, H⁺ and K⁺ ions. The possible role of a Ca²⁺ influx during tip growth in desmids is discussed.This work was conducted at the National Vibrating Probe Facility, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., USA. Dr. Lionel F. Jaffe, Director of the Facility, and Dr. Jeremy D. PickettHeaps, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA, provided valuable guidance and support, and gave unstinting encouragement during these studies. Dr. Franklin M. Harold provided support for the writing of this paper during C.L.T.'s postdoctoral year at the National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Research, Denver. Mr. Alan Shipley and Mr. Steve Dixon provided talented technical assistance. C.L.T. is grateful for support received from a National Institutes of Health Pre-doctoral Training Grant in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado. The work was supported by N.I.H. grants 5 P41 RR01395 and 3 P41 RR01395-02S1 (to L.F.J.), National Science Foundation grants No. BSR 82 14199 and PCM 83 09331 (to J.P.-H.), and No. DCB 86 18694 (to F.M.H.).     

BOOK RWIEW …

McNulty, J. K. 1970. Effects of Abatement of Domestic Sewage Pollution on the Benthos, Volumes of Zooplankton, and the Fouling Organisms of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 9. Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Florida. 128 pp. Price $6.95 clothbound.
Fitzgerald, P. R., ed. 1970. Toxoplasmosis of Animals. English translation by F. K. Plous, Jr. of Russian book edited by I. G. Galuzo, Alma Ata Acad. Sci., Kazakhstan, USSR. College of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. 472 pp. $8.00.
Faust, E. C., Russell, P. F. & Jung, R. C. 1970. Craig and Faust's Clinical Parasitology. 8th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, viii + 890 pp. $25.50.
Margulis, Lynn. 1970. Origin of eukaryotic cells. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. 349 + xxii pp. $15.00.
Levine, Norman D. & Ivens, Virginia. The Coccidian Parasites (Protozoa, Sporozoa) of Ruminants. 1970. Illinois Biological Monographs No. 44. Univ. of Illinois Press. 278 pp. $8.50.     

Dissolved organic carbon and fluorescence in Lake Hovsgol: factors reducing humic content of the lake water

 Lake Hovsgol is a large tectonic lake located in northern Mongolia, which has extremely transparent lake water. In our survey, the dissolved organic carbon of the lake water was 80–100 μM-C, and the fluorescence intensity in an excitation and emission matrix was very low. The brown color and high content of humic substances in river water flowing from a watershed consisting of grassland and forests rapidly declined in the coastal area of the lake. The decrease in humic content may be due not only to dilution by the lake water but also to flocculation and photobleaching. Among tectonic lakes in Asia, Lake Hovsgol would appear to have unique biological and hydrological features that reduce humic content and help to maintain water transparency. Received: June 25, 2002 / Accepted: January 10, 2003 Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge helpful discussion with Dr. J. Urabe. We thank Dr. T. Galbaatar, Mongolian Academy of Science, Mongolia, for his arrangements on the expeditions in 1999. We are also indebted to Mr. D. Hadbaatar, B. Ganbat, and the cruise staff of the R/V Suchbaatar for their assistance in the course of the study. This study was supported by Grant-in-Aid No. 09041159 and 13575034 for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. Correspondence to:K. Hayakawa