中国盗猎蝽属一新记录种——红缘盗猎蝽(半翅目:猎蝽科:盗猎蝽亚科)

狭义的盗猎蝽属是猎蝽科盗猎蝽亚科中1个较大的属,已知约40个有效种,主要分布于古北区、东洋区和非洲区,中国已知6种.我们在对新疆半翅目多样性的研究过程中,发现了广布于古北区的红缘盗猎蝽Peirates hybridus(Scopoli,1763).本文重新描述了这一中国新记录种;该种体中型,体表大部分区域黑色,革片、侧...     

黄河流域濒危物种保护热点区与保护空缺识别

黄河流域具有重要的生物多样性保护意义,通过研究珍稀濒危物种分布热点区可为生物多样性保护提供依据。选取70种濒危维管植物和陆生脊椎动物,综合多来源的分布数据,运用物种分布模型Maxent模拟物种分布区,结合自然地理区划,计算保护价值,进行热点区分析,并结合国家级自然保护区和国家公园体制试点区的分布情况进行空缺分析。研究结果显示,黄河流域濒危物种分布主要呈现出南高北低、集中于山地的特征,热点区包括秦岭区域、太行山区域、子午岭-六盘山区域、陇中高原至松潘高原、祁连山、贺兰山和沿黄湿地等。在区分自然地理区后,现有的国家级自然保护区和国家公园体制试点区覆盖了热点区面积的13.89%,保护空缺主要出现于子午岭南部、六盘山南部、松潘高原南部和拉脊山等。建议在推进黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展中将濒危物种热点区考虑在内,对黄河流域自然保护地体系进行优化,并针对黄河流域的三个自然地理分区提出了相应的保护建议。此外,研究发现,在进行热点区分析时,考虑自然地理区域划分,并综合多类群叠加和单一生物类群的分析结果进行统筹考虑,可能会更好满足生物多样性就地保护需求。     

基于COI基因序列的九种真蝽属昆虫的分子系统学研究(半翅目:蝽科)

通过对真蝽属Pentatoma 9种昆虫线粒体COI基因约798bp的序列进行分子进化分析,并以同蝽科宽铗同蝽Acanthosoma labiduroides为外群,采用最大简约法、最大似然法和邻接法构建了分子系统树,来探讨真蝽属的系统发育关系.研究结果支持褐真蝽群P. semiannulata-group的划分,绿角真蝽Pentatoma viridicornuta应划归到褐真蝽群P. Semiannulata-group;红足真蝽群中的角肩真蝽P. angulata与红足真蝽P. rufipes遗传距离较小,它们是否为1个物种值得关注;真蝽属各群之间的系统发育关系以及是否可分为3个属值得进一步研究.     

基于鸟类特有种亚种分化的保护优先性

我们以中国鸟类特有种为代表,基于鸟类物种分化程度来探讨多样性保护优先区。本文参照105种中国特有鸟种的分化等级来制作物种地理分布图。依据生物种的概念,给单型种赋值“1”,对具有n各亚种分化的物种赋值“n”。利用GIS叠加与制图功能对物种的分布做图以反映不同区域的物种分化等级。结果发现分布中心赋值很高并以同心圆形式向周边递减,反映了物种在中国西南部横断山区至秦岭高度分化的地理格局,并由此向外递减。作为全球25个生物多样性热点之一的横断山区,可能不仅是物种种级而且是种下级多样性的热点。因此,该地区的多样性保护优先性,不仅要考虑目前物种多样性分布的格局而且要考虑其未来发展     

长白山阔叶红松林生态保护关键区的确定

为完善长白山地区保护区体系、减少生物多样性破坏、保护阔叶红松林,对长白山国家自然保护区周边6个林业局、64个林场进行实地调查和数据分析;基于保护生物多样性的地理学方法(GAP),选择41种植物作为重点保护物种,以采伐区、农田、居民点、公路数等因子作为干扰因素,并利用GIS空间分析研究了长白山地区指示植物数量和干扰强度的分布.结果表明:不同林场指示物种分布不均匀,以泉阳县胜利、冷沟子林场为中心形成西北坡和南坡2个保护植物富集分布区域,宝马、衡山、冷沟子和黑河林场有单个重要物种分布;各林场干扰强度不同,露水河林业局和白河林业局北部整体受干扰程度较大.通过各项指标综合分析,确定出长白山北坡的泉阳-露水河南部-白河北部和长白山南坡的长白县东部2个生态保护关键区带.     

三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间格局及热点地区保护

全球气候变化和人类的开垦开发活动使湿地生物多样性遭到严重的干扰和破坏,导致生物多样性空间分布格局及热点地区的保护成为研究的热点。在对三江平原湿地鸟类预测的基础上,利用空间自相关方法分析三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度的空间分布格局,并找出湿地鸟类多样性的热点地区及优先保护顺序。研究结果表明,三江平原湿地鸟类丰富度高高集聚区主要分布在保护区及周边地区、河流和湖泊沿岸,是新建和扩建自然保护区的最佳区域。湿地鸟类丰富度高低集聚区主要分布在农田景观中,将它们设立成微型保护地块对于区域景观生态安全具有重要意义;利用湿地鸟类物种丰富度、国家级保护湿地鸟类、生境类型和结构、距最近保护区距离、破碎度、干扰度等指标,在研究区内共找到13个热点地区,总面积为1018.7km²,占研究区总面积的8%;利用系统聚类分析,将13个热点地区划分成3种优先保护顺序。构建的小区域范围内寻找生物多样性热点地区的方法,为相关政府部门更有效地进行湿地生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学依据。     

红楔盲蝽属二新种及叶盲蝽族五新记录种记述（半翅目，盲蝽科，叶盲蝽亚科）

本文首次记述了红楔盲蝽属在中国的分布,并描述了该属2新种： 矛红楔盲蝽Rubrocuneocoris lanceus sp. nov.和武定红楔盲蝽Rubrocuneocoris wudingensis sp. nov.。 报道了叶盲蝽族中国5新纪录种： 小圆头盲蝽Decomia tytthos Schuh,1984,黄薄盲蝽Moissonia importunitas (Distant,1910),新几内亚薄盲蝽Moissonia novoguinensis (Schuh,1984),齿单突盲蝽Opuna ryandi Schuh,1984及北方囊鞘盲蝽Sacculifer rufinervis (Jakovlev,1880)。提供了成虫体背面观照片及雄外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫学研究所。     

汶川地震灾区生物多样性热点地区分析

汶川地震灾区位于长江上游,是我国大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的主要分布区,被保护国际认定的25个全球生物多样性热点地区之一.2008年5月12日发生的汶川大地震导致该区域生态环境遭受严重破坏,需要识别生物多样性热点地区,指导灾后生物多样性保护.选取物种生境质量、植被景观多样性指数和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,其中生境质量采用InVEST生物多样性模型计算,然后利用空间相关分析中G系数进行热点地区分析,探测出灾区生物多样性的热点区,并在此基础上与现有保护区分布、物种生境分布以及Marxan模型计算出的优先区进行对比验证.结果显示:热点区范围涉及到现有76％的保护区,且保护区内的热点区面积达到灾区所有保护区面积的55％;在选取的69个指示物种中有60个物种位于热点区的生境面积占这些物种在灾区的总生境面积的50％以上,有32个物种在80％左右,热点区内的所有指示物种生境总面积占整个灾区指示物种生境总面积的70％以上.基于空间相关分析方法得出的热点地区基本上与Marxan模型输出的优先保护区范围结果基本一致.但空间相关分析的热点区划分克服了Marxan模型优先保护区分布过于离散,孤岛效应明显的不足.     

凉山山系国家重点保护野生植物热点分析

对物种丰富度格局和分布热点地区进行分析研究是保护生物多样性的有效手段和途径.基于国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批),选择凉山山系国家重点保护野生植物作为指示物种,通过对该地区指示物种进行指标定量化评价处理,计算每一物种的优先保护值,并确定物种的优先保护顺序.采用ArcGIS地理信息系统软件,结合文献、科考报告信息,对凉...     

中国西藏横断山北缘——杜鹃花考察札记

<正>长期以来,我国杜鹃花野生资源考察集中在云南边境地区(Indo-Burma)、西南山地(Mts.of SW China)、喜马拉雅山脉(Himalaya)和中亚山地(Mts.of Central Asia)等生物多样性热点地区,本次在横断山和澜沧江流域北段干热河谷区域调查发现该区域生境多样,杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)物种丰富,但缺乏系统性的调查资料。     

Autecological investigations on marine diatoms 6:Rhizosolenia robusta Norman,Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell andRhizosolenia shrubsolei Cleve

The warm oligo-eurytherm diatomsRhizosolenia robusta Norman andRhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell were cultured to determine the temperature range for the best competitive position by growth. Comparison of their generation times with those of other diatoms indicate thatR. robusta reaches this position around 20 °C andR. imbricata above 25 °C. The temperature ranges for growth were 12 °C up to 28 °C forR. robusta and 12 °C to above 30 °C forR. imbricata. The use of both species as indicator species for warm water currents is discussed on account of their lower temperature limit. The cold oligo-eurytherm diatomRhizosolenia shrubsolei had a temperature range for growth of below –1.0 °C to 25 °C. Our experimental results demonstrate thatR. imbricata andR. shrubsolei can be considered separate species.     

Morphological and molecular characterization of the Armillaria cepistipes – A. gallica complex in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Armillaria cepistipes and A. gallica (Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae) are morphologically similar species, and they are often nearly indistinguishable using DNA-based methods targeting the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. The aim of this study was to examine morphological and ecological features of A. cepistipes and A. gallica, and to test other DNA-based methods to distinguish the two species. Our results revealed discriminative macro- and micromorphological features between these two species, especially the presence of a distinct central pileus ocella, the shape of the annulus, the character of the velar stipe remnants and the length of the terminal cells of the pileus scales. Ecologically, A. gallica generally prefers warmer areas in lowlands (oak and alluvial forests), while A. cepistipes is more common in hilly and lower montane beech forests in Central Europe. Nevertheless, despite differences in ecological preferences, certain locations between 300 and 500 m a.s.l. are known to sympatrically support both species. The sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha showed high interspecific variability, and this gene is a more appropriate candidate for distinguishing A. gallica from A. cepistipes.     

Ecological strategies in the ancient asexual animal group Darwinulidae (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

• 1 We investigated the relationship between geographical distribution and ecological tolerance within the ancient asexual family Darwinulidae. Distribution maps were compiled based on data from the literature, the Non‐marine Ostracod Distribution in Europe database and personal collections. Ecological tolerance was assessed experimentally by exposing individual ostracods to a combination of eight different salinities (range from 0 to 30 g L^?1) and three different temperatures (10, 20 and 30 °C).
• 2 The type species of the family, Darwinula stevensoni, is ubiquitous and cosmopolitan; the two species Penthesilenula brasiliensis and Microdarwinula zimmeri also have an intercontinental distribution. Two other darwinulid species tested here (Vestalenula molopoensis and P. aotearoa) are known only from their type localities. The latter is also true for most extant darwinulids.
• 3 Darwinula stevensoni and P. brasiliensis had a broad salinity tolerance, tolerating distilled water and also salinity up to 25–30 g L^?1, whereas the maximum salinity tolerance of V. molopoensis was 12 g L^?1 and of P. aotearoa, 20 g L^?1.
• 4 The results indicate that both ecological specialists and generalists, as well as intermediate forms, exist in the Darwinulidae and that taxa with the broadest ecological tolerance also have the widest distribution.

     

Mallomonas robusta (Chrysophyceae,Synuraceae): Electron microscopical study of silica armour

Mallomonas robusta (Matvienko)Péterfi & Momeu (Mallomonopsis robusta) has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy and is redescribed in detail. Its silica armour, consisting of scales and bristles, exhibits a very peculiar fine structural pattern. Differences and possible relationships with other species are discussed. The Romanian material is designated as the nomenclatural type (neotype).     

Origins of the regional feeding abilities in the tiger swallowtail butterfly: ecological monophagy and the Papilio glaucus australis subspecies in Florida

Summary The Highlands County, Florida populations of the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus L., represent a putative subspecies, P. g. australis Maynard. The only foodplant ever reported in southern half of Florida is sweetbay, Magnolia virginiana L. (Magnoliaceae). In fact, there are apparently no other reported foodplants for the polyphagous tiger swallowtail species which exist in southern Florida. These ecologically monophagous P. g. australis populations were studied in order to determine whether or not significant behavioral and biochemical adaptations in the larvae are detectable as a result of the ecological specialization on sweetbay. These results suggest an emphatic yes. On sweetbay, neonate larval survival of these Florida populations is the best of any other population tested from across North America. In addition, penultimate instar larval growth rates are significantly faster on sweet bay than any other foodplant tested. Furthermore, these biochemical adaptations to sweetbay by P. g. australis in Florida are accompanied by a significantly poorer neonate survival and growth performance on northern foodplants (most notably the Salicaceae and Betulaceae). Reciprocal inabilities of the northern subspecies, P. g. canadensis, and the western P. rutulus to utilize sweetbay are described, as well as the reciprocal inabilities of two congeneric and sympatric (Florida) species, Papilio palamedes and Papilio troilus, that have specialized on another bay (redbay, Persea borbonia; of the Lauraceae). It remains uncertain to what degree such apparent negative genetic correlations in foodplant adaptations represent a driving force in the formation of host races or species, especially since so little is known about oviposition preferences of Papilio glaucus across North America. In Florida we have an apparently strict ecological monophagy coupled with a degree of reproductive isolation that has resulted in its tentative classification as a subspecies, P. g. australis. The role of foodplants in the speciation process can be significant even for P. glaucus, the most polyphagous of all 563 species of world Papilionidae. It remains uncertain whether the significant differences in detoxication and biochemical processing abilities observed in this study were evolved in parapatry or allopatry. Disjunct populations of P. alexiares in Mexico retain some ability to detoxify sweetbay, as do some individuals in most P. glaucus glaucus populations tested from ten different states north of Florida.     

Recovery of photosynthesis after exposure of intertidal algae to osmotic and temperature stresses: comparative studies of species with differing distributional limits

Summary This study examines possible relationships between stress tolerance by marine algae and distributions of these species. The ability to recover photosynthetic activity following dehydration or temperature treatments was the assay used to evaluate stress tolerance, and Porphyra perforata, Rhodoglossum affine, Gelidium coulteri, and Smithora naiadum differed in thresholds of tolerance, even though plants were collected from low tidal sites.Limits of dehydration tolerance were well correlated with limits of tidal distribution for these species. Additionally, other high tidal species tolerated severe dehydration while subtidal and low tidal species were sensitive to dehydration. High tidal individuals of P. perforata were also more tolerant of dehydration than were low tidal thalli of P. perforata.Limits of high or low temperature tolerance were not well correlated with tidal elevation for any groups of algae studied. However, cold-tolerant species had more northerly extensions, and warm-tolerant species had more southerly distributions. Thus, differential tolerance to temperature extremes may be an important influence for latitudinal ranges of species.By comparing the experimentally determined thresholds of stress with distributions of species, we test the role of stress in influencing photosynthesis and ultimately distributions of marine algae.     

中国荔蝽科名录（半翅目：蝽总科）

报道中国荔蝽科目前已知种类,共36种,隶属2亚科12属。其中黄比蝽Pycanum ponderosum Stl,1854和圆肩达蝽Dalcantha inermipes Stl,1863为中国新记录种。提供了各种在中国的地理分布信息。     

DNA taxonomy, cryptic speciation and diversification of the Neotropical-African liverwort, Marchesinia brachiata (Lejeuneaceae, Porellales)

The Neotropical-African liverwort Marchesinia brachiata has long been regarded as a polymorphic species. This hypothesis is examined using a dataset including sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region and the plastidic trnL–trnF region of 39 Marchesinia accessions. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate that Marchesinia robusta is nested within M. brachiata s.l. The molecular topologies support at least three partly sympatric biological species within M. brachiata s.l., the Neotropical M. bongardiana and M. languida, and the Neotropical-African M. brachiata s.s. These species are incompletely separated by subtle differences in underleaf shape and leaf dentation. Long branches within M. brachiata s.s. suggest ongoing speciation processes that are not yet reflected in distinguishable morphological variation. Divergence time estimates based on nrITS sequence variation and the liverwort fossil record indicate an establishment of the species M. bongardiana, M. brachiata, M. languida, M. madagassa, and M. robusta in the Late Oligocene and Miocene. The intraspecific diversity shows distinctive patterns with evidence for constant accumulation of genetic diversity in M. robusta and M. brachiata whereas M. bongardiana and M. languida likely went through a recent extinction or expansion process as indicated by the bottleneck pattern of genetic diversity. The tropical American-African disjunction of M. brachiata is the result of dispersal rather than Western Gondwanan vicariance.     

A. robusta sp. nov., a new species of Achlya (Saprolegniales, Straminipila) from a polluted Argentine channel

Achlya robusta sp. nov. was found on litter (floating twigs, leaves, and roots) in an artificial polluted channel, near a petroleum refinery, in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The species is described, illustrated and compared with other species of the genus. A. robusta produces mainly smooth and papillate, tuberculate or bullate oogonia and monoclinous antheridial branches. It develops spherical and subglobose oogonia, with the oogonial wall yellowish and containing mainly immature oospheres. The oospores are eccentric and ranging from (1) 4–17 (30) per oogonium.