橡胶树凝集因子hevein基因及其启动子序列的分离与分析

橡胶树( Hevea brasiliensis Muell.-Arg.)凝集因子hevein是引起橡胶粒子凝集的主要因素,它是胶乳中黄色体内主要的蛋白质,具有几丁结合的功能.通过PCR技术扩增并克隆了橡胶树hevein基因共680 bp的序列.继而通过步移法分离启动子区域1 306 bp的序列,序列含典型的TATA盒和CAAT盒以及ABA效应元件的同源序列.为证实该基因在乳管中特异表达,利用Northern blot分析hevein基因在胶乳和叶片中的表达,同时,分析乙烯和ABA处理后hevein基因的表达.结果表明,hevein基因主要在胶乳中表达,乙烯和ABA对基因的表达有诱导作用.     

巴西橡胶树HbHEV3基因的克隆和表达分析

根据EST序列信息,通过RT-PCR获得了一个编码橡胶素前体的基因,命名为HbHEV3。HbHEV3编码区cDNA长度为630bp,编码209个氨基酸。预测的HbHEV3蛋白包含1个信号肽,1个具有几丁质结合特性的Hevein结构域和1个Barwinn结构域,HbHEV3与橡胶树及其他植物中类似蛋白具有很高的同源性。分离获得了HbHEV3起始密码子上游1 050bp的启动子序列,该序列含有众多应答激素和胁迫信号元件。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,HbHEV3在所检测的组织中均有表达,其中在胶乳中的表达量最高,乙烯诱导能显著上调胶乳中HbHEV3的表达。研究表明,HbHEV3可能参与了橡胶树乙烯介导的防御反应,并在橡胶凝集过程中具有重要功能。     

乙烯利诱导胶乳基因HbEtIe的克隆与表达分析

在成功构建巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)胶乳差异表达cDNA消减文库的基础上,利用RACE技术成功克隆了一个新的乙烯利诱导表达胶乳基因HbEtIe。分析表明,该基因含有1个158 bp的内含子和2个长度分别为92 bp和178 bp的外显子;cDNA全长551 bp,包含1个270 bp的完整阅读框,174 bp的3′-UTR和107 bp的5′-UTR,推导氨基酸序列中含有一个未知功能结构域DUF581。HbEtIe基因在乙烯利刺激条件下的胶乳中特异性表达并受到乙烯利的调控,其表达量随处理时间的延长而增强。HbEtIe基因与拟南芥衰老相关基因SAG102具有较高的同源性暗示,HbEtIe可能参与了乙烯利诱导巴西橡胶树乳管衰老的分子调控。     

巴西橡胶树一个AP2／EREBP转录因子的克隆及表达分析

本文采用RACE技术从巴西橡胶树中鉴定出一个AP2／EREBP转录因子。该转录因子全长cDNANl225bp,最长开放阅读框699bp,预测编码蛋白包含232个氨基酸;序列比对分析发现,该转录因子具有一段保守的AP2／EREBP结构域,与拟南芥Soloist（At4g13040）具有较高的相似性,将该基因命名HbSoloist。半定量胙PcR分析结果表明,HbSoloist在巴西橡胶树的胶乳、叶片、树皮和花中均有表达。与健康橡胶树相比,死皮树胶乳HbSoloist表达量明显下降。研究发HbSoloist表达受乙烯利、茉莉酸和低温处理调控,表明HbSoloist基因可能在巴西橡胶树乙烯、茉莉酸和低温反应中发挥作用。     

橡胶树DELLA蛋白编码基因HbGAI的克隆与表达分析

该研究采用RT-PCR与RACE技术,从橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’胶乳中克隆了1个DELLA蛋白编码基因HbGAI(GenBank登录号为KT696439)。HbGAI全长cDNA序列2 050bp,包含1个长1 842bp的完整开放阅读框。序列分析显示,HbGAI基因编码613个氨基酸,其推导的蛋白含有DELLA和GRAS结构域,分子量为66.476kD,理论等电点为5.19,无跨膜结构域,属于亲水性蛋白。进化树分析表明,HbGAI蛋白与其他植物中DELLA蛋白具有较高的相似性,与麻疯树JcGAI和蓖麻RcGAI亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR结果显示,割胶和茉莉酸甲酯处理下调胶乳中HbGAI基因的表达,乙烯利处理4h内显著上调胶乳中HbGAI基因的表达,表明HbGAI基因可能在橡胶树割胶、茉莉酸、乙烯响应中发挥作用。     

巴西橡胶树一个编码含有C2结构域蛋白cDNA的克隆及表达分析

本研究根据从巴西橡树胶乳cDNA文库中获得的一个EST片段的序列信息设计引物,通过RACE的方法获得了橡胶树编码含有C2结构域蛋白的cDNA(命名为HbC2)。序列分析表明,HbC2长为1185bp,含有813bp的阅读框,140bp的5'-UTR和232bp的3'-UTR,编码270个氨基酸,分子量为30.9KD,等电点为6.29,含有保守的C2结构域。半定量RT-PCR分析表明HbC2在花、芽、叶、胶乳和树皮中都有表达,其中在胶乳中表达量最高。茉莉酸可抑制HbC2的表达,乙烯对HbC2的表达没有影响。此研究为进一步研究C2蛋白基因在橡胶树中的生物学功能奠定基础。     

巴西橡胶树HbMKK4基因的克隆及表达分析

采用RACE技术,从橡胶树‘热研7-33-97’中克隆了1个促分裂原活化蛋白激酶的激酶(MKK)基因HbMKK4。该基因全长cDNA序列1 580bp,编码框1 059bp,编码352个氨基酸,含有S_TKc结构域,其编码蛋白的分子量为38.83kD,理论等电点为9.36。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,HbMKK4在橡胶树的根、树皮、胶乳及叶片中均有表达。割胶、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯利均能上调胶乳中HbMKK4基因的表达,基因相对表达量分别在割胶后2h、茉莉酸甲酯处理8h和乙烯利处理4h后达到最高。研究结果推测HbMKK4可能通过MAPK信号途径参与茉莉酸信号途径的响应,可能在天然橡胶生物合成调控中起关键作用。     

橡胶树胶乳高表达热激蛋白HbHSP90.4基因抗逆功能分析

为了分析热激蛋白90（HSP90）基因在橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）逆境胁迫和激素转导中的作用,利用PCR技术从橡胶树品种热研73397胶乳中克隆得到HbHSP90.4基因全长cDNA序列,该基因含有1个2 451 bp开放阅读框（ORF）,编码816个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,HbHSP90.4含有HSP90 superfamily和HATPase superfamily结构域,属于HSP90家族成员。系统进化分析发现该蛋白与木薯MeHSP90具有较近的亲缘关系。亚细胞定位预测显示HbHSP90.4基因定位在内质网。qRT-PCR结果表明HbHSP90.4基因主要在橡胶树胶乳中表达。干旱、冷胁迫、橡胶树白粉菌侵染、H₂O₂和MeJA处理均可促进胶乳HbHSP90.4基因上调表达,而其在ETH、SA和ABA处理中均呈现显著下调表达。构建植物表达载体HbHSP90.4-mScarlet,为进一步的转基因植物的做成准备了材料。本研究为阐明胶乳HbHSP90.4基因响应橡胶树逆境胁迫过程和植物激素信号传导途径分子调控机制奠定坚实基础。     

巴西橡胶树鲨烯合酶基因的克隆与序列分析

鲨烯合酶(SQS )是植物甾醇和三萜化合物生物合成途径中的关键酶。以巴西橡胶树为试验材料,提取胶乳总 RNA,利用 RT-PCR 以及 RACE 的方法克隆橡胶树鲨烯合酶 cDNA 编码区片段,并进行序列分析。结果表明：橡胶树鲨烯合酶 cDNA 编码区为1239 bp,编码413个氨基酸,命名为 HbSQS 。荧光定量分析表明鲨烯合酶基因在不同组织里表达水平存在明显差异,且受乙烯调控。     

巴西橡胶树HbCMT的克隆与表达分析

通过PCR和RACE技术克隆了巴西橡胶树中一个染色质甲基化酶(Chromomethylase, CMT)基因（HbCMT）。HbCMT长2697 bp,含有2556 bp的阅读框,编码851个氨基酸。推测HbCMT分子量为95.67 KD,等电点为5.38,氨基酸序列与可可、葡萄、黄瓜、鹰嘴豆、番茄、拟南芥CMT家族成员的同源性分别为77％、74％、72%、67%、64%和52%。定量PCR分析表明HbCMT在巴西橡胶树的根、树皮、叶、胶乳中均有表达,其中在胶乳中表达量最低,此外HbCMT在橡胶树自根幼态无性系的胶乳中表达比老态无性系胶乳中的表达低。     

巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)微管相关蛋白全长cDNA克隆及表达分析

从巴西橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis差减cDNA文库中分离到微管相关蛋白（Microtubule-associated protein,MAPs）基因片段,根据该基因片段序列信息,设计特异引物,采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术RACE（Rapid Amplification ofcDNA Ends）进行差异片段的5＇和3＇端的扩增,获得了长度为788bp的全长cDNA,该基因在GenBank中的登录号为AY461412.序列分析表明该基因包含完整的开放阅读框,编码144个氨基酸,与微管相关蛋白基因家族具有很高的同源性,推测该基因是微管相关蛋白基因.半定量RT-PCR检测证实它在胶乳中的表达强于叶中,胁迫处理（伤害及乙烯处理）使其表达上调.     

Construction of hevein (Hev b 6.02) with reduced allergenicity for immunotherapy of latex allergy by comutation of six amino acid residues on the conformational IgE epitopes

Recently we have established that IgE Abs bind to conformational epitopes in the N- and C-terminal regions of the major natural rubber latex allergen, hevein (Hev b 6.02). To identify the critical amino acid residues that interact with IgE, the hevein sequence was scanned by using site-specific mutations. Twenty-nine hevein mutants were designed and produced by a baculovirus expression system in insect cells and tested by IgE inhibition-ELISA using sera from 26 latex allergic patients. Six potential IgE-interacting residues of hevein (Arg(5), Lys(10), Glu(29), Tyr(30), His(35), and Gln(38)) were identified and characterized further in detail. Based on these six residues, two triple mutants (Hdelta3A, Hdelta3B) and hevein mutant where all six residues were mutated (Hdelta6), were designed, modeled, and produced. Structural and functional properties of these combinatory mutants were compared experimentally and in silico with those of recombinant hevein. The IgE-binding affinity of the mutants decreased by three to five orders of magnitude as compared with that of recombinant hevein. Skin prick test reactivity of the triple mutant HDelta3A was drastically reduced and that of the six-residue mutant Hdelta6 was completely abolished in all patients examined in this study. The approach presented in this paper offers tools for identification and modification of amino acid residues on conformational epitopes of allergens that interact with IgE. Hevein with a highly reduced ability to bind IgE should provide a valuable candidate molecule for immunotherapy of latex allergy and is anticipated to have a low risk of systemic side effects.     

In vitro transient expression system of latex C-serum was used for analysis of hevein promoter in response to abscisic acid in Hevea brasiliensis

Hevein has been found to be an essential element in coagulation of rubber particles in latex of rubber trees. In a previous study, we cloned a 1 241-bp fragment of a 5＇ upstream region of the hevein gene by genome walking. This fragment was analyzed by a 5＇ end nested deletion method in the present study, fused with a uidA （gus） gene to produce a series of tested constructs, which were transferred into C-serum of latex and the Gus activities were detected. Results showed that the fragment from -749 to -292 was sufficient for expression of gus gene in latex, and the fragment from -292 to -168 was crucial in response to abscisic acid inducement. In a transient transgenic test of rubber leaf with particle bombardment, construct Hev749 conferred gus-specific expression in veins, in which the latex tubes mainly distributed. This implies that the fragment from -749 to -292 was laticiferous-specific.     

巴西橡胶树HbMYB62转录因子基因的克隆和表达分析

R2R3-MYB类转录因子参与包括逆境胁迫反应等多种生物反应。为鉴定橡胶树中MYB转录因子的结构与功能,从橡胶树叶片中克隆HbMYB62全长的cDNA序列。该基因片段大小为1 013 bp,包含945 bp的ORF,编码314个氨基酸残基。其推导的氨基酸序列具有植物HTH_MYB的特异性结构域,并与拟南芥AtMYB62具有高度相似性。qRT-PCR发现HbMYB62主要在橡胶树花中表达,而在树皮、叶和乳胶中表达量较少。其叶片表达量在过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、脱落酸（ABA）、水杨酸（SA）等处理下显著上调。表明HbMYB62与橡胶树的抗逆反应和激素信号传导过程有关,为进一步研究其结构和功能打下基础。     

Hevein,an allergenic lectin from rubber latex,activates human neutrophils' oxidative burst

Hevein is an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) specific lectin that has been hypothesized to participate in the IgE-mediated allergic reactions in patients with latex allergy. In this work we assessed the specificity and biological effect of hevein purified from rubber latex on human leukocytes, using epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Purified human granulocytes were stimulated in vitro with hevein, and production of oxidative radicals was measured by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium formazan. Histochemical staining and flow cytometry showed that hevein recognizes specifically monocytes (CD14+) and neutrophils (CD16+), but not lymphoid cells. Hevein induced oxidative response in purified granulocytes; this effect was 1.3–1.5-fold higher than the effect observed with the lectin WGA (wheat germ agglutinin), or other lectins with different sugar specificity. The induced reactions and cellular recognition by hevein were inhibited with GlcNAc and its oligomers; as well as by glycoproteins containing tri-and tetra-antennary N-glycosydically linked glycans. Our findings suggest that neutrophils are the main target for latex hevein; this lectin induces production of oxidative radicals, which seem to play an important role in tissue damage during latex allergy.     

玉米钼辅助因子硫酸化酶基因启动子的克隆与功能验证

为克服组成型启动子启动外源基因过量表达引起的诸多问题,同源克隆(Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase)基因（ABA3）的启动子(ABA3s)序列,并用PlantCARE软件分析其非生物逆境应答元件, 实时定量PCR检测ABA3基因在非生物逆境诱导下的差异表达后。然后,用该启动子构建启动GUS（β-glucuronidase）基因的表达载体, 基因枪法转化玉米愈伤组织。经组织化学染色法检测其表达后, 在高渗、高盐、低温胁迫处理及ABA诱导下检测GUS酶荧光值与荧光素酶(内参)发光值的比值(GUS/LUC), 以此评价ABA3s启动子在非生物逆境胁迫下的启动活性。结果表明, ABA3基因在模拟干旱、低温、高温、高盐胁迫及ABA、乙稀诱导下差异表达, 说明该基因的启动子(ABA3s)具有非生物逆境诱导活性。序列分析表明, ABA3s启动子全长777 bp, 含有ARE、HSE、MBS、TGA、Circadian等多种非生物逆境胁迫应答元件。用ABA3s启动GUS基因构建的表达载体转化的玉米愈伤组织, 响应干旱、低温、高温、高盐胁迫等多种非生物逆境胁迫, 及ABA和乙稀诱导, GUS检测呈阳性。在8%甘露醇高渗条件下, GUS/LUC比值比空白对照高6倍。上述结果表明, ABA3s启动子具有非生物逆境诱导特性, 经进一步验证其功能后, 可用于玉米抗逆转基因研究。     

丹参抗性基因SmORA1的克隆及诱导表达分析

该研究采用PCR方法从丹参中克隆出一条乙烯应答因子结合蛋白(ERF)转录因子编码基因,命名为SmORA1,GenBank登录号为KT359598。经分析发现该基因全长648bp,不包含内含子,编码206个氨基酸残基。编码蛋白SmORA1含有典型的AP2结合结构域。表达分析结果表明,SmORA1主要在丹参根中表达,且该基因的表达明显受到茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯(ET)、机械创伤和病原菌等逆境信号的诱导,但低温和脱水情况下SmORA1表达下调。研究表明,SmORA1参与丹参生物胁迫反应,可整合JA、ABA、ET和病原菌等胁迫信号途径。