中国细突野螟属分类学研究及三新种描述(鳞翅目,野螟亚科)

记述中国细突野螟属Ecpyrrhorrhoe Hübner 3新种,包括弯细突野螟E.aduncis sp.nov.,刺细突野螟E.multispinalis sp.nov.和狭瓣细突野螟E.angustivalvaris sp.nov..文中提供了每个种的成虫和外生殖器特征图,以及本属所有中国已知种的分种检索表和分布图.弯细突野螟,新种Ecpyrrhorrhoe aduncis sp.nov.(图1,5,8)本种外形与指状细突野螟E d~italiforrnis Zhang,Li etWang,2004近似,但雄性外生殖器抱器瓣近等宽,抱器下突弯钩状,阳茎基环侧臂末端无齿,阳茎端膜有1粗大的刺,无角状器;雌性外生殖器小囊突Z形.指状细突野螟E魄锄蜘删矗之雄性外生殖器抱器瓣端部渐窄,抱器下突指状,阳茎基环侧臂近末端有齿,阳茎端膜有1束弯刺和1排小刺,有角状器;雌性外生殖器小囊突V形.正模♂,台湾台北四崁水,海拔550 ～ 600m,2006-08-04,李后魂、杜喜翠采,外生殖器玻片号GQ11127.副模1♀,采集记录同正模(外生殖器玻片号GQ11131♀).分布:中国(台湾).刺细突野螟,新种Ecpyrrhorrhoe multispinalis sp.nov.(图2～3,6,9)本种外形与红纹细突野螟E rub~inalis Hübner,1796近似,但雄性外生殖器抱器瓣端部略加宽,阳茎基环侧臂末端有齿,阳茎端膜具l根长粗刺,其基部一侧被3枚短刺.红纹细突野螟E似魄锄蠡之雄性外生殖器抱器瓣端部不加宽,阳茎基环侧臂末端无齿,阳茎端膜有3小刺束.正模♂,天津七里海,2001-09-09,尤平采,外生殖器玻片号GQl1075.副模:2♂♂,3♀♀,天津鸭淀,2001-08-04～ 2001-09-04,尤平采;10 ♂ ♂,3♀♀,山西省宁武县芦芽山保护区管理局,海拔1 450m,2011-07-19 ～24,郝淑莲、刘家宇采(外生殖器玻片号GQ11024 ♂,GQ11030♀,GQQQ1 1097 ♂);1 ♂,安徽泗县小良乡,2004-08-15,徐家生采(外生殖器玻片号GQ11028 ♂);1♂,安徽九华山柯村,2004-08-08,徐家生、张家亮采(外生殖器玻片号GQ11029♂).分布:中国(天津、山西、安徽).狭瓣细突野螟,新种Ecpy~horrhoe angustivalwaris sp.nov.(图4,7)本种与红纹细突野螟E.rud~indu Hübner,1796在外形上近似,但雄性外生殖器抱器腹背缘中部呈三角形突出,阳茎基环侧臂末端有齿,阳茎端膜有1簇短刺,角状器烟斗状.红纹细突野螟E r魄沈如之雄性外生殖器抱器腹背缘呈圆弧形突出,阳茎基环侧臂末端无齿,阳茎端膜有3小束刺,无角状器.正模♂,贵州麻阳河大河坝,海拔430m,2007-06-06,杜喜翠采,外生殖器玻片号GQ11081.分布:中国(贵州).     

中国草螟亚科三新种 (鳞翅目 :螟蛾科 )(英文)

记述了草螟亚科 3新种 :截突大草螟EschatatruncataSong&Chen ,角突大草螟EschatatricorniaSong&Chen和尖端银草螟PseudargyriaacutaSong&Chen。首描述了纵带双突草螟GirdhariataurommaKapur的雌性个体特征。对新种及新描述性别个体的外形和外生殖器进行了描述 ,并给出了其外生殖器特征图。截突大草螟Es chatatruncataSong&Chen的抱器背有一个短而末端平截的突起 ;角突大草螟EschatatricorniaSong&Chen的抱器瓣的背缘有一个三角形的突起 ;尖端银草螟PseudargyriaacutaSong&Chen的抱器端急尖 ,阳茎内有一组角状器。通过对布兰大草螟EschatableszynskiellaMinet的研究 ,认为上海大草螟E .shanghaiensisWang&Sung应为有效名 ,布兰大草螟EschatableszynskiellaMinet为上海大草螟的次级异名。     

中国目水螟属研究及一新种记述（鳞翅目：草螟科：水螟亚科）

目水螟属Nymphicula Snellen 已知24种,分布于古北区、东洋区和澳洲区。中国已知5种。本文记录中国目水螟属7种,其中直缘目水螟Nymphicula saigusai Yoshiyasu 为中国新记录种,凹瓣目水螟Nymphicula concaviuscula, sp. nov. 为1新种。文中提供了新种两性外生殖器特征图及中国已知种检索表。模式标本保存于南开大学生物系。 凹瓣目水螟Nymphicula concaviuscula, 新种 (图1,2) 　　新种与短纹目水螟Nymphicula junctalis (Hampson) 相似,主要区别在新种抱器瓣端部凹陷,雌性交配囊有明显囊突区;该新种也与角目水螟Nymphicula patnalis (Felder et Rogenhofer) 相似,区别在于新种雄性阳茎中部无橄榄形角状器,以及抱器瓣端部凹陷,雌性外生殖器具明显的囊突区。 　　正模 ♂, 贵州梵净山,27.55°N,108.41°E,2002-Ⅵ-02,600 m,王新谱采;副模1♀,同正模;2♂♂2♀♀,贵州梵净山,2001-Ⅶ-03, 1300 m,李后魂、王新谱采。     

黑带野螟属分类研究(鳞翅目,草螟科,野螟亚科)

黑带野螟属全世界已知4种,在中国都有分布,其中2种也分布在锡金和印度.记述了采自湖北和四川的1新种,凹缘黑带野螟Parbattia excavata Zhang,Li et Wang,sp.nov.(图1～3),新种与阿里黑带野螟Parbattia arisanaMunroe et Mutuura相似,其主要区别如下:新种体棕褐色,抱器瓣腹缘末端凹刻宽而深,抱器内突延伸到凹刻处的突起强烈骨化,长而弯;阿里黑带野螟体色大部分黑褐色,抱器瓣腹缘末端凹刻窄而浅,抱器内突延伸到凹刻处的突起中等骨化,短而直.本文还首次报道了中国新纪录种锯齿黑带野螟Parbattia serrata Munroe et Mutuura的雌性个体.模式标本分别保存在南开大学生物系昆虫标本室和中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆.     

黑带野螟属分类研究（鳞翅目，革螟科，野螟亚科）

黑带野螟属全世界已知4种,在中国都有分布,其中2种也分布在锡金和印度。记述了采自湖北和四川的l新种,凹缘黑带野螟Parbattia excavata Zhang,Li et Wang,sp.nov.(图l-3),新种与阿里黑带野螟Parbattia arisana Munros et Mutuura相似,其主要区别如下：新种体棕褐色,抱器瓣腹缘末端凹刻宽而深,抱器内突延伸到凹刻处的突起强烈骨化,长而弯;阿里黑带野螟体色大部分黑褐色,抱器瓣腹缘末端凹刻窄而浅,抱器内突延伸到凹刻处的突起中等骨化,短而直。本文还首次报道了中国新纪录种锯齿黑带野螟Parbattia serrata Munros et Mutuura的雌性个体。模式标本分别保存在南开大学生物系昆虫标本室和中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。     

中国草螟亚科两新种(鳞翅目,螟蛾科,草螟亚科)

描述了草螟亚科2新种:四尖突金草螟Chrysoteuchia quadrapicula sp.nov.和刚毛微草螟Glaucocharis setacea sp.nov..首次对叉形微草螟G.furculella Wang＆Song的雌性进行了描述,绘制了新种和叉形微草螟的外生殖器图.同时报道了中国2新纪录种:喜马拉雅微草螟G.himalayana Gaskin和阿萨姆微草螟G.assamensis Gaskin.目前中国有微草螟属记录46种.四尖突金草螟Chrysoteuchiaquadrapicula sp.nov.的抱器背无突起,阳茎内有多于10枚的角状器.雌性交配囊口端有4个小的长突起.正模♂,四川万县(30.8°N,108.3°E),海拔1 200 m,1993-08-12,宋士美采.副模1♂,1♀,贵州梵净山(27.9°N,108.6°E),海拔1 300m,2001-08-01,李后魂采;副模1♂,湖北咸丰(29.8°N,114.2°E),海拔1 280 m,1999-07-22,采集人相同.正模保存在中国科学院动物研究所,副模保存在南开大学生物系.刚毛微草螟G.setacea sp.nov.的爪形突基部有一对长刚毛,阳茎内有1枚大型和5枚小型角状器.正模♂,湖北五峰(30.2°N,110.6°E),海拔1 000 m,1999-07-12,李后魂采.模式标本保存在南开大学生物系.叉形微草螟的交配孔宽大;交配腔呈漏斗形;交配囊内有两枚星形囊片.     

中国委夜蛾属二新种记述(鳞翅目,夜蛾科,木冬夜蛾亚科)

通过对西藏夜蛾科标本的研究发现委夜蛾属2新种,墨脱委夜蛾Athetis motuoensis sp.nov.和汉密委夜蛾Athetis hanmiensis sp.nov.。文中提供西藏地区委夜蛾属的分种检索表和新种特征图及新种的详细描述。模式标本保存在东北林业大学标本室。墨脱委夜蛾,新种Athetis motuoensis sp.nov.(图1,3,5,7)本种外部形态上与条委夜蛾相似,仅前翅基部、内横线区、外横线区、外缘区和中横线暗褐色。主要区别于外生殖器上:爪形突宽短;抱器端窄而圆;抱器背延伸发达,超过抱器腹缘,末端较细;抱器内突在距抱握器基部3/4处出发,可达抱握器顶端;阳茎轭片脊部短而宽,中部平滑,下端部宽圆;囊形突较窄,略呈V形;阳茎逐渐弯曲,在末端着生有硬化的齿,龙骨稍硬化且细而长;阳茎端膜基囊中等大小,在角状突带的起始部位着生有5个长而粗大的角状突。正模雄性,西藏墨脱,海拔2100m,2005-08-24~26,黄灏、周达康、唐亮采,玻片编号HHL-1012。副模:5♂♂,3♀♀,其它采集资料同正模,雌性玻片编号HHL-1011。词源:以新种模式产地命名。汉密委夜蛾,新种Athetis hanmiensis sp.nov.(图2,4,6,8)本种外部形态上与A.suffusa(Yoshimoto,1994)相似,仅前翅红褐色明显。主要区别于外生殖器上:爪形突相对大一些;抱器端宽而平直;抱器背延伸发达,末端较细,在抱器腹缘末端伸出;抱器内突在距抱握器基部3/5处出发,可达抱握器顶端;阳茎轭片较大,脊部长而宽,中下端部宽圆;囊形突较窄,呈明显的V形;阳茎逐渐变细,龙骨硬化重且细而长;阳茎端膜基囊中等大小,具有1个小角状突,在角状突带的起始部位着生有6个长而粗大的角状突。正模雄性,西藏汉密,海拔2000m,2005-08-19~23,黄灏、周达康、唐亮采,玻片编号HHL-1017。副模:4♂♂,6♀♀,其它采集资料同正模,雌性玻片编号HHL-1016。词源:以新种模式产地命名。     

中国斑水螟属系统分类研究及二新种记述（鳞翘目，草螟科，水螟亚科）

对中国斑水螟属Eoophyla Swinhoe进行了系统研究,共记录16种。其中有2新种和中国3新纪录种,它们是：暗斑水螟(新种)E.abstruse sp.nov,该种与华斑水螟E.sinensis(Hampson)相似,主要区别在于新种色暗,沿前翅后缘无新月形白斑,雄性外生殖器抱器瓣顶端凹陷,雌性外生殖器前、后表皮突等长;显斑水螟(新种)E.evidens sp.nov,该种与短斑水螟E.hamalis(Snellen)相似,主要区别在于新种沿前翅后缘无白斑,外线外白区小,雄性外生殖器爪形突端部尖,雌性外生殖器具2对囊突区;黑斑水螟E.melanops(Hampson)新纪录于广西上思和贵州江口,国外分布于泰国和印度;长鞭斑水螟E.thaiensis Yoshyiyasu新纪录于云南励腊,国外分布于泰国;泰斑水螟E.thaiensis Yoshiyasu新纪录于广西上思,国外分布于泰国。文中给出了中国斑水螟属分种检索表,提供了新种成虫照片和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存于南开大学生物系。     

中国斑水螟属系统分类研究及二新种记述(鳞翅目,草螟科,水螟亚科)

对中国斑水螟属Eoophyla Swinhoe进行了系统研究,共记录16种.其中有2新种和中国3新纪录种,它们是:暗斑水螟(新种)E.abstrusa sp.nov.,该种与华斑水螟E.sinensis(Hampson)相似,主要区别在于新种色暗,沿前翅后缘无新月形白斑,雄性外生殖器抱器瓣顶端凹陷,雌性外生殖器前、后表皮突等长;显斑水螟(新种)E. evidens spnov.,该种与短斑水螟E.hamalis(Snellen)相似,主要区别在于新种沿前翅后缘无白斑,外线外白区小,雄性外生殖器爪形突端部尖,雌性外生殖器具2对囊突区;黑斑水螟E.melanops(Hampson)新纪录于广西上思和贵州江口,国外分布于泰国和印度;长鞭斑水螟E.nigripilosa Yoshiyasu新纪录于云南勐腊,国外分布于泰国;泰斑水螟E.thaiensisYoshiyasu新纪录于广西上思,国外分布于泰国.文中给出了中国斑水螟属分种检索表,提供了新种成虫照片和外生殖器特征图.模式标本保存于南开大学生物系.     

中国新纪录纵纹谷蛾属(鳞翅目,谷蛾科)记述

首次报道了纵纹谷蛾属Amorophaga Zagulajev,1968及日本纵纹谷蛾A.japonica Robinson,1986在中国的分布.首次描述了日本纵纹谷蛾雌性个体,简要讨论了该种抱器瓣及爪形突的变异,并提供了成虫及外生殖器图.日本纵纹谷蛾Amorophaga japonica Robinson,1986中国新纪录(图1～7)本种与A.cryptophori外形上相似,但可根据雌雄外生殖器特征进行区分:本种雄性外生殖器爪形突基部不特化,小叶末端具2或3枚小刺突,抱器瓣背缘具1粗指状小叶,不达抱器瓣末端,雌性外生殖器第8背板后缘不特化;而A.cryptophori雄性外生殖器爪形突基部特化形成l对形似颚形突的突起,小叶末端不具刺突,抱器瓣背缘具1宽叶,超过抱器瓣末端,雌性外生殖器第8背板后缘特化,形成三叶状结构.研究标本:1 ♂,江西上饶三清山(28°93′N,118°09′E;海拔389 rn),2012-05-15,李锦伟采,玻片号YLL12129;1 ♂,浙江清凉峰龙塘山(30°07′N,118°51′E;海拔500 m),2012-05-22,杨琳琳、张振国采,玻片号YLL12113m,YLL12113w;1 ♂,福建武夷山三港(27°45′N,117°41′E;海拔740 m),2004-05-19,于海丽采,玻片号MYH11006;1 ♂,1♀,广东连州大东山(24°46′N,112°41′E;海拔650m),2004-06-21,张丹丹采,玻片号XYL08043m,YLL11046f.分布:中国(浙江、福建、江西、广东);日本.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Predation potential of three flatworm species (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria) on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

We conducted a field survey for flatworms to select species as potential biological control agents against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae) breeding in artificial containers. Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the daily predation rate, differential predation on each mosquito larval instar, selective predation on either A. aegypti or C. pipiens, and predator tolerance to water from artificial containers. Girardia anceps (Tricladida, Paludicola, Dugesiidae), Mesostoma ehrenbergii and Bothromesostoma cf. evelinae (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida, Typhloplanidae) were found in temporary puddles and permanent pools. In the laboratory, they killed between 52% and 100% of immature mosquitoes coexisting in the same habitat. No preference of flatworms for mosquito preys was detected. Predation rate was related to predator size and instar of preys. Girardia anceps and B. evelinae survived after a dry period and when re-flooding occurred, they laid eggs. Tolerance to water from artificial containers was highest in G. anceps and this species could be a suitable predator to reduce mosquito populations from artificial containers using an inoculative approach.     

First Stage Zoeas of Quadrella Dana, 1851 [Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthoidea: Trapeziidae] and their Affinities with those of Tetralia Dana, 1851, and Trapezia Latreille, 1828

The first stages zoeas of Quadrella maculosa Alcock, 1898, Q. serenei Galil, 1986, Tetralia rubridactyla Garth, 1971, and Trapezia richtersi Galil & Lewinsohn, 1983, are described and illustrated. Setal differences between the Quadrella zoeas are not recorded, but they can be separated on the spinulation of the dorsal spine (present in Q. maculosa absent in Q. serenei). The first stage zoea of Q. maculosa is compared with that of Tetralia rubridactyla and Trapezia richtersi. But although Quadrella and Tetralia appear superficially similar in that both have two pairs of lateral carapace spines (vs. one pair in Trapezia), other observations imply that Tetralia zoeas may have closer affinities with Trapezia rather than with Quadrella. However, this appears to contradict recent phylogentic relationships based on adult morphology.     

Interactions betweenAulonium ruficorne [Coleoptera: Colydiidae] and other natural enemies of bark beetles [Coleoptera: Scolytidae]

The within tree distribution of some common natural enemies of bark beetles in pine plantations in Israel and some aspects of their feeding habits were studied with special emphasis on the potential impact on the predatorAulonium ruficorne Olivier. A total of 12 predators and 2 parasite species were found associated withA. ruficorne in the natural enemy complex of bark beetles on pines. No secondary parasites were detected. The anthocoridScoloposcelis pulchella (Zetterstedt) and the dipteranMedetera striata Parent were observed feeding on immature stages ofA. ruficorne in the absence of scolytids. The associated Coleoptea:Nemosema elongatum F.,Rhizophagus bipustulatus L.,Corticeus spp.,Plastysoma spp. andPlegaderus discisus Erickson are thought to compete withA. ruficorne on larvae and pupae of bark beetles when the latter are in limited quantities (especially in the lower section of the tree). The parasites, mainlyMetacolus unifasciatuss Forster andDendrosoter caenopachoides Ruschka are assumed to compete withA. ruficorne during the larval period in the smooth bark section of the stem. Competition might occur mainly during spring and fall. Deutonymphs of the miteIpiduropoda sellnicki were detected on the abdomen ofA. ruficorne adults. Larvae of the predator were rarely infected in the field by the bacteriaSerratia sp. while laboratory cultures suffered high rate of mortality caused by this pathogen.      

Development and reproduction of Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) with fungus gnat larvae (Diptera: Sciaridae), potworms (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) or Sancassania aff. sphaerogaster (Acari: Acaridae) as the sole food source

Stratiolaelaps ( = Hypoaspis) miles (Berlese) (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) is a polyphagous soil-dwelling predatory mite that is widely marketed for use in greenhouse production systems to manage populations of dark-winged fungus gnats, Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae) and for supplemental control of thrips. The suggestion by Walter and Campbell (2003, Biol. Control 26: 253–269) that North American commercial cultures of S. miles may actually be S. scimitus was confirmed. The development and reproduction at 21–23 °C of S. scimitus provided ad libidum with one of three different prey – the fungus gnat Bradysia aff. coprophila (Lintner), potworms (Enchytraeidae), or Sancassania aff. sphaerogaster (Zachvatkin, 1937) (Acari: Astigmata: Acaridae) – were compared. Developmental duration of the egg and non-feeding larval stages were 2.47 and 1.11 days, respectively; mortalities were 8.3 and 5.5%. Stratiolaelaps scimitus failed to develop beyond the protonymphal stage when provided with S. aff. sphaerogaster alone, although some feeding was observed. Development and reproduction of S. scimitus was successful on both fungus gnat larvae and enchytraeids, with no influence of prey on protonymphal duration (4.70 days) and mortality (8.3%), or on deutonymphal duration (4.61 days) and mortality (6.1%). Adult female S. scimitus feeding on potworms, compared to those feeding on fungus gnat larvae, had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period (2.69 vs. 4.59 days). However, diet did not influence other adult female developmental or reproductive characteristics (oviposition period, 18.6 days; post-oviposition period, 6.2 days; total adult longevity, 27.3 days; total number of eggs, 26.5). S. scimitus reared on potworms tended (p = 0.06) to have a higher intrinsic rate of increase, a higher finite rate of increase and a shorter doubling time (r _m = 0.142 day⁻¹, λ = 1.153, Dt = 4.85 days) than those reared on fungus gnat larvae (r _m = 0.105 day⁻¹, λ = 1.110, Dt = 6.58 days), but differences in net reproductive rate (R ₀) and generation time (G) were not significant.     

Subgeneric differentiation within Kurzia (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) and a new species from Central America

The genus Kurzia is divided into two subgenera: Kurzia s. str. and Rostrokurzia n. subg. Subgenus Kurzia includes Kurzia (K.) latissima Kurz, 1874, with a palearctic -, Kurzia (K.) polyspina n. sp. with a neotropic - , and Kurzia (K.) cf. media (Birge, 1879) with a nearctic distribution. Rostrokurzia includes Kurzia (R.) longirostris Daday, 1898 (pantropical distribution), and Kurzia (R.) brevilabris Rajapaksa & Fernando, 1986, from subtropical and tropical Asia. Kurzia latissima Kurz, 1874, from Central Europe is redescribed in detail.     

Medfly eradication in California:

The impact of malathion-bait sprays (directed against medfly, Ceratitis capitata [Wiedemann]) on an endemic gall midge (Rhopalomyia californica Felt) and its parasitoids was investigated during 1982–83 in the south San Francisco Bay area of northern California. In a heavily sprayed area (Woodside), a population explosion of the midge was detected following 24 applications of malathion bait. The midge population reached levels ca. 90x greater than those observed in an adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge). In a moderately sprayed area (Portola Valley), the midge population increased as much as 5x that observed in the adjacent unsprayed area (Jasper Ridge), following 12 applications of malathion bait. In laboratory tests, the malathion bait was toxic to both the midge and its parasitoids. The major parasitoids were Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica (Ashmead) and Mesopolobus sp. Population increases of the midge following malathion-bait sprays were attributed to destruction of parasitoids and other natural enemies of the midge. If the environmental impact of malathion-bait sprays is related to the number of applications (as suggested in this study), then it would be worthwhile to determine the appropriate bait-spray strategy for a given situation, so as to minimize adverse effects on nontarget species, yet insure suppression or eradication of medfly.

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Résumé L'impact des pièges tratiés au malathion (destinés à Ceratitis capitata Wiedem) sur Rhopalomyia californica Felt et ses parasitoïdes a été examiné en 1982–1983 dans le sud de la zone de la baie de San Francisco en Californie. Dans une zone fortement traitée (Woodside), une explosion de population a été décelée après 24 traitements. La population de R. californica a atteint des niveaux 90 fois supérieurs à ceux observés dans une zone contiguë non traitée (Jasper Ridge). Dans une zone modérément traitée (Portola Valley), avec 12 traitement, la population de R. californica a atteint jusqu'a 5 fois celle de Jasper Ridge. Au laboratoire, le piège à malathion a été toxique tant pour R. californica que pour ses parasitoïdes, dont les principaux étaient: Torymus koebelei (Huber), Zatropis capitis Burks, Platygaster californica(Ashmead) et Mesopolobus sp. L'accroissement de la population de C. capitata après traitement a été attribué à la destruction de parasitoïdes et d'autres ennemis naturels. Si l'effet su l'environnement du traitement est lié au nombre d'interventions (comme le suggère cette étude), alors cela vaudrait la peine de définir une stratégie de traitement appropriée à une situation donnée, de façon à minimiser les effets négatifs sur des espèces non visées, tout en assurant la suppression ou l'éradication de C. capitata.

     

Hectorella: A member of the betalain-suborderChenopodiineae of the orderCentrospermae

Roots ofHectorella caespitosa Hook. f. were induced to produce a red pigment which was shown to be a betalain and not an anthocyanin. These data indicate thatHectorella belongs to theChenopodiineae, the betalain suborder of theCentrospermae, and excludes alignment with the anthocyanin family theCaryophyllaceae.     

Suitability ofScapteriscus moles crickets [Ort.: Gryllotalpidae] as hosts ofEuphasiopteryx depleta [Dipt.: Tachinidae]

Euphasiopteryx depleta (Wied) flies successfully developed in the mole cricketsScapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos andScapteriscus vicinus Scudder, as well as in the short-tailed cricket,Anurogryllus sp., after artificially placing larvae under their pronota. Using this technique, no relation was found between the number of larvae placed on each cricket and the resulting number of puparia obtained from the cricket. In all cases, the number of flies emerging from the puparia was small, with females failing to mature reproductively. AsE. depleta has been reared from field collectedScapteriscus spp., the exact reasons for lack of maturation remain unknown.Anurogryllus sp. can be considered a probable alternate host forE. depleta.      

The natural delimitation ofCentaurea (Asteraceae: Cardueae): ITS sequence analysis of theCentaurea jacea group

Taxonomic complexity has hindered partitioning the genusCentaurea into natural subdivisions, even though it has long been recognized as an unwieldy, artificial assemblage. Most of the remaining difficulties center in theCentaurea jacea group, whose taxa share a common advanced type of pollen. Because it comprises half the species of the genusCentaurea, as well as five other disputed genera previously segregated fromCentaurea (Chartolepis, Cheirolepis, Cnicus, Grossheimia andTomanthea), theCentaurea jacea group is a significant taxonomic challenge. Newer molecular approaches are useful for resolving complex relationships because they provide more precise inferences of evolutionary relationships than traditional morphological characters. Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were analyzed for a comprehensive sample of this group. Results indicated that theCentaurea jacea group is monophyletic and includes the segregated genera, but not two other genera (Oligochaeta andZoegea), whose inclusion in theCentaurea jacea group was doubtful. In addition to pollen morphology, the ITS phylogeny is also supported by karyological evidence and by good correlation with biogeographic distribution of the species. The monophyly of theCentaurea jacea group suggests that a natural delimitation ofCentaurea that minimizes nomenclatural changes is possible, but only if a new type of the genus is designated.