土壤矿物与微生物相互作用的机理及其环境效应

土壤矿物与微生物相互作用是地球表层系统中重要的生态过程.微生物或生物分子与矿物间的吸附(粘附)是两者相互作用的基础.吸附(粘附)是一个由分子间力、静电力、疏水作用力、氢键和空间位阻效应等多种作用力或作用因素共同决定、影响的物理化学过程.因此,微生物和矿物的表面性质如表面电荷、疏水性和它们所处的环境条件如pH、电解质浓度、温度等,都影响着矿物-微生物吸附(粘附)过程.微生物细胞或酶可吸附于矿物表面,其结果是细胞代谢或酶活性会发生明显变化,并进一步影响土壤中诸多相关的生态、环境过程.结合4种典型的初始吸附理论:表面自由能热力学理论、DLVO理论、吸附等温线理论和表面复合物理论及本课题组近年来的研究成果,对土壤矿物与微生物相互作用的类型、机理、作用力和现代研究技术等方面的最新研究进展进行了较为全面的论述,对土壤矿物-微生物相互作用的环境效应进行了讨论,并就该领域今后研究工作的特点及应关注的问题进行了展望.     

细菌在油水界面粘附的理论、特性及应用

细菌在油水界面粘附主要应用于烷烃污染的环境修复、石油开采与加工、食品加工等方面,其研究已经引起各界的广泛关注。本文基于XDLVO理论阐述细菌在油水界面的粘附机理;总结细菌表面特性、油相及水相性质对细菌粘附的影响;介绍细菌粘附作用在微生物驱油、生物乳化与破乳以及烷烃降解方面的应用,并对今后的研究方向提出展望。     

口腔种植材料表面特性与生物膜形成研究进展

人类口腔环境为微生物提供了适宜生存的条件,多种微生物在牙齿表面形成了由基质包裹相互粘附的口腔生物膜,口腔生物膜是口腔微生物生存、代谢和致病的基础。随着1965年Brnemark种植体在临床上的成功应用,种植相关材料周围致病菌导致的种植体周围炎成为种植修复最常见的并发症之一,影响种植修复的远期效果。种植体周围炎引起了许多关注,并且口腔种植材料表面的特性和口腔生物膜的形成密切相关。本文就种植材料及天然牙齿表面的生物膜形成、种植材料表面特性对口腔生物膜及细菌粘附的影响因素、增强种植材料抗菌性能的方法以及未来的研究方向等作一综述。     

材料表面特征对生物膜形成的影响及其应用

生物膜是微生物细胞粘附于材料表面的群体性生长方式。在实践应用中,有目的地调控微生物在材料表面的成膜进程具有重要意义。本文概述了生物膜在材料表面的形成机制及其影响因素,综述了材料表面的电荷特征、亲疏水性、形貌模式和功能性化学修饰等物化特性对细胞粘附和生物膜形成的影响,并介绍了目前在不同实际应用场景中抑制成膜和促进成膜材料的研发现状。     

MATH法表征环境微生物细胞表面疏水性的研究进展

环境微生物的细胞表面疏水性对其生长代谢过程以及在环境领域的应用效率具有重要影响。目前用于测试细胞表面疏水性最常用的方法是碳氢吸附能力(Microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons,MATH),该方法因具有操作简便、有一定的准确度等优点在环境、生物工程、医学、食品等领域应用广泛。本文综述了MATH法在环境微生物领域中的污泥絮体性能表征、有机物降解、膜污染和破乳方面的应用,同时介绍了MATH法在实验操作、计数方法和数据分析方面的优化。最后展望了该方法今后的研究方向。     

药物类新污染物的微生物降解机制研究进展

环境微生物作为自然界中主要的分解者蕴含着丰富的遗传和代谢多样性,在有机污染物降解中发挥着重要作用。药物被持续不断地释放到环境中,其环境暴露、环境风险和对人体健康的潜在影响已得到广泛关注。研究药物在环境中的微生物降解过程对于药物的环境命运、药物的环境风险评估和药物污染去除技术的开发等具有重要价值。本文重点综述了目前环境中常检出药物的微生物降解途径及其分子机理,总结了目前药物微生物降解研究领域的进展,最后探讨了药物的微生物降解领域未来的研究趋势。     

微生物在矿物表面吸附的研究进展

微生物在矿物表面的吸附是微生物与矿物表面深度作用的前提, 也是生物药剂在选矿中的应用的基础研究。本文综述了影响微生物在矿物表面吸附的环境因素, 微生物细胞与矿物表面之间的相互作用, 微生物细胞表面基团、表面成分及其胞外聚合物对吸附过程的影响, 并提出了今后的研究方向。     

电活性微生物胞外聚合物的特征与应用

电活性微生物是一类能够通过直接接触、导电菌毛或氧化还原介质与电极或者其他细胞进行胞外电子传递的微生物。而在这个过程中,胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)扮演着重要的角色。EPS是微生物生长过程中通过细胞裂解、水解分泌的高分子聚合物的混合物,主要由蛋白质、多糖和腐殖质等物质组成。来自电活性微生物的EPS的不同组成成分和特性会对EPS的电活性以及电活性微生物胞外电子传递产生一定的影响,同时在环境应用方面发挥重要作用。因此,为了更全面了解电活性微生物EPS的电活性及其对电活性微生物胞外电子传递的作用,本文总体介绍了电活性微生物EPS的电活性的直接表征方法,再从组成成分、化学性质、物理性质和空间分布4个方面综述了其对EPS电活性的影响及其在电子传递中的作用,介绍了当前电活性微生物EPS在染料废水脱色、重金属吸附、有机污染物的生物转化和渗滤液管理等方面的环境应用,并从表征方法、试验规模和互作机理研究等角度展望了未来的研究方向。     

土壤微生物群落构建理论与时空演变特征

土壤微生物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,直接或间接地参与几乎所有的土壤生态过程,在物质循环、能量转换以及污染物降解等过程中都发挥着重要作用。对土壤微生物时空演变规律及其形成机制的研究,不仅是微生物演变和进化的基础科学问题,也是预测微生物及其所介导的生态功能对环境条件变化响应、适应和反馈的理论依据。讨论了土壤微生物群落的定义、测度方法和指标,认为群落是联系动植物宏观生态学与微生物生态学的基础,群落构建机制是宏观和微观生态学都需要研究的核心科学问题;从生态学的群落构建理论出发,阐述了包括生态位理论/中性理论、过程理论和多样性-稳定性理论在土壤微生物时空演变研究中的应用,以及微生物群落在时间和空间上的分布特征及其尺度效应;确立了以微生物群落构建理论为基础、不同时空尺度下土壤微生物群落演变特征为主要内容的微生物演变研究的基本框架。     

病原菌与哺乳动物细胞的相互作用

病原菌与哺乳动物细胞的相互作用,首先表现在细菌特异性粘附于细胞的表面。细菌根据环境条件及宿主的不同,可表达不同的粘附分子．细菌特异性粘附于不同的宿主细胞,不仅对病原与宿主的早期接触,而且对整个感染过程都很重要。许多细菌都可粘附于宿主粘膜的上皮细胞,并在局部增殖,而且在感染全过程中都停留在细胞表面。这种粘附作用大多与细菌的菌毛（pill）有关。菌毛能与宿主细胞的受体分子特异性结合,特别是与细胞表面的多糖侧链结合。此外,有些细菌表面尚有一些受体。能与宿主细胞的分泌的纤粘连蛋白（fibronechn）等细胞外基质（…     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418