亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育的解除

【目的】为了探明滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度如何影响亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis滞育的强度。【方法】采用不同条件下诱导的亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫转到不同条件下解除滞育的方法,测试了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群滞育幼虫滞育解除的光周期反应、滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度对滞育持续时间的影响及田间越冬幼虫滞育解除的时间进程。【结果】滞育解除是由光周期控制的,临界日长为14.5 h。在25℃和28℃,光周期13L︰11D诱导的滞育个体的滞育强度显著弱于11L︰13D和12L︰12D。滞育幼虫在长光周期15L︰9D和22,25和28℃解除滞育,显示了其滞育持续时间随温度的升高显著缩短,从22℃下的72 d降到28℃下的34 d。5℃的低温处理没有缩短滞育持续时间,但低温处理同步了滞育个体的化蛹时间。越冬幼虫不同时期从自然条件下转入恒温25℃,长光周期15L︰9D和短光周期12L︰12D的条件下解除滞育,显示了越冬幼虫滞育初期对光周期仍然敏感,但这种光敏感性在1月份后丧失。3年的田间观察揭示了50%滞育幼虫的化蛹时间出现在4月末至5月上旬,50%羽化时间出现在5月中旬。【结论】亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫的滞育强度受到滞育诱导期和滞育期间的光周期和温度的显著影响。     

低温对麦红吸浆虫滞育解除及蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90表达水平的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确破茧率和破茧所需时间作为典型的专性幼虫期滞育昆虫麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana滞育解除指标的可行性,探讨蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90在低温解除滞育中的作用。【方法】9月上旬采自田间的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫在低温(4℃)和自然变温处理不同时间(0~90 d)后转移至24℃化蛹,调查幼虫的破茧率、化蛹率及破茧和化蛹所需时间;采用qPCR技术分析4℃低温终止滞育并在24℃下恢复发育的幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的mRNA水平。【结果】不同时间低温(4℃)和自然变温处理的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫破茧率和化蛹率以及破茧和化蛹所需时间均存在显著差异。未经低温(4℃)处理的幼虫在水分满足的条件下破茧率为71.3%,但均不能化蛹;低温(4℃)处理60 d内,随着处理时间的延长破茧率和化蛹率逐渐升高,破茧和化蛹所需时间逐渐缩短;与4℃低温处理30~60 d相比,自然变温处理30~60 d的幼虫化蛹率显著较低;4℃低温处理60 d和自然变温处理90 d后幼虫的化蛹率均超过91%。低温(4℃)处理显著提高了麦红吸浆虫幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的表达量,其中处理30 d时其表达量最高,随着低温(4℃)处理时间的延长,表达量逐渐降低,大部分幼虫滞育解除后表达量趋于恒定。【结论】低温能显著促进麦红吸浆虫的滞育解除,效果优于9-10月自然变温;破茧率及破茧所需时间可作为评判麦红吸浆虫幼虫滞育强度的参考,但不能独立作为滞育解除的指标;EcR,Hsp70和Hsp90的表达水平与滞育强度密切相关,在麦红吸浆虫滞育解除中发挥潜在作用。     

高温条件下棉铃虫化蛹率、夏滞育率和蛹重的变化

在预蛹期,高温处理能诱导棉铃虫蛹进入夏滞育。本实验着重就33～39℃的变温下滞育蛹和未滞育蛹的失重动态进行了对比研究,同时以常温（27℃）下蛹作为参照。研究发现： 在33～39℃的变温条件下,棉铃虫化蛹率显著低于其在常温下的化蛹率,且所化蛹中有63.2%的雄性和10.9%的雌性进入高温夏滞育,其中高温滞育蛹和未滞育蛹分别都轻于正常发育蛹。化蛹后第2日至第5日期间,高温滞育蛹失重量显著低于高温未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹的失重量,分别为3.62、13.30和5.49 mg;蛹期总失重量结果与化蛹后第2～5日间蛹失重量趋势一致,高温滞育蛹、未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹失重量分别为15.60、49.35和26.30 mg。蛹失重动态研究发现高温滞育蛹在夏滞育期间其失重曲线平缓,显著低于高温未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹;高温滞育蛹滞育解除后,其失重曲线与正常发育蛹的失重趋势基本一致。结果表明,棉铃虫夏滞育蛹能通过维持低的代谢水平来度过不利环境,具有一定的生态适应意义。     

豆天蛾越冬幼虫滞育解除后生物学特性的研究

[目的]豆天蛾Clanis bilineata tsingtauica以老熟幼虫进入滞育越冬,为探明豆天蛾滞育解除的机制.[方法]本研究设置4个不同温度梯度,在恒湿条件下,研究不同温度处理下豆天蛾滞育持续时间、化蛹及羽化的差异.[结果]温度对豆天蛾滞育解除存在一定影响.随着温度升高,豆天蛾滞育持续时间和蛹期逐渐缩短,在35℃条件下滞育持续时间和蛹期最短,分别为(34.4±0.3)d和(6.7±1.2)d;而化蛹率、蛹重随温度的升高呈先升高后降低,在25 ℃时,化蛹率最高为(80.60±0.26)％,在30 ℃时,蛹重最大为(4.21±0.07)g/头.豆天蛾成虫羽化率随温度升高而显著降低;25℃条件下,单雌产卵量最大,达到(204±9)粒.本室内条件下,豆天蛾滞育解除的有效积温为111¨日·度.[结论]在温度为25 ℃的条件下最有利于豆天蛾滞育解除后的生长发育.     

1986年度日本第一次联合高考生物学试题(附答案)

第一题阅读下文A、B,回答1—5问(20分) A 将柞蚕幼虫饲养在25℃条件下,由于给予的光照条件不同,有的发育成非滞育蛹(不经滞育而发育为成虫的蛹),有的发育成滞育蛹(发育中途停止,越冬的蛹)。问1 在各种日照长度条件下,滞育蛹的出现率如下图所示。从图l所示结果,可以得     

新疆棉铃虫滞育的诱导和解除

在我国各棉区,棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmi－gera（Hilbner）均以滞育蛹越冬。迄今,对该虫北京、四川简阳、豫南、苏北等地理种群的滞育诱导或解除特性均已有所研究［1-6］,从中明确了光照和温度是其滞育形成的主要影响因素,温度则对滞育解除起主导作用。本研究以新疆种群为材料,结果如下。1材料与方法1．1虫源：采自新疆阿拉尔（40．5°N）。室内在27℃左右、光照14小时下用人工饲料连续饲养[7]。1．2不同温度和光照下滞育形成情况观察：在温度22～28℃和光照9～14．5小时的组合条件下饲养幼虫,化蛹1周后,参考Phillip等（1966）的方法…     

棉铃虫发育历期的地理变异

为探明棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera Hübner不同地理种群发育历期及其地理变异,通过对棉铃虫不同地理种群在不同温度和光周期下幼虫和蛹发育历期的研究,本论文系统比较了来自中国的4个地理种群,广东广州(23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西永修(29.04°N,115.82°E)、山东泰安(36.15°N,116.59°E)、辽宁喀佐(41.34°N,120.27°E)在20℃、22℃、25℃和28℃恒温下的幼虫、非滞育蛹和滞育蛹发育历期及其与栖息地纬度的关系。结果表明,棉铃虫幼虫发育历期随栖息地纬度的升高而缩短,在25℃下,与地理纬度存在明显的负相关关系,其它温度下呈不显著的负相关关系,雌雄幼虫发育历期相似,差异不显著;在20℃下,蛹历期(包括滞育蛹和非滞育蛹)与栖息地纬度呈显著负相关,其它温度下的蛹历期与栖息地纬度呈正相关,雄蛹历期均要略长于雌蛹历期,但差异不显著。棉铃虫幼虫和蛹发育历期随着纬度的变化呈现一种渐变的趋势,存在地理变异;北方种群的幼虫发育历期较南方种群的短;适温(22℃-28℃)范围内,北方种群的非滞育蛹发育历期比南方种群的更长些;不同地理种群间滞育蛹的历期亦存在较大的差别。这些结果进一步揭示了即使在同一种类昆虫中,不同实验条件,其各个虫态发育历期的地理变异也可能不同。     

棉铃虫越冬蛹呼吸代谢的某些特点

在25℃、不同光周期条件下饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armigera幼虫,分别形成滞育的越冬蛹和发育蛹,用Gilson呼吸计研究其呼吸代谢.两组棉铃虫在蛹期的代谢速率(微升氧气/毫克鲜重/小时)都呈U-型曲线变化.越冬蛹呼吸代谢的特征是:代谢速率显著降低;U-型曲线的底线延续很长时间;几乎全部利用脂类作为代谢底物.预计滞育的棉铃虫在6龄幼虫期的代谢速率已明显降低.由于在诱导滞育的条件下蛹并不一定全部进入滞育,滞育与非滞育个体在化蛹初期又没有形态上的区别,所以它们的代谢速率差异可以用作判断蛹是否滞育的标准.根据呼吸资料估测,棉铃虫越冬蛹在长达7个月的越冬期内消耗能量约800(雌)—900(雄)焦耳,只比发育蛹(历期约两周)消耗的能量多70%左右.     

光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是自然界重要的天敌昆虫,以预蛹兼性滞育越冬。本研究旨在明确光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内观测了不同温度(22℃和25℃)和光周期(15L∶9D及9L∶15D)条件下大草蛉预蛹的滞育解除及滞育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成虫鲜重、成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量等生物学特性,以及5℃低温处理对预蛹滞育解除的作用,并分析了滞育持续时间对大草蛉滞育解除后发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】在光周期15L∶9D和9L∶15D下,25℃下大草蛉预蛹期(分别为50.09和49.47 d)显著短于22℃下(分别为80.80和82.20 d)。5℃低温处理极显著延长了大草蛉预蛹期(P0.01),且缩小了预蛹期的个体差异。22℃下,与非滞育预蛹相比,滞育后预蛹的存活率显著降低,蛹期和产卵前期显著延长,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,成虫鲜重和单雌产卵量显著下降。22℃,光周期15L∶9D下大草蛉的滞育持续时间为50~170 d,且能影响滞育后发育:随着滞育持续时间的延长,蛹期逐渐延长,雌、雄成虫的鲜重逐渐降低,雄成虫寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势,蛹存活率、雌成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量没有显著性差异。【结论】试验条件下,两种光周期对大草蛉滞育解除、滞育后发育和繁殖没有明显的影响,而温度是调节大草蛉滞育发育和繁殖的重要因子。较高温度能促进滞育的解除,低温处理能够同步种群的滞育发育。大草蛉的滞育存在生殖代价,滞育持续时间影响滞育解除后的部分生物学特性。     

低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响

为了探讨温度和光周期对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响, 系统调查了绿盲蝽越冬卵在不同温度和不同光照组合下的孵化率和孵化时间, 结果显示：绿盲蝽的越冬卵均为滞育卵,低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育解除均有影响。2℃的低温处理能够显著促进其滞育解除,在0~65 d范围内,随着低温处理时间增长,其滞育解除时间缩短,未经低温处理的越冬卵T₅₀为68.5 d,低温处理65 d的T₅₀为12.25 d,绿盲蝽越冬卵在2℃低温处理65 d后完全解除滞育;在0~40 d范围内,低温处理时间越长,绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化率越高,在25℃、全光照的条件下不经低温处理的孵化率为68.65%,低温处理40 d后在25℃的条件下的孵化率达到99.46%。在20~26℃范围内,绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育后发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短, 随着光周期的延长而缩短。结果说明低温处理能够提高绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除率,但不是其滞育解除的必要条件,低温处理与自然变温对绿盲蝽滞育解除的作用相似;高温和长光照能够促进绿盲蝽的滞育解除,缩短发育历期。     

Diapause termination in the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the laboratory

The effect of temperature, photoperiod, artificial diet and water on the termination of diapause by larvae of the stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied in the laboratory. Termination of diapause as indicated by pupation was affected mainly by a combination of high temperature and a long day photoperiod. Total darkness did not prevent termination of diapause and pupation occurred also in larvae which were never exposed to water. Long days accelerated pupation, but, under 16 h daylength, termination of diapause was faster than under constant illumination. Provision of artificial diet had no effect or slowed down pupation but water decreased the time to pupation. Under 28°C, 16 h daylength and availability of water, C. partellus diapausing larvae terminated diapause and pupated in about 9 days.     

光周期和温度对草地螟滞育诱导的影响

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。在室内通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期和温度诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:草地螟是一种典型的长日照发育型种类。光周期、温度及其交互作用均对草地螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期起主导作用, 温度伴随着光周期起作用。对幼虫滞育诱导最有效的光周期是L12∶D12; 随着温度的升高, 临界光周期呈缩短趋势（18℃除外）。18, 22, 26和30℃条件下幼虫滞育的临界日长依次为13.97, 14.48, 13.92 和12.88 h。光敏感实验揭示:21℃时草地螟对光照反应最敏感时期为幼虫孵化后的11～17 d（约5龄幼虫）, 但孵化后7～11 d（约4龄幼虫）的短光照积累对提高滞育率也有重要作用, 可以将滞育率从40.0%提高到90.0%。     

Juvenile hormone changes associated with diapause induction, maintenance, and termination in the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

At 22°C and under a long-day photoperiod of L:D 16:8, all the last fifth instar Loxostege sticticalis larvae undergo prepupal stage and pupate without diapause. Under a short-day photoperiod of L:D 12:12, in contrast, they all enter diapause with approximately 36 days diapause maintenance and then terminate diapause spontaneously, although only 44% of the larvae terminated diapause successfully. Changes in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH I) titers of diapause-destined larvae across diapause induction, maintenance and termination were examined using HPLC, and were compared with those of non-diapause-destined larvae from the fifth instar through pupation. JH I titer of the earliest fifth instar diapause-destined larvae remained at a high level with a peak of 220.4 ng/ml, though it decreased continuously to a minimum of 69.0 ng/ml on day 5 in the fifth instar when the larvae stopped feeding to enter diapause. During the diapause maintenance, JH I titer of the mature larvae increased significantly and maintained a high level until day 31 in prepupae. JH I titer declined and fluctuated at low level from 5 days before pupation. In contrast, JH I titer of both the fifth instar non-diapause-destined larvae and prepupae remained and fluctuated at low level consistently, as well as decreased before pupation. These results indicate that diapause induction and maintenance in this species might be a consequence of high JH, whereas diapause termination can be attributed to low JH titer, which was in agreement with the hormonal regulation observed in many other larval-diapausing insects.     

Evidence for the presence of a threshold weight for entering diapause in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris

Under long-day conditions larvae of Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) pupate after the 4th or 5th instar, while under short-day conditions they undergo 2-4 nonstationary supernumerary molts and eventually enter diapause. To explore the possibility of a threshold weight for entering diapause, P. hilaris larvae were deprived of food on days 0 (day of ecdysis), 4 or 8 of the 4th, 5th and 6th instars under short-day conditions. Within the first 40 days of starvation, 60% of the larvae starved starting on day 0 of the 4th instar died, but all the larvae starved at later stages survived. The incidence of diapause in these survivors was determined by the occurrence of pupation after a temporary chilling at 15 degrees C for 15 days. Diapause incidence increased as the onset of starvation was delayed; from 11% in the larvae starved on day 0 of the 5th instar to 100% in the larvae starved on day 4 and day 8 of the 6th instar. Analysis of the relationship between the initial weight of a respective larva at the onset of starvation and its pupation success revealed that none of the larvae weighing 690 mg did. This finding suggests the presence of a threshold weight (about 600 mg), below which larvae are incapable of entering diapause. We discuss these findings with reference to the life history of P. hilaris.     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

稻螟赤眼蜂诱导滞育条件的优化

应用滞育技术是延长赤眼蜂货架期的可行性措施之一。为实现工厂化生产稻螟赤眼蜂滞育蜂,本研究以在3种光周期(16 L∶8 D、12 L∶12 D和8 L∶16 D)下繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂种群为材料,考察了诱导始期(寄生后发育12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h和72 h)、诱导温度(10℃和13℃)和诱导历期(14 d、21 d、28 d和35 d)对稻螟赤眼蜂滞育的影响。研究结果表明短光照下繁育的种群更容易进入滞育状态;寄生后发育24 h和12 h为最敏感的诱导始期,随着诱导始期虫龄的增长,滞育效果也随之下降;诱导温度对滞育也有显著影响,其中8 L∶16 D的种群在13℃下诱导的滞育率要显著高于10℃,但其他两个种群在10℃下诱导的滞育率要显著高于13℃;诱导历期的增加可以显著提高稻螟赤眼蜂的滞育率。供试稻螟赤眼蜂种群的较适宜滞育条件为8 L∶16 D下繁育的赤眼蜂种群寄生后发育12 h于13℃下诱导滞育28 d或35 d,以及寄生后发育24 h于10℃或13℃下诱导滞育35 d,滞育率可超过95%。     

Endocrine changes associated with metamorphosis and diapause induction in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris

At 25 degrees C and under a long-day photoperiod, all 5th instar Psacothea hilaris larvae pupate at the next molt. Under a short-day photoperiod, in contrast, they undergo one or two additional larval molts and enter diapause; the 7th instar larvae enter diapause without further molt. The changes in hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH III) titers, JH esterase activity, and ecdysteroid titers in pupation-destined, pre-diapause, and diapause-destined larvae were examined. JH titers of the 5th instar pupation-destined larvae decreased continuously from 1.3 ng/ml and became virtually undetectable on day 13, when JH esterase activity peaked. Ecdysteroids exhibited a small peak on day 8, 1 day before gut purge, and a large peak on day 11, 2 days before the larvae became pre-pupae. The two ecdysteroid peaks are suggested to be associated with pupal commitment and pupation, respectively. JH titers of the 5th instar pre-diapause larvae were maintained at approximately 1.5 ng/ml for 5 days and then increased to form a peak (3.3 ng/ml) on day 11. JH esterase activity remained at a low level throughout. Ecdysteroid levels exhibited a large peak of 40 ng/ml on day 18, coincident with the larval molt to the 6th instar. JH titers of the 7th instar diapause-destined larvae peaked at 1.9 ng/ml on day 3, and a level of approximately 1.1 ng/ml was maintained even 30-60 days into the instar, when they were in diapause. Ecdysteroid titers remained approximately 0.02 ng/ml. Diapause induction in this species was suggested to be a consequence of high JH and low ecdysteroid titers.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine seed wasp Eurytoma plotnikovi

Abstract Mummified pistachios containing fully grown diapause larvae of Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol'skaya (Hym., Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September in coastal northern Greece and subjected to various photoperiod and temperature treatments, then maintained at 19 or 26°C and a long-day (LD 16:8 h), a changing, or a short-day (LD 10:14 h) photoperiod until pupation. In larvae of early August (beginning of diapause) subjected for 20 weeks to 19°C under a long, a changing, or a short photophase, followed by 19°C and a long photophase, 50% of the larvae pupated after 24, 18 and 13 weeks respectively. After exposure for 20 or even 12 weeks to a short photophase and low temperatures (10 or 4°C), pupation occurred after only 7–8 weeks and was more synchronous. The ranges of temperature for diapause development and post-diapause morphogenesis overlap. After exposure for 12 weeks to short days and low temperature, larvae of late September pupated much sooner under long days than under short days and sooner at 26° than at 19°C. E.plotnikovi depends on both temperature and photoperiod for diapause development, low temperature having a strong favourable effect on the earlier part and long day on the later part of diapause. In a few larvae of another pistachio seed wasp, Megastigmus pistaciae Walker, after a long enough period of low temperatures, diapause was terminated normally at 26°C and long days, or at 19°C and long or short days.