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1.
Sadaf N. Zubair Stephan J. Peake James F. Hare W. Gary Anderson 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2012,93(4):577-587
Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, are considered threatened or endangered throughout most of their North American Range. Current hatchery rearing for re-stocking
programs utilise conventional methods with little to no understanding of the relationship between rearing conditions and the
development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) stress axis. In the present study we examined the effects of substrate
type and temperature on the development of the HPI stress axis in prolarval and larval lake sturgeon. Lake sturgeon raised
over either gravel or no substrate did not consistently show an increase in whole body cortisol at the prolarval stage. However,
after the onset of exogenous feeding a consistent increase in whole body cortisol following a stress was evident. Lake sturgeon
larvae raised in gravel substrate demonstrated a sustained increase in whole body cortisol for at least 240 min post stress
whereas whole body cortisol in larvae raised in no substrate returned to baseline within 240 min post stress. Lake sturgeon
larvae raised at 9, 12 and 15°C exhibited markedly different cortisol responses with baseline whole body cortisol being, 38.6 ± 3,
5.67 ± 0.41 and 25.38 ± 2.84 ng.g−1 respectively. Furthermore, the chase induced increases in whole body cortisol at the larval stage were significantly different
for each temperature treatment. These experiments demonstrate that physical environment has a significant impact on the development
of the HPI stress axis in lake sturgeon. 相似文献
2.
This research explores the effects of posture, sex, and living condition on hand and side preferences of semi-free-ranging,
adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) housed at the Duke University Primate Center in Durham, NC. Data were collected on 11 adult individuals (five females and
six males) during normal daily activities over a ten-week period from May–July 2001. Variables analyzed in this study include
unimanual behaviors (i.e., reach, hold, and limb used to start locomotion) and other potentially lateralized behaviors that
do not involve handuse (i.e., whole-body turning and tail position). The data were analyzed to investigate potential individual
and population level side biases for each behavior; potential sex biases in side preference for each behavior; and for ‘reach’,
potential effects of posture (sitting, tripedal stance, or bipedal stance) on individual hand preferences. Additionally, to
investigate potential effects of living condition on lateral biases, the data from this study were compared to data collected
on the same individual Lemurs living under more restrictive living conditions during the previous year. Largely, as predicted
based on available literature, we found that there was a significant sex difference across all hand-use categories and for
whole-body turning, and that posture was a significant factor in the expression of hand preference for reaching. Contrary
to previous research, the effect of living condition on lateral preferences was minimal, and no side preferences were found
at the population level for any of the behaviors analyzed. 相似文献
3.
In this study, we developed a packed-bed immobilized cell reactor containing active β-gal (β-galactosidase) inclusion body
(IB)-containing Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells in alginate beads. This packed-bed reactor was operated using a substrate feed solution 0.72 ∼ 38.4 mM ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside) prepared in Z buffer supplemented with chloroform and 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). The
production rate of ONP (o-nitrophenol) in the reactor containing cells that were incubated with α-MG (α-methyl D-glucospyranoside)
or D-fucose after induction was superior to those prepared with cells that were not incubated with α-MG or D-fucose. The ONP
production rate was increased proportionally with ONPG concentration in the substrate feed up to a concentration of 38.4 mM.
However, as the ONPG concentration was increased in the substrate feed solution, galactose inhibition inside the alginate
beads was increased. This most likely occurred due to problems with diffusion. In addition, partial breakage of alginate beads
was observed during the later periods of operation. In this study, we demonstrated that active β-gal IB-containing E. coli cells were sustained in the immobilized cell reactor during operation. Particularly, these findings demonstrate the feasibility
of using active IBs in an enzymatic reaction without the need for any purification step. In addition, we showed that these
IB-containing cells could be directly used in an immobilized reactor. 相似文献
4.
E. J. H. Robinson K. E. Green E. A. Jenner M. Holcombe F. L. W. Ratnieks 《Insectes Sociaux》2008,55(3):246-251
Pharaoh’s ants (Monomorium pharaonis) use at least three types of foraging trail pheromone: a long-lasting attractive pheromone and two short-lived pheromones,
one attractive and one repellent. We measured the decay rates of the behavioural response of ant workers at a trail bifurcation
to trail substrate marked with either repellent or attractive short-lived pheromones. Our results show that the repellent
pheromone effect lasts more than twice as long as the attractive pheromone effect (78 min versus 33 min). Although the effects
of these two pheromones decay at approximately the same rate, the initial effect of the repellent pheromone on branch choice
is almost twice that of the attractive pheromone (48% versus 25% above control). We hypothesise that the two pheromones have
complementary but distinct roles, with the repellent pheromone specifically directing ants at bifurcations, while the attractive
pheromone guides ants along the entire trail.
Received 15 November 2007; revised 7 March 2008; accepted 18 March 2008. 相似文献
5.
The caterpillars of Eutachytptera psidii (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) mark trails between their nest and distant feeding sites with a trail pheromone secreted from
the ventral surfaces of their last abdominal segments. The threshold sensitivity to artificial trails prepared from an hexane
extract of the pheromone was 0.75 × 10−3 caterpillar-equivalents per cm of trail. In tests of trail-specificity involving four other social species, the caterpillars
responded only to trails prepared from a pheromone extract of the closely related genus Gloveria. Tests were conducted to determine the efficiency with which colonies abandon exhausted feeding sites in favor of new food
finds. On their first forays after their food sources were experimentally moved from established feeding sites to new sites,
67.5 ± 3.6% of all the evening’s activity occurred on pathways leading to the previously established sites. During their next
two forays, 86.3 ± 3.7% and 92.1 ± 2.0% of all activity occurred on pathways leading to the new sites. Efficient abandonment
of exhausted feeding sites is attributed to the persistence of the trail pheromone, differential marking of new and old pathways
and to the caterpillar’s ability to discern trail strength and to choose stronger over weaker trails at choice points. 相似文献
6.
R. M. Feitosa 《Insectes Sociaux》2007,54(2):200-201
Disturbance of W. auropunctata colonies first produced, as expected, significant dispersal of workers and queens, but this was soon followed by a radiate
aggregation of workers, heads to center, in groups of 5 – 8 individuals, all with mandibles widely open. Queens did not aggregate,
but instead searched for the grouped workers, antennating the gaster of a selected individual; after this, workers began to
slowly board onto the queen’s body. This behavior was repeated with other groups, until the queen could not bear any more
workers. This behavior is registered for the first time for adult ants, and is interpreted as a unique strategy to reorganize
the nest or to establish a new colony. The open mandibles may indicate the release of alkylpyrazine, a known aggregation pheromone.
Received 8 January 2007; revised 28 February 2007; accepted 2 March 2007. 相似文献
7.
Daniela Schmidt-Büsser Martin von Arx Patrick M. Guerin 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(9):853-864
The European grape berry moth is an important pest in vineyards. Males respond to the female-produced sex pheromone released
from a piezo nebulizer in a dose-dependent manner in a wind tunnel: <50% arrive at the source at 5–50 pg/min (underdosed),
80% arrive at 100 pg/min to 10 ng/min (optimal) and <20% arrive at 100 ng/min (overdosed). Males responding to overdosed pheromone
show in flight arrestment at 80 cm from the source. Host plant chemostimuli for Eupoecilia ambiguella increase the responses of males to underdosed and overdosed pheromone. (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, (E)-β-caryophyllene
and methyl salicylate released with the underdosed pheromone cause a significant increase in male E. ambiguella flying to the source. Time–event analysis indicates a positive correlation between faster activation and probability of source
contact by the responding males. The four host plant compounds added to the overdosed pheromone permitted males to take off
faster and with a higher probability of flying to the source. This suggests that perception of host plant products with the
sex pheromone facilitates male E. ambiguella to locate females on host plants, lending credence to the hypothesis that plant products can signal rendezvous sites suitable
for mating.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
8.
Laura J. Claxton Jeffrey M. Haddad Katelyn Ponto Joong Hyun Ryu Sean C. Newcomer 《PloS one》2013,8(8)
Independent stance is one of the most difficult motor milestones to achieve. Newly standing infants exhibit exaggerated body movements and can only stand for a brief amount of time. Given the difficult nature of bipedal stance, these unstable characteristics are slow to improve. However, we demonstrate that infants can increase their stability when engaged in a standing goal-directed task. Infants'' balance was measured while standing and while standing and holding a visually attractive toy. When holding the toy, infants stood for a longer period of time, exhibited less body sway, and more mature postural dynamics. These results demonstrate that even with limited standing experience, infants can stabilize posture to facilitate performance of a concurrent task. 相似文献
9.
M M Abitbol 《American journal of physical anthropology》1989,80(2):239-258
Hemodynamics and orthodynamics were investigated in quadrupeds (dogs) and in bipeds (humans). The subjects were investigated at rest in supine or lateral posture, in quadrupedal and then in bipedal posture, and during locomotion. Quadrupedalism in humans was with subjects on their hands and knees. Bipedalism in dogs was on hindlimbs with the forelimbs held by a technician. Blood flow in the main arteries of the body (aorta, external and internal carotid, subclavian, and femoral) was measured by sonography. Positional variations between the main bones of the body were determined from X-rays. This study investigated the reallocation of blood supply to different regions of the body when it switches from quadrupedal to bipedal posture and locomotion. Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion. The conclusion is that erect posture and encephalization produced a noticeable readjustment and reallocation of blood flow among the different regions of the body: This consisted in shifting a large volume of blood supply from the musculature to the human brain. 相似文献
10.
Females of Mantis religiosa and Empusa pennata were video taped for several 24 h periods to determine if they showed behaviors associated with pheromone release. In the photophase the abdomen of both species was motionless and rested in continuous contact with the wings. However, at the beginning of the scotophase the females bent the abdomen ventrally so that the space between the abdomen and the wings increased significantly with respect to the daytime posture. Calling behavior (abdominal bending) was maintained throughout the 8 h scotophase and ended abruptly at lights on. Females of M. religiosa did not start calling until they were 30 days of age. Calling disappeared in mated females, but it reappeared two weeks later. Males stayed motionless in response to the odors emitted by other males or by noncalling females, but walked when a calling female was placed in the air flow. These observations suggest that female mantids bend their abdomens at night to release a sex pheromone. The adaptive function of nocturnal sex pheromone release in sexually cannibalistic species that rely strongly on visual cues for mating is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Female opossums are induced into estrus by direct exposure to a non-volatile pheromone in male scentmarks. Juvenile females
develop this responsiveness by 150 days of age (days), and earlier (130 days) if exposed to male pheromone beginning at 90
days. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of male pheromone on body growth and ovarian follicular development
in young opossums. Females (n = 28) were weaned at 56 days and caged individually with ad libitum food and water from 84 days. Body mass was recorded 2–3 times weekly and the onset of estrus was monitored by urogenital
sinus cytology. Exposed females were given continuous access to adult male scentmarks from 90 days and randomly selected for
necropsy at 105 and 130 days. Unexposed females were isolated from direct contact with males and their scentmarks and randomly
selected for necropsy at 90, 105, 130, and 150 days. Exposed females were larger (63.5 ± 1.1 g) than unexposed females (56.6
± 1.1 g) at 130 days, and 4 of 5 had expressed estrus or proestrus. Uterine mass at 130 days was higher (P < 0.05) in exposed
(129.8 ± 28.8 mg) than in unexposed (25.4 ± 6.7 mg) females, none of which expressed estrus by 150 days. The mean number of
developing, antral follicles per female increased from 1.5 ± 1.5 at 90 days to 17.8 ± 5.2 at 130 days. Mean diameter of developing
antral follicles at 130 days was larger in exposed (534 ± 54 μm) than in unexposed females (393 ± 4 μm). The results of this
study demonstrate that pheromonal induction of first estrus in juvenile opossums is associated with an increased rate of body
growth and follicular development. 相似文献
12.
Emilia Venturato Paolo Cavallini Paolo Banti Francesco Dessì-Fulgheri 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2009,55(6):547-551
The effect of radio transmitters on bird survival and reproduction has been explored in the literature, and contradictory
results were found. Using the Kaplan–Meier method, we estimated the mortality of female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in relation to radio load (percentage of total body mass). Low-load birds showed a higher survival, particularly after 2–3 months
from release, thus excluding short-term effects of handling and adjusting to packages. Reproductive success was higher for
birds with low loads, but the effect was less clear. The results were not influenced by age or body mass. As a rule of thumb,
using radio packages lighter than 1.5% of the body mass can be considered safe for pheasants, whereas loads above 2% may have
adverse effects. 相似文献
13.
The study reveals that pre-ovulatory females of the fishBarilius bendelisis (Ham.) release sex steroids and their conjugates into the water and that a steroid sulphate of these compounds functions
as a potent sex pheromone which stimulates milt production in conspecific males prior to spawning. Since males exposed to
the purified sub-fraction III of the steroid sulphate fraction have increased milt volume and more spermatozoa with greater
motility, the function of this priming pheromone appears to be to enhance male spawning success.
High turbulence and faster water currents render the hillstream ecosystem extremely challenging for chemical communication.
Therefore, ovulatory female fish secrete highly water soluble steroid sulphates for rapid pheromonal action in males. Inhibited
milt volume in olfactory tract lesioned (OTL) males exposed to the steroid sulphate fraction and 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one
supports the concept that the pheromonally induced priming effect in male fish is mediated through olfactory pathways. 相似文献
14.
P. O. Zanen R. T. Cardé 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,184(1):21-35
By attaching a reflective strip to the thorax, we documented with video recordings in a wind tunnel the spatial orientation
of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, as they flew along a plume of sex pheromone. In wind speeds of 61, 122, and 183 cm s−1, moths flew very similar tracks along a pheromone plume. Moths aimed their thrust closer to upwind in increasing wind speeds
using a roll maneuver. As a result, the orientation of their visual flow field, represented by the slip angle (the angular
distance between the direction of flight and the longitudinal body axis), remained relatively constant. We propose that directional
control during self-steered zigzagging is achieved by rolling, thereby maintaining a set slip angle. Following a roll at the
apex of a turn that aligns the moth with its preferred slip angle, a moth banks toward a cross wind leg. By banking moths
may maintain a stable image flow at oblique angles to their longitudinal body axis.
Accepted: 16 July 1998 相似文献
15.
Fujita M Kawakami K Higuchi H 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2007,148(4):802-810
Single cycles of hopping and climbing were investigated in Japanese Pygmy Woodpeckers Picoides kizuki using motion analyses on video. Body movements on substrate angled from 0–90° were compared for every 10°. The body was inclined forward during stance phase for both small and large substrate angles, and the inclination amplitude increased when the substrate angle increased. The tail was bent ventrally almost simultaneously to this body inclination, and its amplitude was apparently high at large substrate angles. Most of the gait parameters changed when the stride length increased. The minimum body–tail angle and most of the parameters representing body movements during stance phase changed when the substrate angle increased, probably because gravity pulled the birds further backward when they were moving on a steeper slope. These parameters showed a clear difference between the data on substrate steeper than 40° and lower than 30°. The abrupt changes in these parameters most likely mean that the motor pattern changed from hopping to climbing between these angles. 相似文献
16.
R. P. J. Potting P. M. Lösel J. Scherkenbeck 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1999,185(5):419-425
Male moths responding to their species-specific sex pheromone, may cease their upwind flight when pheromone components of
sympatric species are added to the mixture. The interspecific interaction between the pheromone response of the tortricid
moths Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes orana was investigated in field-trapping and wind-tunnel studies. Addition of the A. orana pheromone [(Z9)-tetradecenylacetate and (Z11)-tetradecenylacetate] to a source containing the C. pomonella pheromone [(E8, E10)-dodecadienol] resulted in a significant inhibition of attraction by male C. pomonella. It is demonstrated that this behavioural antagonist for C. pomonella must be emitted from the same point source to induce this inhibitory effect. A spatial separation of the two interspecific
pheromones (at 14 cm, 5 cm and 0.5 cm crosswind) restored the attraction of the conspecific pheromone for male C. pomonella. In contrast to C. pomonella, male A. orana were not inhibited by point sources releasing both the C. pomonella and A. orana pheromone. We suggest that the discrepancy in the interspecific pheromone interaction between these two tortricids can be
explained if we consider the evolutionary ecology of interspecific pheromone communication in C. pomonella and A. orana.
Accepted: 18 July 1999 相似文献
17.
18.
《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1998,260(2-3):193-198
In the phytopathogenic basidiomycete Ustilago maydis mating and dikaryon formation are controlled by a pheromone/receptor system and the multiallelic b locus. Recently, a gene encoding a G protein α subunit, gpa3, was isolated and has subsequently been implicated in pheromone signal transduction. Mutants deleted for gpa3 are sterile and nonpathogenic, and exhibit a morphology that is similar to that of mutants with defects in the adenylate
cyclase gene uac1. We have found that the sterility and mutant morphology of gpa3 deletion strains can be rescued by exogenous cAMP. In these mutants and in the corresponding wild-type strains, exogenous
cAMP stimulates pheromone gene expression to a level comparable to that seen in the pheromone-stimulated state. In addition,
we demonstrate that uac1 is epistatic to gpa3. We conclude that Gpa3 controls the cAMP signalling pathway in U.maydis and discuss how this pathway feeds into the pheromone response.
Received: 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 24 July 1998 相似文献
19.
Background
Moth pheromone mating systems have been characterized at the molecular level, allowing evolutionary biologists to study how changes in protein sequence or gene expression affect pheromone phenotype, patterns of mating, and ultimately, the formation of barriers to gene exchange. Recent studies of Ostrinia pheromones have focused on the diversity of sex pheromone desaturases and their role in the specificity of pheromone production. Here we produce a Δ11 desaturase genealogy within Ostrinia nubilalis. We ask what has been the history of this gene, and whether this history suggests that changes in Δ11 desaturase have been involved in the divergence of the E and Z O. nubilalis pheromone strains. 相似文献20.
Why are males more attractive after brood care? Proximate causes of enhanced sex pheromone emission in a burying beetle
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Johanna Chemnitz Ina S. Fujan Carola Winkelmann Sandra Steiger 《Physiological Entomology》2018,43(2):120-128
Recent studies demonstrate that pheromones can be costly to produce and emit and, therefore, the types and quantities that they express are likely to covary with individual condition. Previous experiments reveal that, when given the opportunity to breed and care for young, male burying beetles Nicrophorus vespilloides go on to produce a higher amount of their sex pheromone and attract more females than control males that do not exhibit parental care. This finding is surprising because parental care is usually assumed to be energetically costly, reducing the future capacity to invest in sexual signalling. However, burying beetles reproduce on dead vertebrates and the carrion meal might enable males to acquire resources that can subsequently be allocated to pheromone signalling. Alternatively, males might accumulate pheromone precursors because they do not emit their sex pheromone during brood care. To shed light on the mechanisms of enhanced pheromone emission after brood care, in the present study, we test the effect of diet quality, social condition during care (biparental versus uniparental care) and an experimentally enforced calling pause on subsequent male pheromone emission, body weight and energy storage components. The experimentally enforced calling pause and social condition during brood care demonstrate no impact on pheromone quantity. However, the results of the present study suggest that the vertebrate carrion meal during brood care partly explains enhanced pheromone release after care. Unravelling the biosynthetic pathways of the pheromone components and analyzing the impact of potential microbial symbionts on pheromone production represents a fruitful avenue for future research. 相似文献