白蜡虫啮小蜂对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群控制作用的研究

研究了白蜡虫啮小蜂TetrastichuskodaikanalensisSaraswat的室内饲养条件及其对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂MicroterysericeriIshii的控制作用。研究结果表明 ,温度对白蜡虫啮小蜂存活率和产卵量有显著影响。 1 8、 2 1、2 4、 2 7、 30和 33℃ 6个温度处理下 ,白蜡虫啮小蜂的世代存活率分别为 1 84%、 31 83%、 80 39%、 72 75 %、48 0 8%和 2 2 81 %。 30℃时每雌产卵量和产卵百分率最高 ,分别为 1 3 2 1粒和 84 84%。雄蜡虫体内的白蜡虫啮小蜂有 3个羽化高峰期 ,分别为 6月下旬、 8月上～中旬和 9月中～下旬 ;雌蜡虫体内白蜡虫啮小蜂的 3个羽化高峰期为 8月上～中旬、 9月中～下旬和 1 0月下旬～ 1 1月上旬。白蜡虫啮小蜂的第 3个高峰种群数量最大 ,对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的重寄生率最高。第 3、 4代啮小蜂对寄生于雌雄蜡虫体内的白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的重寄生率分别为雌蜡虫体内 :48 78%和 5 4 6 6 % ,雄蜡虫体内 :5 6 6 6 %和 6 4 71 % ;第 5代的重寄生率达76 0 0 % ;各代的重寄生率均为 4龄幼虫 >5龄幼虫 >蛹。人工释放啮小蜂对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群数量有显著的控制作用。每株女贞树放 30头白蜡虫啮小蜂蛹 1次或 2次 ,白蜡产量分别为 1 1 1 3g和 1 37 6g ,为对照的3 0 6倍和 3 78倍。种虫产量分别为 1 49     

白蜡虫啮小蜂对白蜡白花翅跳小蜂种群控制作用的研究

研究了白蜡虫啮小蜂Ｔｅｔｒａｓｔｉｃｈｕｓ ｋｏｄａｉｋａｎａｌｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓａｒａｓｗａｔ的室内饲养条件及其对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｅｒｙｓ ｅｒｉｃｅｒｉ Ｉｓｈｉｉ的控制作用。结果表明,温度对白蜡虫啮小蜂存活率和产卵量有显著影响。１８、２１、２４、２７、３０和３３℃６个温度处理下,白蜡虫啮小蜂的世代存活率分别为１３．２１％粒和８４．８４％。雄蜡早体内的白蜡虫啮小蜂有３个羽化高峰期,分别     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang在昆明地区一年发生5代,以3、4、5龄幼虫和蛹在白蜡虫雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.45℃和552.93日度。18 ℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为 66.87天、42.27天、35.56天 、30.84天和27.81天。成虫需取食蜜露或白蜡虫雌虫体液作补充营养。性比为1.75～2.88:1(平均2.25:1)。产卵前期2～3天。开始产卵后的2～5天产卵量占总产卵量的62.21%。 27℃的产卵量和产卵率分别为19.31粒和89.81%。18℃时仅4.37粒和18.56%。15℃时不产卵。补充营养、性别和产卵与否对成虫寿命有显著影响。幼虫共5龄。1～4龄以寄主体液和组织为食。5龄幼虫不取食,3～4天后化蛹。     

不同温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的实验种群生命表

在15、18、21、24、27和30℃恒温下,观察了温度对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri发育、存活和繁殖力的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂全代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.1℃和499.4日·度。27℃时发育历期最短,产卵量、产卵率和卵孵化率最高。24℃时雌虫怀卵量最多,3～5龄幼虫和蛹的存活率最高。6种温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群的世代存活率分别为8.5%、25.2%、50.3%、68.2%、49.8%和38.1%。24℃时世代存活率、种群趋势指数、净增殖率和内禀增长力均高于其它温度处理。24℃和27℃时种群加倍时间只需12天。18℃时种群出现负增长,15℃时白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂不产卵,不能繁殖下一代。     

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特性研究

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama在四川雅安地区一年发生6～7代,以低龄幼虫和蛹在网纹绵蚧2、3龄雌若虫和雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.40℃和456.09日度。18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为44.60天、38.27天、30.83天、23.73天和20.73天。成虫需取食网纹绵蚧体液作补充营养。生殖方式为产雌孤雌生殖。成蜂羽化高峰在羽化后的第3～6天,每日的羽化高峰出现在8：00～12：00时。成蜂寿命及平均每蜂子代出蜂数量与补充营养和温度关系密切。该蜂对寄主有一定的选择性,偏好寄生较大的雌成虫,其次是2、3龄雌若虫。     

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特征研究

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama在四川雅安地区一年发生6-7代,以低龄幼虫和蛹在网纹绵蚧2、3龄雌若虫和雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.40℃和456.09日度。18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为44.60天、38.27天、30.83天、23.73天。成早需取食网纹绵蚧体液作补充营养。生殖方式为产雌孤雌生殖。成蜂羽化高峰在羽化后的第3-6天,每日的羽化高峰出现在8：00-12：00时。成蜂寿命及平均每蜂子代出蜂数量与补充营养和温度关系密切。该蜂对寄生有一定的选择性,偏好寄生较大的雌成虫,其次是2、3龄雌若虫。     

刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性研究

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是新近发现的重要检疫性有害生物,在新加坡、毛里求斯、留尼汪、中国台湾、美国夏威夷和中国大陆深圳对刺桐属植物造成严重危害。本文结合田间观察和室内实验对刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明： 刺桐姬小蜂成虫活动与温度、光照密切相关。补充营养能显著延长雌成虫寿命,但对雄成虫寿命无影响。成虫性比随环境温度变化而变化。该虫的平均怀卵量为275.8粒,30℃时成虫的产卵量和产卵率最高,分别为203.63粒和73.83%。发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.37℃和458.27日·度。温度与发育历期呈显著的负相关（r**=-0.9161）。     

石井花翅跳小蜂(膜翅目: 跳小蜂科)的雌雄同体个例

报道了石井花翅跳小蜂的雌雄同体一例,并提供了其形态特征图。研究标本育自柑橘绵蜡蚧,采集地为浙江省衙县,保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂实验种群生命表的研究

观察了温度对白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂（Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang）存活和繁殖的影响,组建了18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃和33℃6种温度下的实验种群生命表,白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂的世代存活率为24℃＞27℃＞30℃＞21℃＞33℃＞18℃＞15℃,温度过高或过低对白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂的存活和繁殖不利,24℃和27℃雄虫的怀卵量、产卵量和产卵百分率都显著高于其它温度处理,以抛物线方程y=a bx cx^2拟合世代存活率（S）、种群趋势指数（I）、净生殖率（R0）和内禀增长为（rm）,在24℃、27℃和30℃温度下,白蜡门阔柄跳小蜂的种群趋势指数I＞1,内禀增长力rm＞0,种群数量逐代增加,种群加倍时间分别为15、16和23d,21℃时I≈1,rm≈0,种群数量基本保持不变,18℃和33℃时I＜1,rm＜0,种群数量出现负增长,15℃雌蜂不产卵,不能繁殖后代。     

中国斑翅跳小蜂属一新种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

记述了育自上海桃树上1种盾蚧中的斑翅跳小蜂属1新种:上海斑翅跳小蜂Epitetracnemus shanghaiensis sp.nov..文中给出了新种的形态特征图和该属分种检索表.研究标本保存于中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所.     

日本佳盾蜾蠃的生物学特性观察

日本佳盾蜾蠃Euodynerus nipanicus（Schulthess）是一种重要的独栖捕食性天敌昆虫,对我国南方林区鳞翅目蛾类害虫的控制具有一定作用。本文报道了日本佳盾蜾蠃的形态特征、生活史及幼虫和成虫的行为等生物学特性。该蜂在江西赣州地区 1 年发生 4 代,以滞育的老熟幼虫在巢管虫室内越冬,滞育期约 190 d。翌年的4月下旬成虫开始外出活动,主要包括交配、筑巢、产卵、捕食等行为。通过野外收集筑巢巢管,室内饲养观察等,发现该蜂的卵近似微弯的长圆柱形,长 2.912 ± 0.127 mm,卵期2-4 d,平均 2.5 ± 0.99 d;非越冬幼虫期 8. 1 ± 0. 99 d;预蛹期4.3 ± 0. 48 d;蛹期7. 4 ± 0.84 d;雌雄比约为 2. 95:1。本研究丰富了日本佳盾蜾蠃的生物学基础知识,为进一步利用该蜂防治南方林区鳞翅目蛾类害虫提供了依据。     

Variation in the quality of Vespula vulgaris (L.) queens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and its significance in wasp population dynamics

Abstract

Density‐related variation in queen quality has been proposed as a possible mechanism regulating population fluctuations in Vespula species. We investigated annual variation in the quality (size, weight, and fat content) of adult V. vulgaris queens representing four stages of their life cycle (spring, founding, developing, and emerged) taken from six sites in beech forest, South Island, New Zealand. For each queen the dry weight, head width, and thorax length was measured. For a subsample of queens, the fat content was determined by ether extraction. The size of queen cells was measured from a subsample of nests. Size, weight, and fat content of queens varied between wasp colonies and sites. The smallest juvenile queens were under‐represented in the reproductive population. There was no direct link between body size and food supply. Size and weight of developing queens increased as the number of cells in the nest increased. The size of the queen cells varied significantly among layers in a nest and among nests. The under‐representation of small queens in the reproductive population suggests that queen quality may affect survival and/or competitive ability by increasing winter fat storage, nest building activity, and/or success in usurpation disputes.     

Postharvesting population dynamics of the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) in the southwestern Atlantic

Many pinniped populations precipitously declined during the 19th and 20th centuries due to overharvesting. In Uruguay, the South American sea lion (SASL) was harvested until 1986. Birth rates in two nearby breeding colonies have had opposite trends for at least 20 yr. We assessed different mechanisms that could explain opposite trends in birth rates in the two SASL colonies. We compared feeding habits (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) of breeding females, birth mass, individual growth rate and early survival of pups and the social structure between colonies. Breeding females from the two colonies did not differ in their feeding habits. However, male and female pups grew faster but had a lower survival in the second month in the smallest colony. We found differences in the social structures, with a higher proportion of males in the smallest colony. The latter is important because peripheral SASL males may abduct and kill pups, which may explain the lower survival of pups in smaller colonies. We believe that the cumulative effects of population extractions have lowered the local SASL population size and disrupted its social structure to the point where Allee‐like effects could become important and hamper the recovery of the Uruguayan SASL population.     

The comparative distribution and population dynamics in Trinidad of Sceliphron fistularium (Dahlbom) and S. asiaticum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Two sphecid wasps, Sceliphron asiaticum (L.) and S. fistularium (Dahlbom), which build mud nests and capture spider prey, had overlapping but distinctly different distributions in Trinidad. Sceliphron asiaticum was associated with drier (<2000 mm mean annual precipitation) and less forested areas. The analysis of existing data on these species revealed a similar differential distribution throughout the neotropics. Based on the dissection of their old nests collected at 42 sites in Trinidad, retrospective life tables were constructed and estimates of fecundity made. Sceliphron asiaticum tended to form denser nesting associations and, while most of the common parasitoids were shared, had overall higher developmental mortality. Although such mortality was density-dependent in both species, where the two wasps nested together mortality from Melittobia (Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea) was higher in S. asiaticum . Both species were protarrhenotokous and had similar field fecundities (7–8/♀), but the rate of oviposition may be greater in S. asiaticum since far less mud was used in the construction of its cells. Both species had >50° mortality of the females between emergence and starting to nest. The regulation of numbers of these wasps in relation to that of S. assimile (Dahlbom) in Jamaica is discussed.     

Biology of parasite populations: population dynamics of bothriocephalids (Cestoda-Pseudophyllidea) in teleostean fish

Relationships between sympatric populations of four species of Cestoda belonging to the genus Bothriocephalus ( B. barbarus. B. gregarius, B. funiculus and B. scorpii ) and populations of their respective hosts Scophthalmus rhombus, Pserra maxima, Ciliata mustela and Myoxocephalus scorpius were investigated. The parasites were overdispersed within their host populations. The mean intensities of B. burbarus were 1.59 ( s.d. =0.83) in the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lions) and 1.25 ( s.d. =0.53) in the Atlantic (coasts of Brittany). The mean intensities of B. gregarius were 62.3 ( s.d. =49.7) in the Mediterranean and 14.06 ( s.d. =18.48) in the Atlantic, compared to 1.78 ( s.d. =0.3) for B. funiculus and 21.6 ( s.d. =17.3) for B. scorpii .
The distribution of prevalence of B. gregarius corresponded to a lognormal distribution while those of B. barbatus and B. fwticulus corresponded to negative binomials. No differences in infection could be related to host sex. The parasitization of B. gregariusdepended on host size. In brill, infection by E. barbatus was independent of host size and remained stable after the fish reached 180mm in length. Parasitization of turbot by E. gregarius was lower in young fish (≤110–150 mm) and increased with the host size. Compared to the Atlantic populations of B. gregarius and B. barbatus, the Mediterranean populations were more frequently and intensively infected. The differences in the population dynamics of B. gregarius and B. barbarus would appear to depend on whether or not the life cycle involves a paratenic host.     

格庶尺蛾种群消长规律及综合治理研究

采取室内饲养和林间调查相结合的方法,研究了格庶尺蛾〔Ｓｅｍｉｏｔｈｉｓａ ｈｅｂｅｓａｔａ （Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）〕的生活史,种群消长与环境因素的关系和综合防治试验。提出了以营林措施为基础,应用白僵菌、苏云金杆菌生物防治为主,辅以化学、物理、人工防治和保护利种天敌的综合治理策略。     

The macroecology of population dynamics: taxonomic and biogeographic patterns in population cycles

Regular cycles in population abundance are fascinating phenomena, but are they common in natural populations? How are they distributed among taxa? Are there differences between different regions of the world, or along latitudinal gradients? Using the new Global Population Dynamics Database we analysed nearly 700 long (25 + years) time series of animal field populations, looking for large-scale patterns in cycles. Nearly 30% of the time series were cyclic. Cycle incidence varied among taxonomic classes, being most common in mammal and fish populations, but only in fish did cycle incidence vary among orders. Cycles were equally common in European and North American populations, but were more common in Atlantic fish than Pacific fish. The incidence of cycles increased with latitude in mammals only. There was no latitudinal gradient in cycle period, but cycle amplitude declined with latitude in some groups of fish. Even after considering the biases in the data source and expected type I error, population cycles seem common enough to warrant ecological attention.