昆虫促前胸腺激素研究进展

昆虫促前胸腺激素研究进展李毅平龚和（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）关键词促前胸腺激素受体信号系统促前胸腺激素（ｐｒｏｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃｏｔｒｏｐｉｃｈｏｒ－ｍｏｎｅＰＴＴＨ）因其促进前胸腺（ＰＧ）合成和分泌蜕皮激素而得名,以前也称为脑激素,因...     

棉铃虫前胸腺的神经解剖研究(英文)

用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)前胸腺的形态、超微结构、神经分布及末龄幼虫和早期蛹前胸腺的超微结构变化作了观察和研究。前胸腺呈T形,每对由76—116个大小不同的腺细胞组成;在末龄腺体中发现一种直径约6μ的微腺细胞;在28C,光周期L:D=15:9条件下,前胸腺在化蛹后第三天完全消失,前胸腺布满大量的气管或微气管,并有三根神经分布。腺细胞质膜内陷形成细胞间隙系统(ICS):ICS的宽度和深度在末龄幼虫蜕皮甾类分泌达到峰值时增至最大。在第4天末龄幼虫的前胸腺中观察到大量的多泡囊体(MVS)及其残片、粗面内质网、线粒体基质的电子透性增至最大。最后,对第十天末龄幼虫前胸腺细胞间边的冷冻复型膜进行了观察。前胸腺结构的变化与其分泌状态密切相关。     

东方粘虫末龄幼虫血淋巴蜕皮甾类滴度的变化及促前胸腺激素对前胸腺的活化作用

东方粘虫六龄幼虫血淋巴蜕皮甾类滴度,在幼虫的取食生长期一直处在很低的水平(<6pg/μl血淋巴),其后于徘徊期的前一天开始升高,至预蛹期形成唯一的1个高峰(～450pg/μl血淋巴)。前胸腺离体培养的结果表明,前胸腺分泌活力与血淋巴蜕皮甾类滴度的动态呈基本平行的趋势,只是较后者超前了约24小时。促前胸腺激素粗提物能直接活化离体前胸分泌蜕皮甾类。粘虫六龄2日龄(LVI_2)幼虫的前胸腺已能被促前胸腺激素活化,说明此时的前胸腺对促前胸腺激素已具感受性。     

脑及前胸腺对蓖麻蚕化蛹的作用

前言 昆虫内分泌中心的存在,已为科学工作者所承认。前胸腺激素控制昆虫的蜕皮,已在鳞翅目、半翅目和直翅目等目中证实。近年来,对昆虫脑激素作用的重要性,尤其是它在内分泌系统中所起的主导作用,已逐渐明确。 Kope(1922)除去舞毒蛾(Lymantria)末龄第2天幼虫的脑,幼虫不能化蛹;如在末龄10天后去脑,则对化蛹并无影响。Kope认为脑是控制化蛹的中心。一些作者在其它鳞翅目昆虫中也获得同样的结果。 后来福田(1940)在家蚕中发现前胸腺对化蛹起重要的作用,并认为前胸腺分泌的激素对化蛹起控制作用。     

甜菜夜蛾促前胸腺激素cDNA的克隆和表达

利用兼并引物扩增出甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua, Spe)的促前胸腺激素(prothoracicotropic hormone, PTTH) cDNA, 克隆和测序结果显示出PTTH cDNA编码226个氨基酸的开放阅读框: 包括信号肽、1个功能未知的肽和PTTH. 和其他已知物种的PTTH比较, 甜菜夜蛾和夜蛾科昆虫有较高的同源性, 和蚕蛾科和大蚕蛾科昆虫的相似性稍低, 但是PTTH分子中的7个半胱氨酸残基的位置是非常保守的. 整体免疫组织化学检测发现PTTH表达在甜菜夜蛾脑中的2对神经分泌细胞中. Northern杂交表明在脑中有高丰度的PTTH mRNA存在, 分子大小约为1.2 kb. 半定量RT-PCR检测了PTTH在幼虫期和蛹期的发育变化, 显示出PTTH表达和蜕皮变态有密切的关系, 暗示PTTH在甜菜夜蛾行使其生物学功能很可能是通过刺激前胸腺合成和分泌蜕皮激素来完成的.     

苜蓿夜蛾促前胸腺激素基因的克隆与原核表达

促前胸腺激素(Prothoracicotropic hormone,PTTH)是一类重要的昆虫激素,它对昆虫生长、蜕皮、变态、滞育具有重要调控作用。以苜蓿夜蛾5龄幼虫为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,扩增得到苜蓿夜蛾促前胸腺激素基因的cDNA序列,该序列含有823个碱基,包括1个681个碱基的开放阅读框,编码1个含226个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为26.3 kD,等电点为8.51。序列分析表明,苜蓿夜蛾PTTH的氨基酸序列与其他昆虫,尤其是鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫的PTTH高度同源。获得的基因已登录GenBank,登录号为JF731347。利用原核表达载体pET21b在大肠杆菌中成功表达了苜蓿夜蛾PTTH基因,并用Ni-NTA亲和层析柱将带His-tag的目的蛋白进行纯化。     

滞育和非滞育棉铃虫前胸腺的形态解剖学比较研究

该文用解剖镜和电子显微镜对滞育和非滞育棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera前胸腺的形态解剖结构进行了比较研究。结果发现滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺细胞及其细胞间隙相对较小,不易着色,细胞核规则,较小,细胞质中几乎见不到光滑内质网和粗面内质网,线粒体极少,这些观察到的现象充分说明滞育棉铃虫的前胸腺活性较低。     

寻找胸腺

发现圆口纲的脊椎动物,像盲鳗和七鳃鳗都具有获得性免疫系统,尽管它们没有像免疫球蛋白和MHC,却拥有两种分别类似T细胞和B细胞的免疫细胞。现在,德国弗莱堡马普学会的Thomas Boehm和同事们认为他们已经找到了圆口动物获得性免疫系统的又一个重要组成部分：七鳃鳗胸腺。     

脑及前胸腺对蓖麻蚕成虫特征与生殖腺发育的作用

许多试验已证明,昆虫成虫特征的发育与分化是受内分泌系统所控制的。作者已证明蓖麻蚕的脑及前胸腺对化蛹起决定性作用,为了进一步观察脑及前胸腺对成虫特征的发育与分化有何显著影响,特别是蓖麻蚕雌雄两性生殖腺的发育,是否也受内分泌中心所控制,故进行这一工作。     

胸腺细胞在胸腺外凋亡的形态学证据

In vitro thymus explants culture designed in this paper can mimic the thymic microenvironment as it were in vivo. Theoretically, thymus explants are cut off free from blood stream. So if some developing or developed thymocytes had the inclination to migrate into the periphery, they would only be accumulated in the blood vessels within thymus explants. After 3-day's culture, under transmission electron microscope we observed the migrating thymocytes accumulated in the blood vessels of C57BL/6 mice thymus explants, and these thymocytes were occurring apoptosis at different stage. To our knowledge, this findings offers the first morphological evidence that thymocytes do not necessarily die inside the thymus in situ, and that having acquired the death signals thymocytes can migrate into the blood stream and die quickly outside the thymus. But this is not to say that we deny the intrathymic death hypothesis. On the contrary, we found the number of thymocytes occurring in situ apoptosis on the surfaces of stromal cells is far more than that of migrating into the blood vessels. So, our proposal is that there are two sites for thymocytes apoptosis, some die inside the thymus and the others die outside the thymus.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism