贵州蜡蚧一新种(同翅目;蜡蚧科)

本文记述了蜡蚧一新种:贵州克里蜡蚧Kilifia guizhouensis sp.n.。模式标本保存于贵州农学院植保系。该种是克里蜡蚧属在中国记录的第二种。它与本属的其它种可由下面检索表区分。 克里蜡蚧属分种检索表1.背孔(dorsalpore)在背面中央形成一纵带,在背侧面正对后足基节的上方各形成一横带………K.diversipes(Cockerell) 背孔在背面既不形成纵带、也不形成横带。…………………………………………………………………………………………… 22(1)肛板(anal plate)前侧边与后侧边之比为2.2—2.7………………………………………………K.americana Ben—Dov. 肛板前侧边与后侧边之比为1.4-2.1……………………………………………………………………………………………………33(2)至少4％的缘毛(marginal setae)顶端不分枝…………………………………………………………………………………4 除2—3根位于肛裂边(each side of anal cleft)的缘毛处.所有缘毛顶端均分枝………………………………………54(3)至少80％的缘毛顶端分枝.其分枝长……………………………………………………贵州克里蜡蚧K.guizhouensi sp.nov. 最多50％的缘毛顶端分枝、其分枝短…………………………………………………………………………     

无花果蜡蚧在云南省的发生情况

【目的】无花果蜡蚧(半翅目:蚧科:蜡蚧属)是一种原产非洲的世界性害虫,2012年被发现入侵我国,此后再无系统性的调查报道。本研究基于多年的野外调查,明确无花果蜡蚧在云南省的发生与危害情况,以期为其监测和防治提供科学依据。【方法】2016年10月—2021年10月,对云南省15州(市)的67个县(区市)113个乡镇进行了调查,系统梳理了无花果蜡蚧的分布、寄主及一些生物学习性。【结果】截至2021年10月,无花果蜡蚧已在云南省10州(市)14县(区市)17个乡镇有分布。其寄主植物共8科13属18种,11种为国内首次报道,包括无花果、杧果、油橄榄、椰子、油棕5种重要经济作物。棕榈科和桑科榕属植物受害种类较多,散尾葵为高发植物。无花果蜡蚧多在叶片正面和枝条上取食。随着龄期增加,有从叶片向枝条转移的习性。【结论】无花果蜡蚧在云南省呈零星分布,在滇南地区发生较为普遍。目前未造成明显的经济损失,但对无花果危害较重。其继续扩散的风险较高,应加以警惕。     

角蜡蚧和日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分分析

采用扫描电镜和气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了角蜡Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) 和日本龟蜡蚧C. japonicus Green蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分。结果表明,这2种蜡蚧分泌蜡质和形成蜡壳的过程基本相似。在1、2龄期分泌的蜡质为“干蜡”,蜡壳为星芒状,虫体周缘的蜡芒均为2大节,与其2个龄期发育相对应,每一个大节又分为若干小节。同时,虫体背面中央蜡质堆积成帽状,也分为均匀的多层。由此说明泌蜡过程具有节律性。虫体周缘与蜡芒对应的突起区上分布着密集的刻点状腺孔,每一个腺孔分泌1根蜡丝,这在以往玻片标本中是观察不到的。雌性第3龄幼虫和成虫期,虫体分泌“湿蜡”,形成龟背状蜡壳,泌蜡腺孔主要为三格腺和四格腺。在肛突区发现了密集的泌蜡腺孔,排列为纵条纹状。从角蜡蚧蜡泌物甲酯化处理样品中检测到14个组分,从直接测试 (未经甲酯化处理) 样品中检测到14个组分;而从日本龟蜡蚧则分别检测到10个组分和25个组分。它们的主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇、酯类、醛类以及杂环、多环或大环状化合物。对它们可能的生物生态学功能进行了讨论。     

七角星蜡蚧在云南省的分布与危害

[目的]七角星蜡蚧(半翅目:蚧次目:蚧科:蜡蚧属)是一种外来入侵害虫,自2013年在云南省西双版纳州勐仑镇发现以来,中国大陆再无系统性的调查。近年来作者在云南省收集蚧虫期间,在多地发现七角星蜡蚧为害,现对其在云南省的发生情况进行报道,以期为其监测和防治提供参考。[方法]2016年10月—2021年9月,对云南省15州(市)的64个县(区市)进行了系统调查,详细研究了七角星蜡蚧的分布、寄主及一些生物学习性。[结果]七角星蜡蚧在云南省西双版纳州的景洪市、勐腊县(勐仑镇和磨憨镇)、勐海县(打洛镇),普洱市的宁洱县,德宏州的盈江县(那邦镇),红河州的河口县、金平县(勐拉乡和者米乡)4州(市)7县(市)9地有分布,新增8个分布点。除宁洱县外,其余发生地均位于边境线上,表明其可能为境外多点入侵。在云南该虫危害寄主植物共4科4属5种,包括杧果和莲雾2种经济树种。七角星蜡蚧多寄生在叶片背面,沿叶脉分布,1年发生多代。在河口县的龙船花上,该虫每雌产卵38~50粒,虫口密度达185~250头·叶^-1。[结论]七角星蜡蚧在云南省零星分布,尚未造成严重损害,但有向内扩散的趋势,应加以警惕。     

我国发现一新入侵蜡蚧:三列鬃软蚧(半翅目,蚧总科,蜡蚧科)

本文记述采自中国惠州的1新记录属鬃软蚧属Trijuba De Lotto,该属目前只有1种,区别于蜡蚧科其他属的特征是雌成虫背面具有3列长刚毛。新记录种三列鬃软蚧Trijuba oculata(Brain)寄生于猴耳环Pithecellobium clypearia的枝干和叶柄上。     

云南双蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与化学成分

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了云南双蜡蚧Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius（同翅目：蚧科）蜡泌物的超微结构和化学成分。结果发现：该虫的若虫与成虫分泌的蜡质从蜡腺排出初期均为湿蜡,在体外凝结形成质地稍硬而脆的玻璃状干蜡壳,蜡壳具有均匀脊和横层。幼期和雄性蜡壳小,船形,周缘带有蜡角,中央隆起。雌成虫蜡壳大,元宝形。蜡泌物的红外光谱吸收峰密集,峰型尖锐,种的特征明显。用红外光谱特征推断蜡泌物的主要基团和化学构成在GC/MS检测中得到印证。用甲酯化和非甲酯化两种处理方法检测证明,该虫蜡泌物主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸及酯类化合物。化合物的碳原子数从C₁₄～C₄₀,大部分为偶数个,特别是碳链长度在C₃₀～C₄₀的酯类化合物种类多,比例大。还将该蚧虫蜡泌物的特征与蚧科内近缘的蜡蚧属种类及瘤坚大球蚧、朝鲜毛球蚧、背刺毡蜡蚧、白蜡虫等作了对比,阐述了蜡泌物在蚧虫分类、系统学及防治中的意义。     

中国蜡蚧科一新记录属（半翅目：蚧总科）

记述采自中国云南的1新记录属:类白蜡蚧属Ericeroides Danzig,1990及1新记录种:越南类白蜡蚧E.zaitzevi Danzig,1990。该新记录属近似于白蜡蚧属Ericerus Guérin-Méneville,二属均有成群气门刺及爪齿;主要区别是:类白蜡蚧属Ericeroides无背面管状腺及肛前孔,而白蜡蚧属Ericerus则有。文中对雌成虫形态特征进行了详细描述和绘图。     

蚧虫蜡泌物的化学研究进展

总结了国内外对蚧虫蜡泌物及其化学成分的研究进展 ,内容包括蜡泌物形成介壳的主要类型 ;蜡泌物的化学研究方法及已涉及的种类 ;蜡泌物的主要化学组成 ,并对 5类物质 ,即蜡、烃类、树脂或萜类、色素类、内蜜露作了重点叙述。最后 ,讨论了研究蚧虫蜡泌物的化学成分具有的意义和应用前景 ,包括蜡泌物作为生物资源的利用 ;以蚧虫作为农林、果树和花卉业的重要害虫 ,针对蜡泌物的特点研制相应的新型杀虫剂 ;利用蜡泌物的化学信息素对天敌的诱导作用 ,开展蚧虫生物防治 ;利用蜡泌物作为化学分类性状的应用等。     

中国新纪录属——扁片蜡蚧属及其一新纪录种记述(半翅目,蚧总科,蜡蚧科)

首次记述采自中国云南省藤Calamus platyacanthoides上的尼泊尔扁片蜡蚧Platylecanium nepalense Takagi,1975.主要鉴别特征为:体缘光滑,气门刺4或5根,肛板合成菱形和无足.文中对雌成虫形态特征进行了详细描述及绘图.     

垫囊绿绵蜡蚧生物学特性及防治研究

<正> 垫囊绿绵蜡蚧Chloropulvinaria psidii(Maskell)属同翅目蜡蚧科,是为害茶树和多种果树的重要害虫。近年来在湖南省石门、洞口、衡山等县茶园发生严重,如国营东山峰农场     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.     

Medfly eradication in California:

The impact of malathion-bait sprays (directed against medfly, Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) on an endemic gall midge (Rhopalomyia californica Felt) and its parasitoids was investigated during 1982–83 in the south San Francisco Bay area of northern California. In a heavily sprayed area (Woodside), a population explosion of the midge was detected following 24 applications of malathion bait. The midge population reached levels ca. 90x greater than those observed in an adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge). In a moderately sprayed area (Portola Valley), the midge population increased as much as 5x that observed in the adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge), following 12 applications of malathion bait. In laboratory tests, the malathion bait was toxic to both the midge and its parasitoids. The major parasitoids were Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica (Ashmead) and Mesopolobus sp. Population increases of the midge following malathion-bait sprays were attributed to destruction of parasitoids and other natural enemies of the midge. If the environmental impact of malathion-bait sprays is related to the number of applications (as suggested in this study), then it would be worthwhile to determine the appropriate bait-spray strategy for a given situation, so as to minimize adverse effects on nontarget species, yet insure suppression or eradication of medfly.

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Résumé L'impact des pièges tratiés au malathion (destinés à Ceratitis capitata Wiedem) sur Rhopalomyia californica Felt et ses parasitoïdes a été examiné en 1982–1983 dans le sud de la zone de la baie de San Francisco en Californie. Dans une zone fortement traitée (Woodside), une explosion de population a été décelée après 24 traitements. La population de R. californica a atteint des niveaux 90 fois supérieurs à ceux observés dans une zone contiguë non traitée (Jasper Ridge). Dans une zone modérément traitée (Portola Valley), avec 12 traitement, la population de R. californica a atteint jusqu'a 5 fois celle de Jasper Ridge. Au laboratoire, le piège à malathion a été toxique tant pour R. californica que pour ses parasitoïdes, dont les principaux étaient: Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica(Ashmead) et Mesopolobus sp. L'accroissement de la population de C. capitata après traitement a été attribué à la destruction de parasitoïdes et d'autres ennemis naturels. Si l'effet su l'environnement du traitement est lié au nombre d'interventions (comme le suggère cette étude), alors cela vaudrait la peine de définir une stratégie de traitement appropriée à une situation donnée, de façon à minimiser les effets négatifs sur des espèces non visées, tout en assurant la suppression ou l'éradication de C. capitata.

     

Predation potential of three flatworm species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

We conducted a field survey for flatworms to select species as potential biological control agents against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) breeding in artificial containers. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the daily predation rate, differential predation on each mosquito larval instar, selective predation on either A. aegypti or C. pipiens, and predator tolerance to water from artificial containers. Girardia anceps (Tricladida, Paludicola, Dugesiidae), Mesostoma ehrenbergii and Bothromesostoma cf. evelinae (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida, Typhloplanidae) were found in temporary puddles and permanent pools. In the laboratory, they killed between 52% and 100% of immature mosquitoes coexisting in the same habitat. No preference of flatworms for mosquito preys was detected. Predation rate was related to predator size and instar of preys. Girardia anceps and B. evelinae survived after a dry period and when re-flooding occurred, they laid eggs. Tolerance to water from artificial containers was highest in G. anceps and this species could be a suitable predator to reduce mosquito populations from artificial containers using an inoculative approach.     

Molecular detection of pathogen DNA in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): A review

Ticks play an important role in human and veterinary medicine, in particular due to their ability to transmit a wide spectrum of pathogenic micro-organisms of protozoal, rickettsial, bacterial and viral origin. Pathogens in ticks can be identified by conventional methods such as indirect immuno-fluorescence, isolation in cell culture or by using histological staining techniques. However, the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has resulted in tremendous improvements in the specific and sensitive detection of pathogen DNA in ticks. In this paper, literature on DNA extraction methods, PCR protocols, primers and probes, which are in use for the successful detection and identification of pathogens in ticks, are critically reviewed. Some recommendations are also given towards the end of tht review.     

Hexamermis glossinae [Nematoda: Mermithidae] parasitizing tsetse [Diptera: Glossinidae] in Kenya

Glossina pallidipes Austen,G. brevipalpis Newstead andG. austeni Newstead were collected from 5 sites along the south Kenyan coast over a 2 year period. They were dissected and examined for nematodes. Three of the sites yielded tsetse parasitized by juvenile mermithids identified asHexamermis glossinae Poinar et al. Glossina pallidipes andG. brevipalpis are new host records for this parasite, whileG. austeni was captured infrequently and only at a site that failed to yield other parasitized tsetse. Parasite prevalence was low (0.16–0.61 %) and did not differ between male and female hosts. More tsetse than expected by chance harboured nematodes during the long rains season (April–August) than during the short rains (September–November) or dry season (December–March). Early juvenile stages (0.5–2.5 mm long) were recovered mainly from tsetse less than 50 days old, while late juvenile stages (35–85 mm long) were only found in flies older than 30 days. Late stages occurred singly while early ones usually occurred as two or more per host.     

A new type of exterilium larva referable to Leptobrotula (Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae: Neobythitinae) from tropical Indo-West Pacific

A new type of exterilium larvae referable to Leptobrotula (Ophidiiformes: Ophidiidae) is described on the basis of two specimens (20.7+mm and ca. 35.4mmSL) collected from the tropical Indo-Pacific. They are characterized, in particular, by several elongated anterior dorsal fin rays supported by the large dorsal pterygiophores and the exterilium gut bearing filamentous appendages along the ventral border. It is suggested from larval evidence that Leptobrotula forms a distinct lineage with Brotulotaenia and Lamprogrammus, which may be placed in an expanded Brotulonaeniinae.     

Bionomics of a polyphagous predator:Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)

The main characteristics of the imaginal and preimaginal development and the reproduction ofOrius laevigatus were studied at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Temperature greatly influences the developmental and reproductive biology of this species. The lowest developmental threshold is 10,6°C. Reproduction is greatly reduced at 15°C relative to the higher temperatures tested. O. laevigatus is well adapted to relatively high temperature conditions. The best development and reproduction rates are observed between 20 and 30°C with a theoretical optimum at 26°C.

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Résumé Les principales caractéristiques du développement pré-imaginal et imaginal ainsi que la reproduction d'Orius laevigatus sont étudiées à des températures de 15, 20, 25 et 30°C. La température influence considérablement le développement embryonnaire et post-embryoannaire de cette espèce. Le zéro théorique de développement se situe à 10,5°C. Les capacités reproductrices sont fortement perturbées à des températures inférieures à 15°C. Les résultats montrent queO. laevigatus est une espèce adaptée à des conditions thermiques relativement élevées. C'est entre 20 et 30°C, avec un optimum de 26°C, que s'expriment le mieux les capacités de développement et de reproduction de ce prédateur.

     

Development and reproduction of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) with fungus gnat larvae (Diptera: Sciaridae), potworms (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) or Sancassania aff. sphaerogaster (Acari: Acaridae) as the sole food source

Stratiolaelaps ( = Hypoaspis) miles (Berlese) (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) is a polyphagous soil-dwelling predatory mite that is widely marketed for use in greenhouse production systems to manage populations of dark-winged fungus gnats, Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae) and for supplemental control of thrips. The suggestion by Walter and Campbell (2003, Biol. Control 26: 253–269) that North American commercial cultures of S. miles may actually be S. scimitus was confirmed. The development and reproduction at 21–23 °C of S. scimitus provided ad libidum with one of three different prey – the fungus gnat Bradysia aff. coprophila (Lintner), potworms (Enchytraeidae), or Sancassania aff. sphaerogaster (Zachvatkin, 1937) (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridae) – were compared. Developmental duration of the egg and non-feeding larval stages were 2.47 and 1.11 days, respectively; mortalities were 8.3 and 5.5%. Stratiolaelaps scimitus failed to develop beyond the protonymphal stage when provided with S. aff. sphaerogaster alone, although some feeding was observed. Development and reproduction of S. scimitus was successful on both fungus gnat larvae and enchytraeids, with no influence of prey on protonymphal duration (4.70 days) and mortality (8.3%), or on deutonymphal duration (4.61 days) and mortality (6.1%). Adult female S. scimitus feeding on potworms, compared to those feeding on fungus gnat larvae, had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period (2.69 vs. 4.59 days). However, diet did not influence other adult female developmental or reproductive characteristics (oviposition period, 18.6 days; post-oviposition period, 6.2 days; total adult longevity, 27.3 days; total number of eggs, 26.5). S. scimitus reared on potworms tended (p = 0.06) to have a higher intrinsic rate of increase, a higher finite rate of increase and a shorter doubling time (r _m = 0.142 day⁻¹, λ = 1.153, Dt = 4.85 days) than those reared on fungus gnat larvae (r _m = 0.105 day⁻¹, λ = 1.110, Dt = 6.58 days), but differences in net reproductive rate (R ₀) and generation time (G) were not significant.