利用恒溶氧．补料分批技术高密度培养大肠杆菌生产重组人骨形成蛋白-2A

对表达人骨形成蛋白－2A(BMP－2A)的重组大肠杆菌YK537／pDH－B2m在500ml摇瓶中进行了培养条件的摸索实验,继后用5L自控发酵罐进行分批培养和分批补料培养,以获取rhBMP－2A两种培养方式结果比较表明,在培养过程中保持30％～40％左右的溶解氧和限制性流加葡萄糖可以使BMP-2A的含量达到2．78g／L,最终菌体密度为OD₆₀₀53(相当于干菌21．2g／L),重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的25％。该培养技术的关键是：(1)在培养过程中保持适当的溶解氧;(2)限制性流加葡萄糖;(3)42℃起始诱导的时间控制在对数生长中期,持续表达时间为4h;(4)细菌持续生长的比生长速率控制在0．3h -1左右。     

工程菌种子制备方法对rEPA表达量影响的研究

由重组E.colirPE553D所表达的基因缺失突变脱毒的重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(rEPA),目前大量以载体蛋白用于多种细菌多糖蛋白结合疫苗研究。rEPA的表达量受众多因素的影响,种子的制备方式就是重要因素之一。本文用长期冷冻保存的和新鲜提取的质粒分别转化宿主菌E.coliBL21(λDE3)后制备种子,并将它们和冻干保存的E.colirPE553D在相同条件下培养和诱导,经SDS-PAGE分析表明长期保存的质粒转化宿主后的重组工程菌生长速度较慢,但rEPA的表达量和新鲜质粒转化制备的工程菌基本相同,而冻干保存的工程菌E.colirPE553D几乎丧失了表达rEPA的能力。     

重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素结构域Ia片段的佐剂功效研究

采用分子克隆技术,将铜绿假单胞菌PA103株编码的外毒素结构域Ia(Domain Ia)的基因重组于原核表达载体pET-42b( )上,构建了pET-EPA103蛋白表达载体。转化感受态大肠杆菌DE3。经IPTG诱导表达,初步纯化表达蛋白,用以免疫BALB／c纯系小鼠。制备小鼠脾淋巴细胞悬液,经刀豆素A(ConA)刺激后,用MTT比色法检测特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应。通过rEPA皮下注射BALB／c小鼠耳廓,诱导小鼠迟发型过敏反应(DTH)。采用特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应和DTH试验来检测pET-EPA103表达蛋白所引起的小鼠细胞免疫应答水平,淋巴细胞增殖情况与DTH均可间接反映细胞免疫应答水平,进而评价重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素(rEPA)Domain Ia蛋白片段的佐剂功效。     

重组尿酸氧化酶发酵工艺优化

目的:优化并获得重组尿酸氧化酶(rUOX)基因工程大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pET-32a-uox高密度发酵的工艺参数。方法:在三角摇瓶中进行培养条件的优化实验,分别考察了pH值、接种量、无机盐、碳源、诱导强度等对工程菌生长和重组蛋白表达的影响,得到了优化的发酵条件;在此基础上放大至NBS BIOFLO 110 14 L发酵罐,通过对诱导时机的优化,利用分批补料发酵的方式,使rUOX在高密度培养的条件下得到高表达。结果:在优化的发酵条件下,菌体密度(D600nm)最终达到50以上,相当于20 g/L干重;可溶性rUOX占菌体总蛋白量的45%,其含量达到3.45 g/L。结论:为规模化制备重组黄曲霉尿酸氧化酶奠定了基础。     

表达抗α毒素单链抗体基因工程菌株的构建

将 2种抗A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单链抗体 (ScFv)基因ScFv 2E3和ScFv 1A8分别克隆至表达质粒pUC119,pET 2 0b ,pET 2 8a和pHOG2 1中 ,构建了重组质粒 ,分别转化至相应的受体菌JM10 5 ,BL2 1(DE3)和XL1 BLUE中 ,得到表达ScFv的重组菌株。ELISA和SDS PAGE分析检测表明 :经IPTG诱导后所表达的ScFv目的蛋白主要形成了包含体的形式 ,但也有少量ScFv存在于重组菌株的培养上清和胞周质中。经薄层扫描分析 :重组菌株XL1 BLUE (pHOG 2E3)的蛋白表达产物分别占菌体可溶性蛋白的 4% ,重组菌株XL1 BLUE (pHOG 2E3)的蛋白表达产物占菌体总蛋白的相对含量为 2 2 % ,其相对分子量约为 31ku。表达的ScFv蛋白不但具有中和卵磷脂酶的活性 ,而且能够对致死性腹腔攻击α毒素的小鼠产生良好的被动保护作用     

重组戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白工程菌的高密度培养

在10L发酵罐中对戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白在重组大肠杆菌中表达发酵工艺进行了研究,用分批培养方法探讨了不同培养基、培养基中磷酸盐浓度和Mg^2＋浓度等因素对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响;用分批补料培养研究了不同的补料工艺对菌体生长与重组蛋白表达的影响,同时对重组菌诱导时期、诱导持续时间以及不同诱导温度表达包含体在尿素溶液中的溶解性进行了研究。结果表明,在优化后的培养基中,磷酸盐浓度、Mg^2＋浓度分别为80mmol/L 与20mmol/L时菌体生长与表达效果较好;分批补料培养中,37℃培养9h菌体达到对数期中期(约45OD600)为适宜诱导时期,加入终浓度为10mmol/L IPTG后诱导5h,OD600达到80以上,重组蛋白表达量达到29.74％,为最适收获菌体时间;37℃表达的包含体80％以上溶解在4mol/L的尿素溶液中,最终浓度达到14mg/mL; 10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐中进行了放大培养,10L发酵罐中确定的发酵工艺参数在30L发酵罐上具有可放大性与重复性, 可以应用于工业生产。     

表达抗α毒素单链缺本基因工程菌株的构建

将2种抗A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单链抗体（ScFv)基因ScFv-2E3和ScFv-1A8分别克隆至表达质粒pUC119,pET-20b,pET-28a和pHOC21中,构建了重组质粒,分别转化至相应的受体菌JM105,BL21（DE3）和XL1-BLUE中,得到表达ScFv的重组菌株,ELISA和SDS-PAGE分析检测表明：经IPTG诱导后所表达的ScFv目的蛋白主要形成了包含体的形式,但也有少量ScFv存在于重组菌株的培养上清和胞周质中,经薄层扫描分析;重组菌株XL1-BLUE（pHOG-2E3)的蛋白表达产物分别占菌体可溶性蛋白的4%,重组菌株XL1-BLUE（pHOG-2E3)的蛋白表达产物占菌体总蛋白的相对含量为22%,其相对分子量约为31ku。表达的ScFv蛋白不但具有中和卵磷脂酶的活性,而且能够对致死性腹腔攻击α毒素的小鼠产生良好的被动保护作用。     

新型抗菌肽Perinerin在大肠杆菌中的融合表达

为了获得新型抗菌肽 perinerin在大肠杆菌中的高效和可溶表达,实验首先采用SOE 法(重叠 PCR 法)获得的 perinerin 基因序列,对目的基因密码子优化,然后将其连接到 pET32a 载体中获得重组表达载体 pET32a-PEN,通过改变诱导时间和温度、诱导剂 IPTG 浓度以及诱变工程菌株等条件和方法,观察重组蛋白的表达效果,并运用金属螯合层析对融合蛋白进行纯化.SDS-PAGE 显示重组菌诱导后表达的融合蛋白分子量约为 26kD,采用变异重组菌株 MUT 3诱导表达,在 2×YT 培养基培养条件下,30 ℃诱导4 h 可获得高效表达的 perinerin 融合蛋白,其表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 50 % 左右,重组蛋白主要以可溶性表达形式存在,可溶性产物最高可达重组蛋白总表达量的 60 %.融合蛋白运用金属螯合层析一步纯化,纯度可达 90 % 以上.     

肝癌相关抗原SMP30重组基因的构建、表达及分子伴侣共表达系统的探索

旨在通过应用基因工程的方法构建、表达和纯化肝癌相关抗原SMP30,研究共表达分子伴侣提高基因工程蛋白表达的可溶性及效率。PCR扩增SMP30 cDNA序列,用基因工程技术构建重组表达质粒,转化E.coliBL21(DE3)pLysS宿主菌。表达蛋白经Ni-NTA亲和柱纯化获得HIS-SMP30融合蛋白;分别将4种表达不同分子伴侣的质粒(pG-KJE8、pGro7、pKJE7、pTf16)转入E.coliBL21(DE3)中;然后再将重组质粒转入含有分子伴侣质粒的细胞中,进行分子伴侣与重组质粒的共表达,SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达量与可溶性分析。经优化表达条件后,目的蛋白以包涵体形式表达,目的蛋白占总蛋白的60%以上;纯化后纯度高达95%以上;诱导共表达后,目的蛋白在上清含量极少,不到总表达目的蛋白的10%。成功构建出高效表达的SMP30重组质粒;加入到诱导表达体系中的4种分子伴侣质粒不能有效的促进可溶性蛋白的表达,pTf16共表达系统能增加目的蛋白表达量。     

乳糖诱导的重组人血管内皮抑素(rhEndostatin)蛋白的表达

研究用乳糖替代IPTG作为诱导剂进行重组蛋白的表达,观察乳糖对乳糖操纵子调控的基因工程菌发酵及重组血管内皮抑素表达的影响,从而选取最佳诱导表达条件。以重组人血管内皮抑素表达工程菌pETrhEN/BL21(DE3)作为研究对象,分别用IPTG和乳糖作为诱导剂,在摇瓶中进行表达实验。并对重组蛋白质表达量进行分析。然后在5 L发酵罐中进行验证。在摇瓶培养条件下,乳糖浓度大于0.5 g/L即可以诱导目的蛋白的表达。乳糖浓度1 g/L时诱导目的蛋白表达量与1 mmol/L的IPTG相当,当乳糖浓度为10 g/L,目的蛋白表达量达到最大。在发酵罐培养条件下,补料4 h后葡萄糖浓度基本耗尽,此时开始加入乳糖。诱导后1 h,即有重组蛋白表达,在诱导后4 h达到高峰(占菌体可溶性蛋白的56%),与此同时,诱导后5 h菌体浓度也达到最高值。在以乳糖操纵子为调控手段的工程菌表达系统中,可以使用乳糖作为诱导剂,诱导应在葡萄糖消耗完后进行。     

Selection and proliferation of rapid growing cell lines from embryo derived cell cultures of yew tree (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc)

Calli were induced from 300,000 embryos isolated from immature to mature stage of seeds collected on late September from 14 elite trees. When the embryos were cultured onto plastic Petri-dish containing 20 mL of modified B5 basal medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 500 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 250 mg/L myo-inositol, 0.5% (w/v) polyvinyl polypyrrolidon (PVPP), 2×MS vitamins, 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid, and 10 mg/L 2,4-D after 2 weeks of culture, yellowish-white calli were immediately formed on the surfaces of embryos, and subcultured for 4 weeks in same culture medium. Because most of calli maintained for more than 3 months were revealed differences in their colors, surface texture, and growth rate, visual selection was made for first round screening. When the size of visually selected calli larger than 19 mm in their diameter were inoculated, persistent proliferation was observed. Among the plating methods tested for the selection of rapid growing cell lines at single cell and/or small cell aggregate level, 2-layer spread plating revealed as the best for single cell cloning. To enhance cell growth and maintain high rate of viability for long-term culture of yew cells in bioreactor, final cell volume less than 50% in SCV seemed to be the best. Time course study revealed that 30% of inoculum density was suitable for fed batch culture. Among the tested conditional media, the rate of 1∶2 (old medium: fresh medium) was recorded at the best for cell growth.     

Modulation of transmembrane pressure in manufacturing scale tangential flow filtration N-1 perfusion seed culture

Mammalian cells were grown to high density in a 3,000 L culture using perfusion with hollow fibers operated in a tangential flow filtration mode. The high-density culture was used to inoculate the production stage of a biomanufacturing process. At constant permeate flux operation, increased transmembrane pressures (TMPs) were observed on the final day of the manufacturing batches. Small scale studies suggested that the filters were not irreversibly fouled, but rather exposed to membrane concentration polarization that could be relieved by tangential sweeping of the hollow fibers. Studies were undertaken to analyze parameters that influence the hydrodynamic profile within hollow fibers; including filter area, cell density, recirculation flow rate, and permeate flow rate. Results indicated that permeate flow rate had the greatest influence on modulating TMP. Further evaluation showed a significant decrease in TMP when permeate flow was reduced, and this occurred without any negative effect on cell growth or viability. Hence, a 30% reduction of permeate flow rate was implemented at manufacturing scale. A stable operation was achieved as TMP was successfully reduced by 75% while preserving all critical factors for performance in the perfusion bioreactor.     

Recombinant trypsin production in high cell density fed-batch cultures in Escherichia coli

Fed-batch techniques were employed to obtain high cell density cultures (92-100 g DCW/L) of Escherichia coli strain X90 producing a recombinant serine protease, rat anionic trypsin, secreted to the periplasm. The specific growth rate was controlled to minimize growth-inhibiting acetate formation by utilizing an exponential feeding profile determined from mass balance equation. The volumetric yield of recombinant rat anionic trypsin was 56 mg/L, and the final cell density was 92 g DCW/L when the culture was induced in the late logarithmic phase. However, when the culture was induced in the early logarithmic phase, the volumetric yield was 13 mg/L and the final cell density was 14 g DCW/L. Thus, the induction timing is shown to have a significant effect on the final cell density as well as the overall volumetric yield of the recombinant protease. (c) 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Viable Transgenic Goats Derived from Skin Cells

The current study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility of expanding transgenic goat herds by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) using transgenic goat cells as nucleus donors. Skin cells from adult, transgenic goats were first synchronized at quiescent stage (G0) by serum starvation and then induced to exit G0 and proceed into G1. Oocytes collected from superovulated donors were enucleated, karyoplast-cytoplast couplets were constructed, and then fused and activated simultaneously by a single electrical pulse. Fused couplets were either co-cultured with oviductal cells in TCM-199 medium (in vitro culture) or transferred to intermediate recipient goat oviducts (in vivo culture) until final transfer. The resulting morulae and blastocysts were transferred to the final recipients. Pregnancies were confirmed by ultrasonography 25-30 days after embryo transfer. In vitro cultured NT embryos developed to morulae and blastocyst stages but did not produce any pregnancies while 30% (6/20) of the in vivo derived morulae and blastocysts produced pregnancies. Two of these pregnancies were resorbed early in gestation. Of the four recipients that maintained pregnancies to term, two delivered dead fetuses 2-3 days after their due dates, and two recipients gave birth to healthy kids at term. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis confirmed that both kids were transgenic and had integration sites consistent with those observed in the adult cell line.     

A 57,000-mol-wt protein uniquely present in nonproliferating cells and senescent human fibroblasts

Mouse monoclonal antibody, S-30, was produced from hybridoma preparation from mice injected with the cytoskeleton extract of an in vitro aged culture of human fibroblasts derived from a 66-yr-old donor. The antibody stains positively the nuclei of the nonproliferating cells present predominantly in the senescent cultures of five selected fibroblast strains derived from donors of different age groups, whereas a negative reaction is observed in the cultures of their young counterparts. In the intermediate stage of the in vitro life span of these cell strains, a heterogeneous positive reaction for staining with S-30 antibody is observed in different subfractions of cell cultures. However, the expression of S-30 can be induced in the young fibroblasts at the early stage of their life by prolonged culturing to confluence. This induced expression of S-30 nuclear staining can be depleted upon subculturing at low cell density. Immunoelectron microscopy with colloidal gold-protein A complex demonstrates that the S-30 proteins are present in the nuclear plasma and at the region of nuclear envelope in a clustered arrangement. Immunoprecipitation of [3H]leucine labeled cell specimens shows that the antibody S-30 reacts with a protein with a molecular weight of approximately 57,000.     

Methanol as alternative carbon source for quicker efficient production of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima: Role of the concentration and frequence of administration

Autotrophic cultures of the marine microalgae Chlorella minutissima were performed at 13 000 lux continuous illumination in 1 l chambers fertilised with 0.25 g l⁻¹ F2 medium and different doses of methanol. This was administered in two ways during two parallel experimental series of 10 days: 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% methanol (v/v) in one unique dose at the beginning of the culture and 1/10 of these (i.e. 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5% methanol (v/v)) in daily doses for the 10-day culture period. Low concentrations of methanol induced a faster increase of cell density and dry weight than control, while high concentrations induced symptoms of toxicity. The higher cell densities and quicker growth were observed in the experiments with daily administration of 0.005 and 0.1% (v/v) methanol, while those with one dose presented an initial boosted growth but a final cell density lower than control. The role of methanol as alternative carbon source for microalgae, as well as its possible impact on the quality of biomass production and on the environment, are discussed.     

A Moderately Thermophilic Mixed Microbial Culture for Bioleaching of Chalcopyrite Concentrate at High Pulp Density

Three kinds of samples (acid mine drainage, coal mine wastewater, and thermal spring) derived from different sites were collected in China. Thereafter, these samples were combined and then inoculated into a basal salts solution in which different substrates (ferrous sulfate, elemental sulfur, and chalcopyrite) served as energy sources. After that, the mixed cultures growing on different substrates were pooled equally, resulting in a final mixed culture. After being adapted to gradually increasing pulp densities of chalcopyrite concentrate by serial subculturing for more than 2 years, the final culture was able to efficiently leach the chalcopyrite at a pulp density of 20% (wt/vol). At that pulp density, the culture extracted 60.4% of copper from the chalcopyrite in 25 days. The bacterial and archaeal diversities during adaptation were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and constructing clone libraries of the 16S rRNA gene. The results show that the culture consisted mainly of four species, including Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Sulfobacillus acidophilus, and Ferroplasma thermophilum, before adapting to a pulp density of 4%. However, L. ferriphilum could not be detected when the pulp density was greater than 4%. Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to monitor the microbial dynamics during bioleaching at a pulp density of 20%. The results show that A. caldus was the predominant species in the initial stage, while S. acidophilus rather than A. caldus became the predominant species in the middle stage. F. thermophilum accounted for the greatest proportion in the final stage.     

Primary cultured murine hepatocytes but not hepatoma cells regulate the cell number through density-dependent cell death

The mechanisms by which hepatocytes regulate their cell numbers in culture have been examined. We found that when murine hepatocytes were cultured at an overconfluent stage, the number of viable cells were reduced to that of the confluent stage 48 h later by cell death. Cell death was accompanied by LDH release, and it was observed only in primary cultured hepatocytes but not in hepatoma cells. Genomic DNA analysis using electrophoresis showed that DNA fragmentation, a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, was induced in superconfluent cultures of hepatocytes in a cell-density-dependent fashion, but not in pre-confluent cells. DNA fragmentation was rapidly induced 2 h after the beginning of the in vitro culture and continued up to 24 h later. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the nuclei from the hepatocytes in a high density culture were condensed and that the DNA content was reduced. These data suggest that the mechanism of cell death is apoptosis. The DNA fragmentation seen in the high density hepatocyte culture was not observed in hepatoma cell lines. Moreover, apoptosis was induced in hepatocytes of MRL/lpr mice, suggesting that the Fas antigen was not involved in the apoptotic process. Apoptosis was inhibited by a protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, and by a calmodulin antagonist, W-7. Taken together, the results indicate that high density culture of murine hepatocytes though not hepatoma cells regulate their cell numbers by an apoptotic mechanism. The apoptosis is dependent on de novo protein synthesis and intracellular calcium metabolism.     

Meiosis of Primary Spermatocytes and Early Spermiogenesis in the Resultant Spermatids in Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster in vitro

Dissociated spermatogenic cells were cultivated within the collagen matrix at low cell density. The largest cell type in the culture was identified as the primary spermatocytes by their size and the morphological characteristics revealed by ultra-thin sections. Chromosome analysis showed that about 90% of the cells examined were either in first or second meiosis. Within the collagen matrix, the fates of 282 single primary spermatocytes at meiotic stage in diakinesis or metaphase were followed. In a few days, most of them gave rise to four spermatids, passing through first and second meiotic divisions. About 80% of the spermatids formed motile flagella. They grew about 20–60 μm a day. The final state of the differentiation attained in our culture conditions was the spermatids with localized spherical nuclei and motile flagella, about 500 μm in length after 1-month's culture. Ultra-thin sections of the spermatids show that the rings, neck-pieces, and acrosomes developed in the cells.     

Two-stage cultures for the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

A two-stage culture system was established for the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. In a first stage green vegetative cells were produced in semicontinuous cultures maintained with daily renewal rates between 10 and 40%. The steady-state cell density decreased with increasing renewal rates. Highest cell productivity, 64 x 10(6) cells l(-1) day(-1) was obtained with a daily renewal rate of 20%. In a second stage the harvested cultures were submitted to high light (240 micromol photon m(-2) s(-1)) under batch conditions for 15 days in order to stimulate the transition to the aplanospore stage and the accumulation of astaxanthin. No decrease in cell density was recorded during the induction period in any of the cultures. Cultures obtained at high renewal rates continued growing during the induction period and no astaxanthin was accumulated until all nitrogen in the media had been consumed. The final concentration of astaxanthin was inversely correlated to the growth rate at which first-stage cultures were maintained. Optimal renewal rate for maximal astaxanthin production depended on the duration of the induction period. After a 12-day induction period the highest astaxanthin production, 5.8 mg l(-1) of semi-continuous culture day -1, was obtained with cultures maintained at a renewal rate of 20%. When the induction period was increased to 15 days maximal astaxanthin productivity, 9.6 mg l(-1) of semi-continuous culture day -1, was obtained from cultures maintained at a renewal rate of 40% despite the much lower astaxanthin concentration achieved in these cultures. Results demonstrate the feasibility of semi-continuous cultivation of H. pluvialis for the two-stage production of astaxanthin.