SEM Observation on the Structure of Cuticles on Leaf Inner Surface of Abies (Pinaceae) and Its Significance in Systematics

Comparative investigation of the inner surface of the needle cuticle of 36 species and 2 varieties of Abies under SEM has revealed that the characteristics of the intercellular flanges are rather distinct and four types can be distinguished: (1) Straight and developed single flange. This type is only represented by Abies bracteata D. Don. Morphologically, this species is also quite unique in the genus Abies and was once treated as a subgenus by Franco and Liu. Its special structure of the leaf cuticle observed here seems to support their treatment. (2) Double flanges. This type was first discovered in a leaf fossil of Abies from England. In modern plants of Abies, it is found only in the species from Central America. (3) Undeveloped single flange. This type is represented by a small group of Abies from the west and east coastal area of the Pacific Ocean. (4) Undulate and developed single flange. This type is represented by most of the species of Abies, including all the species in Europe and most species in Asia and North America. The flange types mentioned above seem to have some relationships with the geographical distribution of the species in the genus Abies, and their occurrence might have not been completely influenced by the habitats, hence the features of the intercellular flanges may provide good evidence for the subgeneric division of Abies. Based on our results and those from the previously published literature about the infrageneric treatments of Abies and the distribution of the fossils, we consider that western North America might be the diversity center of modern Abies. Florin once pointed out that the characters of the leaf cuticle in gymnosperms are of great significance for the generic andinfrageneric division. This viewpoint is strongly supported by our study on modern Abies.     

松科冷杉属植物的化石历史和现代分布

冷杉是北半球阴暗针叶林的优势种和建群种,现全世界共有52种1亚种12变种,在北半球形成南欧、北美和东亚三个分布中心,这三个地区也是冷杉属化石最丰富的地区。在垂直分布上,冷杉集中分布于1000～2000m（15种）和2500～4000m（13种）两个海拔地段。在中国,冷杉植物呈南北间断分布,集中分布在横断山地区。冷杉属的特有现象和孑遗分布现象都十分突出,有7个种呈孑遗分布。根据冷杉属的地史分布和现代分布的研究并结合最新的系统演化资料,本文推测冷杉属于白垩世中期起源于北半球的中高纬度地区,始新世以后,随着全球气候的变冷,逐步向南迁移,由于喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山、落基山脉抬升及东亚季风气候的出现以及第四纪冰期的影响而形成了现代间断的分布格局。冷杉与银杉、金钱松等其它松科植物的形成模式十分相似。     

冷杉属植物叶角质层内表面的观察及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下,比较观察了冷杉属全世界36种2变种的叶角质层内表面的结构特征,根据叶角 质层内表面胞间凸缘特征的显著差异,将冷杉属植物归为4类:(1)直且发达的单凸缘;(2)双凸缘; (3)不发达的单凸缘;(4)弯曲且发达的单凸缘。并发现这四种凸缘类型在冷杉属中的分布格局与该 类植物的地理分布具有相关性。根据所观察的结果和前人的属下分类系统以及化石资料,认为北美西部是现代冷杉属植物的一个多样性中心。     

Flavonoids of Abies amabilis needles

Seventeen flavonol glycosides were identified from needles of Abies amabilis and these were based on 6 aglycone types: syringetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, laricytrin and myricetin. Glycosides were 3-O-rutinosides, 3-O-glucosides, 3-O-galactosides or 3-O-rhamnosides. Also identified as needle constituents were rhamnosylvitexin and dihydroquercetin.     

红树植物玉蕊的化学成分和药理活性

玉蕊属(Barringtonia)植物是一类应用较广的药用红树植物,文章综述了玉蕊属植物的化学成分和药理活性的研究概况。文献报道的玉蕊化学成分主要是萜类化合物特别是三萜类化合物及其皂苷;药理活性包括抗肿瘤和抗微生物作用。     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of the Volatile Oil of Abies nephrolepis Maxim Leaves

The volatile oil of Abies nephrolepis Maxim leaves growing in Changbai Moutain region was analyzed by OV-1 Capillary column (25×0.25)GC/MS/DS and found to contain 46 chemical constituents, 22 of them which make up 96.8% of the total oil were identified. The major components are α-pinene (15.944%), camphene (20.329%), limonene (29.709%), bornyl acetate (17.083%), etc. Six components from the oil were isolated by N2 protected vectification under vacuum, preparative circle thin-layer chromatography and column chromatography. Limonene, borneol, bornyl acetate and α–bisabolol were idetified by IR and MS.     

元宝山冷杉化学成分的研究

采用色谱技术对元宝山冷杉的化学成分进行分离,根据波谱学方法确定化合物的结构。结果从元宝山冷杉中分离得到5个单体化合物,分别鉴定为:3α-甲氧基-9β-羊毛甾-7,24-二烯-26,23R-内酯(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、6-甲基-3,7-二甲氧基山奈酚(3)、3-氧代-羊毛甾(9,11)-烯-24S,25-二醇(4)、豆甾-4-烯-6β-羟基-3-酮(5)。所有这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

元宝山冷杉群落特征的初步研究

元宝山冷杉仅分布于广西融水县元宝山．元宝山冷杉群落为常绿针阔混交林,上层林木主要是松科植物,中、下层以樟科、茶科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科为主．元宝山冷杉群落现存大树基本上都是老龄树,林内有少量幼苗,但很难见到中龄林木,因此,元宝山冷杉种群年龄结构不完整,将被常绿阔叶树取代．     

Phenolic compounds of Abies nephrolepis and their NO production inhibitory activities

Two new, i.e., 1 and 2, and 69 known phenolics were isolated from the aerial parts of Abies nephrolepis. These chemical constituents included 22 lignans, 30 flavonoids, and 19 other phenols. Their structures were determined mainly by analysis of the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data. All the 71 isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited a potent effect with an IC(50) value of 13.7 μg/ml.     

Fossil History and Modern Distribution of the Genus Abies (Pinaceae)

The plants of the genus Abies are dominant and key species in dark conifer forest in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 52 species, 1 subspecies and 12 varities of genus Abies in the world. The history and modern distribution ofAbies were discussed at present paper. The genus has 3 modern distributional centers: South Europe, North America and East Asia. These areas are also rich in fossil records. The vertical distribution regions of Abies are from sea level to 4 700m, concentrated in 1 000 - 2 000 m (15 species ) and 2 500 - 4 000 m ( 13 species ). In China, the genus distributes in 20 provinces, especially abundant in the Hengduan Mountians. Meanwhile endemic and relic phenomea are obvious in this genus. There are 7 relical species with both limited individuals and limited distributed regions. Based on the fossil records and the newest phylogenetic data, the following hypothesis was proposed: Abies originated from the mid- and high altitude of the Northern Hemisphere in the Middle Cretaceous and it was dispersed forward to the south area in the Eocene due to global climate cooler down. The distribution of Abies was deeply impacted by geological events such as upleft of Himalaya, Alps, Rocky Mountains, the occurrence of Aisan Monsoon as well as Quaternary glaciers. Finally the currentdistribution pattern appeared at the Quaternary. The genus Abies has similar fossil history and modern distribution pattern with Cathaya and Pseudolarix.     

Chemical relationships between firs of Japan and Taiwan

Cortical essential oil from Abies sachalinensis, A. veitchii, A. mariesii, A. firma, A. homolepis, and A. Kawakamii was analyzed for its mono and sesquiterpenoid constituents. Qualitatively the essential oils were similar to those from the New World firs. Using percent composition of monoterpenoid hydrocarbons, it was possible to completely separate most of the mentioned taxa from each other. A method was developed for calculation of similarity coefficients and construction of taxonomic structure on the basis of biosynthetic relationships between individual components of cortical oleoresin. The resulting chemosystematic dendrograms reflected similarity in material flow through various biosynthetic intermediates and paralleled in many features the morphological similarity relationships between the species studied.     

气候变化背景下中国冷杉属植物地理分布模拟分析

中国是世界上冷杉属（Abies Mill.）植物种类最为丰富、分布地域最广的国家,也是研究冷杉属植物分布成因与规律的关键地区。本文通过中国数字植物标本馆、全球生物多样性信息数据库和相关文献三种途径收集我国冷杉属植物的地理分布数据,结合当前和未来气候情景,应用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）模拟冷杉属植物的潜在分布,并使用GIS的空间分析功能做生境适宜性分析,评估我国各地区对冷杉属植物的保护能力。结果显示：（1）四川西南部、云南北部、西藏自治区东南部是我国冷杉属植物分布的热点地区;（2）在未来气候变化情景下,我国冷杉属植物的适宜生境面积将明显减少;（3）适宜生境在未来有向北迁移的趋势;（4）就各地区保护能力而言,在当前气候情景下,云南省的保护能力最高,在未来,我国西部地区的保护能力呈上升趋势,中部和东部地区呈下降趋势。本研究可为冷杉属植物的保护工作提供一定的理论依据和参考价值。     

川滇冷杉的核型分析兼论冷杉属的进化地位

本文分析了我国特产树种川滇冷杉Abies forrestii的核型,K(2n)=24=14 m+8 sin+2 st,属2B类型,染色体相对长度组成为2n=24=2 L+10 M_2+10 M_1+2 S。冷杉属植物(除川滇冷杉)的核型全由中部和近中着丝粒染色体组成,属2A类型(表2)。根据松科各属核型的比较,作者讨论了冷杉属的亲缘关系和进化地位,并得到形态学、解剖学、生化学、古植物学等的支持。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态

为了对濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态评价和预测,通过样地调查和数据统计,研究了秦岭冷杉种群的年龄结构、静态生命表及其与环境因子关系,运用时间序列模型预测了种群数量动态.结果表明,多数秦岭冷杉种群幼龄级个体数较少,中老龄个体数量较大,呈衰退趋势.仅处于低海拔地区的秦岭冷杉-木蓝-苔草群丛中的种群(D种群)由于立地条件较好,幼龄级个体数量相对丰富,种群稳定.不同秦岭冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管生境条件差异,但存活曲线基本接近DeeveyⅢ型;不同种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般Ⅲ～Ⅴ龄级死亡率较高.时间序列分析表明,在未来20、40和80年中,不同秦岭冷杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增后减的趋势,种群稳定性长期维持困难.对影响秦岭冷杉种群增长的10个环境因子通过主成分分析(PCA)发现,乔木层盖度、土壤有机质含量和空气湿度对种群发挥有利影响,而人为干扰和光照强度对秦岭冷杉种群增长发挥不利影响.应充分利用秦岭冷杉性喜荫、耐寒、种子活力较强的特点,加强现有林分就地保护,重点是具有结实能力的中老龄个体;在阴坡地带,对林下灌木比较密集的群丛,通过砍灌、清理林下活地被物等抚育措施,为幼苗发育创造良好的环境条件;就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群.     

Peroxidase activity in non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli and in developing somatic embryos of white fir (Abies concolor Gord. et Glend)

ABSTRACT

Peroxidase activity was monitored during somatic embryogenesis of white fir (Abies concolor Gord. et Glend) starting from a non-embryogenic callus. Results revealed profound differences between non-embryogenic and embryogenic calli with an elevated level of enzyme activity in non-embryogenic ones. Precotyledonary, early cotyledonary and late cotyledonary stages of somatic embryogenesis were characterized by a substantially reduced peroxidase activity compared to callus tissues and regenerated plantlets. Changes in peroxidase activity are as a rule paralleled by variation in isoenzyme composition. The utility of the enzyme in the induction stage of somatic embryogenesis in white fir is proposed.     

广西银竹老山资源冷杉种群退化机制初探

资源冷杉是我国特有的珍稀濒危植物,局限分布在广西资源的银竹老山和湖南新宁的舜皇山。对银竹老山资源冷杉种群衰退状况的研究结果表明,导致资源冷杉种群退化的首要因素是发生频率高、影响范围广、持续时间长的人为砍伐破坏其所依存的森林环境以及其分布地的集中放牧,其次是它自身生物学特性的限制,也造成在自然状态下出现其种群数量不易扩大的局面。要实现资源冷杉种群的保护,解除其濒危状态,以免绝灭,必须立刻停止人为干扰,并进一步加强对它繁育系统的研究。     

The mountain forests of british columbia and the american northwest: Floristic patterns and syntaxonomy

An overview of the montane and subalpine forests ofAbies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Abies amabilis andTsuga mertensiana of northwestern North America is provided based on 541 relevés of forest vegetation from coastal and inland British Columbia, Washington and northwestern Montana. A new classification is proposed based on an examination of the floristic patterns across these communities. Owing to their broadscale floristic similarities, coastal subalpineAbies amabilis-Tsuga mertensiana forests and inland forests ofAbies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, Thuja plicata andTsuga heterophylla are combined into a single order,Thujetalia plicatae. The floristic patterns within this order in turn support the recognition of four alliances. These are (1)Tsugion mertensianae, including coastal and inland subalpine forests ofTsuga mertensiana, Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa andPicea engelmannii, with deep winter snowpacks and an often luxuriously developed shrub layer; (2)Abieti-Tsugion heterophyllae all. nov., including mesic inland montaneThuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla andAbies lasiocarpa-Picea engelmannii forests and related southern borealAbies lasiocarpa-Picea glauca communities; (3)Gymnocarpio-Abietion lasiocarpae, including moist coastal and inland forests dominated by a fern-rich understory andOplopanax horridus; and (4)Lysichito-Chamaecyparidion nootkatensis, which includes wet coastal subalpine forests withLysichiton americanum. A total of five new associations are described, bringing the number of recognized associations within the order to twenty-five. An extensive synonymy and crosswalk to other classification systems is provided.     

秦岭不同龄组巴山冷杉径向生长对气候因子的响应差异

秦岭地区树轮气候学研究已经引起众多学者的重视,但年龄因素对调节树木径向生长-气候响应关系的研究尚未在当地得到广泛关注。运用树轮气候学方法,建立秦岭牛背梁国家级自然保护区低、中、高3个龄组巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)的树轮宽度差值年表,探究不同龄组巴山冷杉径向生长与覆盖研究区的0.5°×0.5°分辨率格点气候要素之间的响应关系,以期解译年龄差异对巴山冷杉树木径向生长-气候响应特征的潜在影响。结果表明：不同龄组巴山冷杉差值年表统计特征值存在明显差异,平均敏感度和样本总体代表性随年龄增大而递减,但标准差、样本间平均相关系数和第一特征根变异解释量均以中龄组最低,信噪比却以中龄组最高;春季(3—5月)降水的增加以及秋季(9—11月)气温的升高对低龄组巴山冷杉径向生长的促进作用最强,对中龄组树木生长的促进作用明显减弱,而对高龄组树木生长几乎没有影响;气温对巴山冷杉径向生长的促进作用随树龄增高而增强,差值年表与当年2月、8月、上年5月平均温、平均最高温的相关系数均呈现随龄级增大而逐渐递增的趋势。年龄因素对牛背梁国家级自然保护区巴山冷杉径向生长-气候响应关系存在明确影响,随着年龄的增加,巴...     

神农架巴山冷杉群落更新特点及影响因素

采用样方法对神农架自然保护区巴山冷杉群落更新特性、环境因子对其更新的影响进行了研究.研究表明:(1)林窗更新是巴山冷杉群落重要的更新方式,以红桦为代表的阔叶树种和巴山冷杉等耐荫树种在林窗内外均存在更新差异;(2)巴山冷杉在林窗更新中具有最大优势,3a以下的巴山冷杉幼苗数量占45.7%,随着年龄的增加下降明显,7a以上的幼树数量只占6.3%;(3)用SPSS将影响巴山冷杉更新的四类环境因子进行主成分分析表明,林窗面积、坡向、林窗微环境、乔灌草盖度依次是影响巴山冷杉幼苗生长和分布的主要因子;(4)林窗微环境因子的相关分析表明,在不同的生活史阶段,更新影响因子重要性不同,光照水平和土壤水分分别对幼苗和幼树的生长具有显著影响;(5)坡向和密度的相关分析表明在北坡巴山冷杉更新幼苗数量丰富,灌草层是巴山冷杉更新过程的潜在障碍.     

Seasonal and spatial variation of reduced sulphur compounds in mistletoes (Viscum album) and the xylem sap of its hosts (Populus × euramericana and Abies alba)

In the present field study with adult trees inhabited by Viscum album , the question was addressed as to whether European mistletoes are able to remove reduced sulphur from the xylem sap of its hosts. For this purpose the reduced sulphur composition and content of the xylem sap of Viscum album and the corresponding hosts Populus  ×  euramericana and Abies alba were analysed. The xylem sap of Viscum was enriched in reduced sulphur compared to the hosts but still reflected the higher reduced sulphur content of Populus compared to Abies . Despite similar xylem sap composition of the hosts with glutathione as the dominating thiol, Viscum on Populus contained predominantly cysteine, Viscum on Abies predominantly glutathione in its xylem sap. These findings suggest selective and different removal of reduced sulphur from these hosts. Still the amount of reduced sulphur removed was too small to result in changes of the concentration of thiols in the xylem sap of the hosts that are statistically significant, probably due to the high variability encountered under field conditions. Despite the differences in the reduced sulphur composition and contents of the xylem sap between Viscum on Populus and Viscum on Abies , total thiol content as well as thiol composition of Viscum leaves on the two hosts were similar throughout the seasons. The seasonal pattern in the thiol composition and contents of Viscum leaves showed high levels in spring and autumn and low levels in summer. The significance of these seasonal changes is discussed.