基于DNA条形码的半夏属及其伪品分子鉴别

利用DNA条形码技术对半夏属及其伪品进行分子鉴定, 研究半夏属药用植物鉴定的新方法。该实验使用matK序列对半夏(Pinellia ternata)及其伪品进行扩增测序, 结合GenBank数据库数据, 分析ITS、ITS2、psbA-trnH、rbcL和matK各序列的种内与种间变异及barcoding gap, 并采用最近距离法(nearest distance)和相似性搜索算法(BLAST1)评价不同序列的鉴定能力。结果显示, matK序列的种间变异最大, rbcL序列的种内变异最小; rbcL序列的种内和种间遗传变异重叠比例最小, 其次为matK序列; 各序列的Neighbor Joining树均可明显地将不同种分开。实验结果表明, 利用DNA条形码能够准确地鉴别半夏属药用植物及其伪品, matK和rbcL序列为鉴别半夏属及其伪品的较理想条形码组合。该研究为半夏属植物的分子鉴别提供了科学依据与新的思路。     

分子标记在雀形目鸟类研究中的应用

雀形目鸟类一直以来都是动物学工作者研究的热点。目前,针对雀形目鸟类研究的标记主要有2部分：一部分是线粒体DNA中12SrRNA、细胞色素b序列、ND2基因和ZENK等基因序列;另一部分是基因组DNA中的c-myc、RAG-1、肌球素基因和核β-纤维蛋白厚基因等DNA序列以及微卫星DNA和单核苷酸多态性（SNP）等。本文概述了这些分子遗传标记在雀形目鸟类中的应用和研究状况。     

黑线姬鼠两亚种(中国东北地区及俄罗斯远东地区的东北亚种和朝鲜半岛的朝鲜亚种) 的线粒体DNA 序列缺少趋异性

为了检测黑线姬鼠两亚种(来自中国东北地区、俄罗斯远东地区的东北亚种和朝鲜半岛的朝鲜亚种)线
粒体DNA 的变异水平并确定朝鲜亚种的分类地位,我们测序分析了两亚种的线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 的部分序列
(1 054 bp)和控制区的部分序列(860 bp),并与基因库中黑线姬鼠相应的单倍型序列进行了比较。可以看出东
北亚种的序列显示出某些分异,可以被分为2 或3 个亚群,所以我们提出需要更多标本的DNA 分析来确定东北
亚种的分类地位。另外,来自韩国的朝鲜亚种的序列,与来自中国东北地区龙江和哈尔滨的东北亚种的两个亚
群相似(1 个亚群是细胞色素b 的两个单倍型,另1 个是控制区的两个单倍型),表明基于线粒体DNA 序列的遗
传多样性与现今基于形态特征对这些姬鼠的分类所得结果是不一致的。因此我们认为来自韩国的朝鲜亚种是一
个只在形态特异上不同于东北亚种的地方亚种,我们建议通过其他DNA 标记来进一步验证其亚种地位。我们还
认为朝鲜半岛不是最近的冰川期黑线姬鼠残遗种的保护区。     

锦葵科植物DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对锦葵科植物样品的ITS、ITS2、rbcL、matK和psbA-trnH序列进行PCR扩增和测序,比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、种内和种间变异的差异以及barcoding gap图,使用BLAST1和Nearest Distance方法评价不同序列的鉴定能力,进而从这些候选序列中筛选出较适合锦葵科植物鉴别的DNA条形码序列。结果表明,ITS序列在采集的锦葵科植物11个种26个样品中的扩增成功率较高,其种内、种间变异差异和barcoding gap较ITS2、psbA-trnH及rbcL序列具有更明显的优势,且纳入60个属316个种共1228个样品的网上数据后,其鉴定成功率可达89.9%。psbA-trnH序列的扩增和测序成功率最高,其鉴定成功率为63.2%,并能鉴别一些ITS序列无法鉴别的种。实验结果表明,ITS和psbA-trnH是较适合鉴别锦葵科植物的DNA条形码序列组合。     

大林姬鼠两亚种线粒体DNA 细胞色素b 基因和控制区的序列多样性

为了研究大林姬鼠两亚种(韩国的指名亚种及中国东北和内蒙古地区的东北亚种)线粒体DNA 的变异程度并确定朝鲜亚种的分类地位,我们分别将来自韩国和中国东北长白山地区的两亚种的线粒体DNA 的细胞色素b 基因和控制区进行了测序分析。我们将测序所得到细胞色素b 基因序列与来自基因库的大林姬鼠5 个亚种的相应的单倍型进行了分析,结果显示大林姬鼠可分为4 个类群[类群1:韩国大林姬鼠指名亚种;类群2:中国长白山和内蒙古地区的东北亚种、俄罗斯外加贝尔的majuculus 亚种;类群3:中国长春的东北亚种、俄罗斯Primorye(俄罗斯远东地区) rufulus 亚种、俄罗斯库页岛(俄罗斯远东地区)和日本北海道地区的giliacus 亚种;类群4:中国黑龙江海林地区的东北亚种]。线粒体的控制区序列分析显示韩国指名亚种也不同于中国东北地区的东北亚种。本研究的类群1,2 和3 与Serizawa et al. (2002)的研究的K、S 和R 的分支相对应。这表明韩国指名亚种(类群1 和分支K)的线粒体DNA 与其他类群不同。另外,我们还发现在细胞色素b 基因构建的系统树中,东北亚种可以与类群2 (分支S)及类群3 (分支R 的不同亚种聚合在一起。我们认为线粒体DNA 的母性遗传与两个相邻亚种的个体之间的种内杂交造成了基于细胞色素b 序列对东北亚种的聚类分析结果与基于形态学特征的分类结果的不一致。因此,我们提出对这些显示出核苷酸序列多样性的东北亚种不能只用细胞色素b的数据进行亚种分类,还应该结合形态学和核DNA 特征进行进一步分析。最后,我们还发现韩国的指名亚种的细胞色素b 序列在平均距离16. 93% 的基础上不同于来自基因库的A. speciosus。Jones and Johnson (1965)指出了韩国的大林姬鼠在形态上的区别,所以我们认为韩国的大林姬鼠指名亚种A. p. peninsulae 是一种具有形态和遗传特异性的地方亚种。     

丹皮药材及其伪品、混淆品核糖体rDNA ITS2的序列分析

分析安徽道地药材丹皮（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr）及其伪品、混淆品核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区（ITS2）的序列。分析丹皮的分子遗传多样性,为丹皮的真品药材基原鉴定提供分子依据。采用DNA克隆测序技术对从不同市场购得的丹皮样品及其伪品、混淆品的ITS2基因进行测序分析研究。丹皮与其伪品川赤芍、亳州芍药的rDNA-ITs2序列长度均为412bp。排序比较发现不同市场上的丹皮样品rDNA-ITs2序列变异位点丰富。鉴定出与丹皮真品（黄沙与白沙）及伪品的rDNA-ITS2序列完全相同的样品。其他样品的rDNA-ITs2序列与丹皮真品的差异明显。通过丹皮ITS2序列差异比较分析。ITS2序列可以作为鉴别丹皮药材真伪的一种手段。     

川东地区首次发现中华白蛉和江苏白蛉

1984年6月作者等在武隆县的岩洞内捕获中华白蛉(Phlebotomus chinensis)5只江苏白蛉(P.kiangsuensis)4只、歌乐山司蛉(Sergentomyia koloshanensis)8只和鲍氏司蛉(S.barraudi)42只。其中中华白蛉和江苏白蛉是川东地区首次发现,余2蛉种在该地区仅见于重庆(Yao&Wu,1946)。鉴于中华白蛉是我国黑热病的传播媒介,所以本发现具有重要的流行病学意义。川东地区首次发现中华白蛉和江苏白蛉@王光第$武隆县卫生防疫站 @尹治成$四川省医学科学院寄生虫病防治研究所…     

我国赫坎按蚊复合体成员种的rDNA-ITS2区序列差异及系统发育分析

测定了我国赫坎按蚊复合体 9成员种的核糖体DNA第二内转录间隔区 (rDNA ITS2 )序列 ,根据序列差异分析各蚊种间的系统发育关系。结果显示 :( 1 )ITS2区序列最长的是中华按蚊 ( 4 6 8bp) ,最短的是克劳按蚊和赫坎按蚊 ( 4 36bp) ;GC含量为 4 4 9%～ 4 6 8% ;( 2 )发现该复合体 4成员种的ITS2区序列存在种内个体间差异 ,幅度为 0～ 3 8% ,明显小于种间差异 ;( 3)将各蚊种的ITS2区序列进行同源排序比较 ,发现其变异大多是简单重复单元的拷贝数不同 ;种间差异性最大的是克劳按蚊与嗜人按蚊( 32 3% ) ,最小的是贵阳按蚊与凉山按蚊 ( 9 0 % )平均差异率为 2 2 3% ;( 4 )根据ITS2区序列特征 ,用 3种方法构建的树状图拟合一致。以上结果表明赫坎按蚊复合体各成员种rDNA ITS2序列在种内非常保守 ,以种间序列差异分析为基础的分子鉴别技术是甄别蚊种分类地位混淆和错误的有效方法。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列进行库蠓二囊亚属近缘种的分子鉴定

为了更快速、准确地鉴别库蠓近缘种以及弥补传统形态学在种类鉴定中存在的操作繁琐、难度大等不足,采用DNA测序的方法获得白带库蠓Culicoides albifascia、凹缘库蠓Culicoides holcus、无害库蠓Culicoides innoxius、连斑库蠓Culicoides jacobsoni、长喙库蠓Culicoides longirostris和南山库蠓Culicoides lansangensis等6种库蠓部分线粒体细胞色素b (Mitochondrial Cytochrome b,mt-Cytb)序列,并对其进行分子鉴定;基于Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)模型分析遗传距离,同时采用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法以荒川库蠓Culicoides arakawai为外群分别构建系统发育树。上述7种库蠓Cytb序列经比对和人工校对后长度为490 bp;遗传距离在种内和种间具显著差异(P﹤0. 05);在3种系统发育树中不同库蠓种类均各自构成单系(群),同种类不同地理种群聚为一支。本研究初步证实了线粒体Cytb序列可用于进行库蠓近缘种的分子鉴定。     

山葡萄种质资源DNA条形码通用序列的筛选

对山葡萄(Vitis amurensis)种质资源样品的ITS、ITS2、psb A-trn H、rbc L和mat K序列进行PCR扩增及测序,优化PCR反应的退火温度,比较各序列的扩增效率、测序成功率、品种间和品种内的差异及barcoding gap图,使用BLAST和NJ树法比较不同序列的鉴定能力,最终从5条DNA片段中筛选出可用于山葡萄种质资源鉴定的DNA条形码通用序列。结果表明,在采集的11份33个山葡萄样品中,psb A-trn H和ITS2序列的扩增与测序成功率较高,其品种间、品种内差异及barcoding gap较ITS、rbc L和mat K序列具有明显的优势,且ITS2序列能够鉴别psb A-trn H序列无法鉴别的品种。实验证明,ITS2和psb A-trn H序列是较适合鉴别山葡萄资源的DNA条形码序列组合。DNA条形码弥补了形态学鉴定的不足,可为山葡萄种质资源的准确鉴定提供科学依据。     

Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of broadleaf evergreen trees in northern California

 For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus m e n z i e s i i (Ericaceae), C h r y s o l e p i s c h r y s o p h y l l a (Fagaceae), L i t h o c a r p u s d e n s i f l o r u s (Fagaceae), Quercus c h r y s o l e p i s (Fagaceae), Quercus w i s l i z e n i i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia c a l i f o r n i c a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight, thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits, and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels. Accepted: 22 March 1996     

Taxonomic review of the genus Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) in Korea

A taxonomic review of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. A total of nine species of five subgenera with two unrecorded species are listed: Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar Linnaeus 1758, L. (P.) xylina Swinhoe 1903, L. (Lymantria) monacha (Linnaeus 1758), L. (L.) minomonis Matsumura 1933 (new to Korea), L. (L.) similis monachoides Schintlimeister 2004 (new to Korea), L. (L.) lucescens (Butler 1881), L. (Nyctria) mathura Moore 1865, L. (Collentria) fumida Butler 1877, and L. (Spinotria) bantaizana Matsumura 1933. Lymantria (Lymantria) minomonis and L. (L.) similis monachoides are newly added to the Korean fauna. Lymantria (L.) minomonis was found only on Bogildo Island of Jeollanam‐do in the southern part of Korea, and L. (L.) similis monachoides was collected in central Korea. Lymantria (Porthetria) xylina and L. (Collentria) fumida were not examined in this study, and it is considered that the previous records were due to misidentification or they are only distributed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. We provide diagnoses of two unrecorded species and adult habitus and genitalia photos of the Korean Lymantria species.     

Community based natural resource management in Zimbabwe: the experience of CAMPFIRE

Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is a long-term programmatic approach to rural development that uses wildlife and other natural resources as a mechanism for promoting devolved rural institutions and improved governance and livelihoods. The cornerstone of CAMPFIRE is the right to manage, use, dispose of, and benefit from these resources. Between 1989 and 2006, CAMPFIRE income, mostly from high valued safari hunting, totalled nearly USD 30 million, of which 52 allocated to sub-district wards and villages for community projects and household benefits. Whilst a number of assumptions underlying the success of CAMPFIRE as an innovative model for CBNRM have yet to be met, CAMPFIRE confirms the concept that devolving responsibility and accountability for natural resource management can be highly effective for the collective and participatory management of such resources. Elephant numbers in CAMPFIRE areas have increased and buffalo numbers are either stable or decreased slightly during the life of the programme. However, offtake quotas for these two species have increased with a concomitant decline in trophy quality. Although the amount of wildlife habitat diminished after 1980, following the commencement of CAMPFIRE the rate of habitat loss slowed down and in some specific instances was even reversed. More recently there has been increased pressure on habitats and other natural resources as a consequence of deteriora

a

30 million, of which 52% was allocated to sub-district wards and villages for community projects and household benefits. Whilst a number of assumptions underlying the success of CAMPFIRE as an innovative model for CBNRM have yet to be met, CAMPFIRE confirms the concept that devolving responsibility and accountability for natural resource management can be highly effective for the collective and participatory management of such resources. Elephant numbers in CAMPFIRE areas have increased and buffalo numbers are either stable or decreased slightly during the life of the programme. However, offtake quotas for these two species have increased with a concomitant decline in trophy quality. Although the amount of wildlife habitat diminished after 1980, following the commencement of CAMPFIRE the rate of habitat loss slowed down and in some specific instances was even reversed. More recently there has been increased pressure on habitats and other natural resources as a consequence of deteriorating socio-economic conditions in the country. Where devolution has been successful, promising results have been achieved and the recent acceptance and implementation of direct payments to communities is probably the most significant development since 2000. That this has happened can be attributed to CAMPFIRE enabling communities to maximize their roles within the existing set of rules, and by so doing, allowing these rules to be challenged. Donor (73%) and government (27%) investments into the programme amounted to 35 million during the period 1989 to 2003. Since 2003 however, donor funding has been reduced to <$600,000 over the past 5 years.     

Geschlechtliche organisation,fortpflanzungsverhalten und ursachen der sexuellen vermehrung von Stenostomum sthenum nov. spec. (Turbellaria,Catenulida)

Certain temperatures and H-Ion concentrations are necessary for the development of male and female reproductive organs. The differentiation of the reproductive system from undifferentiated cells conforms precisely with data on other species of Stenostomum.

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Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen b Bindegewebszelle - c Cilien - cy Cytoplasma - d Darm - de Ductus ejaculatorius - dl Darmlumen - do Dotter - dr Drüsenzellen - lr Lÿckenraum - m Mundöffnung - n Nucleolus - np Nephroporus - o Ovar - p männlicher Genitalporus - pa parenchymatischer Raum - pf periembryonale Flüssigkeit - dse dorsale Epidermis - e dorsolaterale Epidermis - ed extraembryonaler Dotter - ee Epidermiseinstülpung - eh Epidermis +Hautmuskelschlauch - em Embryo - ex Exkretvakuole - f Freßzelle - g Gehirn - ga Gehirnanlagen - gr Granula - h Hautmuskelschlauch - hz Hüzllzelle - kl Versehlußkegel/Klebkegel - in indifferente Zelle - k Kern - kdr Klebdrüsenzelle(n) - kk kollabierter Kanal - kö Körnerkolbenzelle - kp Kopulationsorgan - ku Kufen - kw Körperwand - l Lichtsinnesorgan - li Linsenkörper - lk lichtbrechende Konkremente im Darmgewebe - ph Pharynx - phr Pharynxregion - pr Zentralkanal des Protonephridialsystems - ps Präspermatide - pu Punktfeld - q Zellquartett - r Riechgruben - rh Rhombuszellenband - rhb Rhabditen - rm Radiärmuskelzelle - rhs Rhabditenschleim - rs resorbierende Darmzelle(n) - s Schale - sc Spermatocyten - se Sekretgang - t Tastborste - ta Auflösungsprodukte des Hodens - te Hoden - to Terminalorgane(e) - tz Teilungszone - v Vakuole - w vermutliches Rudiment des weiblichen Genitalporus     

Weitere Untersuchungen an xenoplastischen Neuralchimären von Triton und Bombinator

Ohne ZusammenfassungVerzeichnis der Abkürzungen Ao Aorta - Asp Arteria spinalis ventralis - Aw Aortenwurzel - Bg Bindegewebe - Bl Blut - Bo Bombinator pachypus - Ch Chorda - Deg Degeneration - En Entoderm - Ep Ependym - Fm Fasermasse - Fmv Fissura mediana ventralis - Fpl Flügelplatte - Gl Glaesner-Stadium - Gpl Grundplatte - Hch Hypochorda - I Implantat - iZ internunciale Zellmasse - Km Kernmasse - M motorische Wurzelzelle - My Myotom - Nb Neuralbogen - PM Pollister-Moore-Stadium - Pyk Kernpyknose - Rv Ramus ventralis - Spgl Spinalganglion - Sy Sympathicus - Tr Triton alpestris - V4 4. Hirnventrikel - Vg Vornierengang - W Wirt - Zk Zentralkanal - IX–X-Wurz Wurzel des Glossopharyn-geus-Vagus-Komplexes     

Antifungal activity of essential oils against three vegetative-compatibility groups of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis>

The antifungal activities of volatile phase effects of essential oils from Origanum onites, O. syriacum, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, O, marjorana, Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Micromeria fruticosa were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Verticillium dahliae. Carvacrol was the main component of O. onites, O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare essential oils, while γ-terpinene was the main component of O. syriacum. P-cymene and thymol were the dominant component of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum. β- thujone and l-camphor were the main component of S. officinalis. Polegone and isomenthone were the dominant components of M. fruticosa essential oil. Based on the in vitro test, the degree of fungistatical effects can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: O. syriacum = O. onites = O. minutiflorum = O. vulgare = T. vulgaris > T. serpyllum > M. fruticosa > S. officinalis = O. marjorana > R. officinalis. The essential oils of S. officinalis, O. marjorana and R. officinalis displayed moderate antifungal activity, that increased with increasing concentrations. Among the VCGs, VCG2A and VCG4B were found to be highly sensitive to the essential oils. The essential oils of O. syriacum, O. onites, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare and T. vulgaris were the most efficacious, demonstrating strong antifungal activity against all of the tested VCGs of V. dahliae at relatively low concentrations and they could find practical application as natural fungicides in the prevention and protection of plants from V. dahliae infections.     

Phylogenetic systematics of the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea-group (Insecta: Diptera: Empididae)

Six clades are inferred from a phylogenetic analysis including 42 species belonging to the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea‐group. These clades are named as follows: E. (C.) acris, E. (C.) aspina, E. (C.) atratata, E. (C.) hyalea, E. (C.) jacobsoni and E. (C.) nahaeoensis. The presence of two dorsal more or less developed epandrial projections is considered autapomorphic for the E. (C.) hyalea‐group in addition to two characters previously found to support the monophyly of this group (presence of an unsclerotized zone in the middle of labella and epandrium unpaired). Amongst the cladistically analysed species, 24 are newly described [ E. ( C. ) acris , E. ( C. ) aspina , E. ( C. ) cameronensis , E. ( C. ) duplex , E. ( C. ) incurva , E. ( C. ) inferiseta , E. ( C. ) kuaensis , E. ( C. ) lachaisei , E. ( C. ) lamellalta , E. ( C. ) lata , E. ( C. ) loici , E. ( C. ) longiseta , E. ( C. ) mengyangensis , E. ( C. ) menglunensis , E. ( C. ) missai , E. ( C. ) nimbaensis , E. ( C. ) padangensis , E. ( C. ) parvula , E. ( C. ) projecta , E. ( C. ) pseudonahaeoensis , E. ( C. ) submetallica , E. ( C. ) urumae , E. ( C. ) vitisalutatoris and E. ( C. ) woitapensis ], five are reviewed [E. (C.) hyalea Melander, E. (C.) jacobsoni De Meijere, E. (C.) ostentator Melander, E. (C.) sinensis Melander and E. (C.) thiasotes Melander] and 13 were recently described in two previous papers. Two additional species, E. (C.) abbrevinervis De Meijere and E. (C.) multipennata Melander, are also reviewed but not included in the cladistic analysis since they are only known from the female. A lectotype is designated for E. (C.) jacobsoni. A key is provided to the six clades of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group as well as to species of each clade. A catalogue of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group, including 72 species, is given. The taxonomic status of 25 additional species mainly described by Bezzi and Brunetti, from the Oriental and Australasian regions, is discussed. The E. (C.) hyalea‐group is firstly recorded from the Palaearctic Region and Australia. Finally, the distribution and the habitats of the species compared with their phylogeny suggest a possible relationship between the diversification of the group and forest fragmentations during the Quaternary. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145 , 339–391.     

Food attraction and population growth of fungivorous nematodes with different fungi

Food attraction of the fungivorous nematodes Aphelenchus avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. to seven fungal species (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani strains AG 3 and AG 2‐1, Verticillium dahliae, Pochonia bulbillosa, Mortierella hyalina and Trichoderma harzianum) was determined on agar plates by counting the number of test nematodes present on the mycelium of each fungus 24 h after inoculation. Population growth of A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. on five of the seven fungi included in the attraction test (P. lycopersici, R. solani strain AG 3, V. dahliae, P. bulbillosa and T. harzianum) was also determined on agar plates by counting nematode numbers every week during a 6‐week period. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. were attracted to all the fungi tested. A. avenae was preferentially attracted to V. dahliae (P < 0.0001), and Aphelenchoides spp. did not show any preference except for low attraction to R. solani. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. reproduced on all fungal species tested. After 6 weeks of incubation, the highest number of nematodes was found on P. lycopersici and P. bulbillosa, while the lowest number occurred on R. solani for A. avenae and on T. harzianum for Aphelenchoides spp. The suitability of a fungus as a host was not clearly related to the attraction to that fungus.     

Monographic der Gattungen Hesionides Friedrich und Microphthalmus Mecznikow (Polychaeta,Hesionidae)

Comparative studies of the genera Hesionides and Microphthalmus have produced a lot of results to anatomy, ecology, life history, locomotion and systematics (3 new species) of polychaetes. The small shape of the body, adhesive anal lobes, neuropods working like legs, aberrant complicated sexual organs, shape of the sperms, formation of spermatophores, development in cocoons, seasonal migrations etc. are considered as adaptations to the extreme environmental factors of sandy biotopes.

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Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen a Auge - ac Acicula - al Anallappen - äö äußere Öffnung - aws apikaler Wimperschopf - bm Bauchmark - bl Blastoporus - bs Borstensack - d Darm - dam Darmmuskulatur - do Dorsalcirrus - ddz Darmdrüsenzelle - de Ductus ejaculatorius - dez drüsige Epidermiszelle - dg dorsales Blutgefäß - dgl Ductus glandularis - dlm dorsale Längsmuskulatur - dm Ductus muscularis - dme dorsales Mesenterium - drm dorsale Ringmuskulatur - drs Drüsensekrete - dt dorsaler Tentakel - dvm Dorsoventralmuskulatur - dz Drüsenzellen - ef Epidermisfalte - ei Ei - eko Endstück des Kopulationsorgans (Penis) - eog eosinophiles Gewebe ep Epidermis - ev Epidermisvakuolen - gd Gonodukt - gdga großer Drüsengang - gre Gregarine - gso Genitalsinnesorgan - gsp gespeicherte Spermien - h Haken - heb heterogomphe Borste - hm Hautmuskelschlauch - hph hinterer Pharynxabschnitt - la Lakune - lm Längsmuskulatur - lvm latero-ventrale Langsmuskulatur - lw Längsam schlagende Wimper - lz lamellenförmige Zunge - m Muskel - mb Muskelband - mbl Muskelblase - mes Mesoderm - mfz mittlere Faltungszone - mm Muskelmantel - mnop Muskulatur des Notopodiums - ms Mittelstück - mt medianer Tentakel - mu Mundoffnung - mvm medio-ventrale L:angsmuskulatur - k Kopf - kdga kleiner Drüsengang - ke Kern - ko Kopulationsorgan - ku Kutikula - n Nephridium - nei nicht zur Ablage gelangendes Ei - nep Neuropodium - ng Netzgewebe im Coelom - nop Notopodium - npg Neuropilemmasse des Gehirns - oe Oesophagus - öm männliche Geschlechtsöffnung - örcg Öffnung des receptaculären Gewebes (Vaginalporus) - öw weibliche Geschlechtsöffnung - p Penis - pam Parapodienmuskulatur - ph Pharynx - pha Pharynxauskleidung - phk Pharynxkappe - php Pharynxpapille - plm Plasmamantel - pH Penisnerv - pp Penispapille - prm Penisretraktormuskel - pro Protraktor - ps Parapodiensegment - py Pygidium - ra rudimentäres Auge - ram Radiärmuskulatur - ramz radiäre Muskelzelle - rcg receptaculäres Gewebe - rcs Receptaculum seminis - ret Retraktor - rim Ringmuskulatur - rpf roter Pigmentfleck - s Schwanz - sb Sägeborsten - sh Sinneshärchen - sho Schlundhöhle - sk Schlundkommissur - sn Saugnapf - sp Spermien - spgs Spermiogenesestadien - sph Sphinkter - stp Spermatophore - ssw schnell schlagende Wimper - sw Schlundwandung - ur Uriten - vc Ventralcirrus - ver Verdauungstrakt - vs Vesicula seminalis - wb Wimperbuschel - we Wimperepithel - wk Wimperkranz - wt Wimpertrichter - zy Zytophore