Bemerkungen zur Karyologie und Systematik einiger Sippen der Gattung Vicia L

Continuing the earlier investigations of Vicia species, karyologically not examined hithero, the following taxa of th genus have been described:

• 1 Chromosome numbers reported for the first time–V. Meyeri Boiss. (2n = 14), V. pubescens (DC.) Link (2n = 14), V. graminea SM (2n = 14), V. ramuliflora (MAXIM .) OHWI (2n = 28), V. semiglabra RUPR . ex BOISS . ssp. caucasica (EKVTIM .) RADZHI (2n = 10), V. semenovii (RGL . et HERD .) FEDTSCH . (2n = 12), V. costata LDB (2n = 12), V. hajastana GROSSH . (2n = 10).
• 2 Re-investigations – V. tenuissima (M. BIEB .) SCHINZ et THELL . (2n = 14), V. benghalensis L. (2n = 14), V. lathyroides L. (2n = 12).

Brief cytological and systematical remarks are given for all the species mentioned above. Discrepancies in the literature are especially discussed (V. benghalensis, V. peregrina, V. lathyroides). Our data support the uniformity of the subgen. Ervum in regard to chromosome number (2n = 14) and primitivity of the karyotype. The finding of an advanced karyotype with 10 chromosomes (V. semiglabra) within the subgen. Cracca has been recorded for the first time. In this group a new polyploid taxon (V. ramuliflora) has been found too. The known polyploid representatives of the genus are summarized, all of which belong to perennial species of the subgen. Cracca. Most of the taxa are characterized by obviously distinct karyotypes, that is partly ture for chromosome sizes too (conspicuously long: V. hajastana, V peregrina; conspicuously shrt: V. ramuliflora, V. lathyrodies). This striking karyological differentiation seems to refer not only to the Old world species but also to the New world ones, of which V. graminea (and a strain named „V. selloi”︁) has been examined for the first time. In general the chromosome number and structure (besides the traditional morphological characters) have been proved as extremely valuable for taxonomical considerations within the genus. This is a common situation in many other plant groups too. We therefore think of further cytotaxonomical studies as especially suitable for explaning the evolution and the evolutionary mechanisms within the genus.     

Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil

A Neogene turtle from Brasil is described. It represents the first find of a new species close to the extant Podocnemis sextuberculata. Both species constitute a new clade in the genus. The synapomorphies they share and the differences between them are given. P. negrii nov. sp. is the second fossil species of the genus, after P. bassleri from the Neogene of Peru, which constitutes another clade with the extant P. expansa. The relationships between these two clades and the other species of the genus are not determinate.     

Autosomal fragmentations and fusions in odonata and their evolutionary implications

The fragmentation of autosomes in the karyotypes ofEnallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) (n=1415),Mecistogaster sp. (n=15),Hetaerina rosea Sel. (n=14),Libellula depressa L. (n=1213),Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabr.) (n=1213),Diplacodes bipunctata (Br.) (n=1315) andD. haematodes (Burm.) (n=1213) is discussed. Original material ofMecistogaster andHetaerina was not available.Fragmentations were found to be the only way in which the recombination index is obligatorily changed (increased) in dragonflies. In at least five out of the seven cases considered the chromosome number is not stabilised: cells in which fragmentation occurred and those in which it did not are found in the same individual (Enallagma, Libellula, Orthetrum, Diplacodes). Fragmentation results in an increase of chromosome number (a) up to the family type number level (Libellula, Orthetrum, D. haematodes), (b) above the latter (Hetaerina) and (c) above any chromosome number ever reported in dragonflies (Mecistogaster, D. bipunctata). In our material the element or elements formed by fragmentation have always the size and usually also the heterochromatic features of the m-chromosomes, irrespective of the presence or absence of the latter in the original complement.A review of species in which fusions of autosomes were recorded or can be assumed is given.Orthetrum brachiale (Beauv.) (n=11) is added to the list. The situation in this species and inSympetrum eroticum Sel. is discussed in detail.The most essential differences between the fusion of (an) autosome (s) with the sex element on one hand (cf.Kiauta, 1969), and the fusion of two or more autosomes on the other, lies in the observations: (a) that in the former case, fused and unfused complements occur in one individual, whereas the latter is specifically characteristic and occurs in all cells, all individuals and all populations of the species, and (b) that autosomal fusion results in an increase of chiasma frequency, due to which the recombination index in secondarily low-n complements remains the same as it was in the primary high-n sets, or becomes even higher (O. brachiale, S. eroticum).Autosomal fragmentation (found so far in some advanced forms only) is considered as a character of phylogenetic advancement. Autosomal fusion, on the other hand, does not have any relation with phylogeny.     

Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen of Brazilian Water Buffalo,Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus*

SYNOPSIS Total numbers and distribution of genera, subgenera and species were determined for the ciliate protozoa in rumen contents of 4 Brazilian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus. The fauna of one animal, housed in close proximity to European and zebu-type cattle, differed considerably from that of the remaining animals, which were somewhat isolated on a large ranch. Several of the protozoan species observed in the semi-isolated animals were first described in rumen contents from humped Indian cattle, and their subsequent occurrence in other hosts and geographic locations has been limited or absent. In all, 49 different species of protozoa were found, 8 of which have not been previously described. Three of the new species belong to the genus Entodinium: E. ciculum sp. n., E. spinonucleatum sp. n. and E. triangulum sp. n.: 4 to Diplodinium (Ostracodinium): D. (O.) brazili sp. n., D. (O.) esalqum sp. n., D. (O.) nucleolobum sp. n., and D. (O.) tiete sp. n.; and one to Diplodinium (Eudiplodinium): D. (E.) bubalus sp. n.     

Morphological,Ultrastructural, and Molecular Characterization of Euplotidium rosati n. sp. (Ciliophora,Euplotida) from Guam

We combined morphological (i.e. live, stained, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy) with morphometric and molecular analysis to describe a ciliate species collected from shallow reefs in Guam, grown, and maintained in our laboratory. The species was recognized as a member of Euplotidium, and compared with established species of the genus: Euplotidium itoi Ito 1958; Euplotidium psammophilus (Vacelet 1961) Borror 1972; Euplotidium arenarium Magagnini and Nobili 1964; Euplotidium helgae Hartwig 1980; Euplotidium prosaltans Tuffrau 1985, and Euplotidium smalli Lei, Choi and Xu, 2002. To obtain more elements to compare the species, new morphometric data and additional SSU rRNA gene sequences of E. itoi and of E. arenarium are reported. On the basis of this comparison, we established the new species Euplotidium rosati that has a cirral pattern composed of 12 frontoventral and six transverse cirri, and lacks the left marginal cirrus. Euplotidium rosati harbors on its dorsal surface epixenosomes, the peculiar extrusive symbionts described in other Euplotidium species. The whole body of our observations together with the analysis of the data available in the literature leads us to propose a redefinition of the genus. The results may also be useful to clarify the tangled relationship between Euplotidium and Gastrocirrhus.     

碎米蕨属的系统学研究——基于4种叶绿体DNA序列片段

碎米蕨属(Cheilosoria Trevis.)隶属碎米蕨类, 由于形态上的趋同进化, 使得该类群的系统分类一直存在争议。该研究对该碎米蕨属植物的4种叶绿体DNA序列片段(rbcL/matK/rps4/rps4-trnS)进行PCR扩增和序列分析, 再结合其它相关类群, 用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建系统树并探讨其系统发育关系。结果表明, 碎米蕨属不是一个单系类群, 旧世界分布的碎米蕨属植物(薄叶碎米蕨除外)均聚在亚洲Cheilanthes群内, 与粉背蕨属(Aleuritopteris Fée)等类群形成不同亚支。该属孢子形态具有明显异质性。薄叶碎米蕨(Cheilosoria tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Trevis.)与亚洲其它碎米蕨属植物的系统位置相距甚远, 且与隐囊蕨(Notholaena hirsuta (Poir.) Desv.)聚为完全支持的分支, 两者可能均为大洋洲起源, 并属于另一类群。美洲和旧世界分布的碎米蕨属植物关系较远, 二者可能代表了不同的演化路线。     

A new species of Amblyodus Westwood, 1878 (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Dynastinae) from South America

A second species of Amblyodus Westwood, 1878, Amblyodus castroi sp. n., is described from the northern South America based on 12 specimens from Brazil and Peru (Amazonian subregion). The new species is here compared with the type species of the genus, Amblyodus taurus Westwood, 1878 and both species and their male genitalia are illustrated. Diagnostic characters for the genus are discussed, especially the metatibial teeth. A distribution map including the type species and the new species is provided. The genus Amblyodus is recorded for the first time from Peru and from Brazil states of Pará and Rondônia.     

Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Quillaja Molina (Quillajaceae)

The taxonomy and distribution of the genus Quillaja (Quillajaceae) is examined and two species, Q. brasiliensis and Q. saponaria, are recognised and keyed out. Quillaja bra‐ siliensis is distributed in southern Brazil, northern Uruguay, northeastern Argentina and eastern Paraguay. The presence of Q. brasiliensis in Peru, indicated in some sources, is not confirmed with herbarium specimens. Quillaja saponaria is distributed in central Chile, besides one doubtful collection from Andean Bolivia. The mention of its presence in Peru is likewise unjustified. A distribution map of the species is provided and two names are lectotypified here. Se examina la taxonomía y distribución del género Quillaja (Quillajaceae), donde dos especies, Q. brasiliensis y Q. saponaria, se reconocen y diferencian mediante una clave. Quillaja brasiliensis se distribuye en el sur de Brasil, norte de Uruguay, noreste de Argentina y este de Paraguay. La presencia de Q. brasiliensis en Perú, indicada en algunas fuentes, no se ve respaldada por ejemplares de herbario. Quillaja saponaria se distrbuye en Chile central, más una colección dudosa proveniente de los Andes de Bolivia. La mención de Q. saponaria para Perú tampoco se justifica. Se presenta un mapa de distribución de las especies y se lectotipifican dos nombres. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Two new taxa of subtribe Rhaconotina (Hymenoptera: Braconidae,Doryctinae, Doryctini) from Africa,with a key to subtribe genera

A new genus, Grangerdoryctes gen. n. (with type species Aivalykus niger Granger), from Madagascar and a new subgenus Pararhacon subgen. n. of the genus Rhaconotus Ruthe (type species R. (P.) haeselbarthi sp. n.) from South Africa are described and illustrated. A discussion of genera without a second radiomedial vein of the fore wing in the tribe Doryctini is presented. The position and content of the subtribe Rhaconotina are discussed and a key for determination of the genera of this subtribe is proposed.     

Three new species of Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae,Theraphosidae) from Argentina

ABSTRACT

Euathlus

Ausserer, 1875 is a South American genus of spiders of the family Theraphosidae known from Chile and Argentina. Three new species from Argentina: Euathlus mauryi sp. n. (from San Juan province), Euathlus grismadoi sp. n. (from La Rioja province), and Euathlus pampa sp. n. (from Salta province) are described here. New records of the previous species Euathlus diamante and Euathlus tenebrarum are contributed. The distribution of these new species expands the geographical distribution of the genus along the Andean hills, with Salta province as the northernmost record of the genus. A key is provided for identification of Euathlus species as well as a map with all the records in Argentina.     

Cytology and sexuality of 11 species of Elatostema (Urticaceae) in limestone karsts suggests that apomixis is a recurring phenomenon

Limestone karsts across southern China to southeastern Asia are renowned biodiversity hotspots. The karst are characterized by exposed calcareous rocks, seasonal droughts and thin soils that are deficient in N and P but with high Ca and Mg content. The stressful habitat may result in high biodiversity through mechanisms such as niche differentiation, hybridization, polyploidy and apomixis. The genus Elatostema (Urticaceae) has particularily high species diversity in this area and can be used a model genus to explore the mechanisms of speciation. We conducted cytological studies on 11 species of Elatostema from 12 populations in Guangxi, China. We found five populations to be diploid (2n = 26), and seven triploid populations (2n = 39). We infer x = 13 as the basic chromosome number of Elatostema. The chromosome numbers 2n = 26 and 2n = 39 were both found in populations of E. longistipulum, indicating that this species comprise both diploids and triploids. Both male and female plants of Elatostema were found to be diploid. In contrast, the triploids found were all female plants, and these produce seeds, presumably by apomixis. We found no clear relationship between ploidy level or reproductive pathway and endemism in Elatostema which might be because Elatostema species are wind‐pollinated and independent of biotic pollinators. However, a random sample of 11 karst species revealed that ca 2/3 appeared to be apomictic, suggesting that it is a widespread reproductive strategy of Elatostema in the limestone karsts of Guangxi. Apomixis enables plants to reproduce and disperse from a single individual, allowing ‘hopeful monsters’ adapted to a new habitat to form stable populations.     

Averrhoidium dalyi (Sapindaceae): a new species from western Amazonia

The present paper describes and illustrates the new speciesAverrhoidium dalyi and provides a key to the species ofAverrhoidium. The new species is known from lowland, terra firme forest in the Purus River basin, in Acre, Brazil, and from Manu National Park in Madre de Dios, Peru.

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Resumen  En el presente artículo se describe, discute e ilustra la nueva especieAverrhoidium dalyi coleccionada en la cuenca del Río Purus en el estado de Acre, Brasil y en el Parque Nacional del Manu en el departamento Madre de Dios, Peru. También en el presente se provee una clave para las especies deAverrhoidium.

     

Increase of nitrosative stress in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia

Background

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) production is increased in asthma and reflects the degree of airway inflammation. The alveolar NO concentration (Calv) in interstitial pneumonia is reported to be increased. However, it remains unknown whether NO production is increased and nitrosative stress occurs in eosinophilic pneumonia (EP). We hypothesized that nitrosative stress markers including Calv, inducible type of NO synthase (iNOS), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), are upregulated in EP.

Methods

Exhaled NO including fractional exhaled NO (FE_NO) and Calv was measured in ten healthy subjects, 13 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and 13 patients with EP. iNOS expression and 3-NT formation were assessed by immunocytochemistory in BALf cells. The exhaled NO, lung function, and systemic inflammatory markers of the EP patients were investigated after corticosteroid treatment for 4 weeks.

Results

The Calv levels in the EP group (14.4 ± 2.0 ppb) were significantly higher than those in the healthy subjects (5.1 ± 0.6 ppb, p < 0.01) and the IPF groups (6.3 ± 0.6 ppb, p < 0.01) as well as the FE_NO and the corrected Calv levels (all p < 0.01). More iNOS and 3-NT positive cells were observed in the EP group compared to the healthy subject and IPF patient. The Calv levels had significant positive correlations with both iNOS (r = 0.858, p < 0.05) and 3-NT positive cells (r = 0.924, p < 0.01). Corticosteroid treatment significantly reduced both the FE_NO (p < 0.05) and the Calv levels (p < 0.01). The magnitude of reduction in the Calv levels had a significant positive correlation with the peripheral blood eosinophil counts (r = 0.802, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results suggested that excessive nitrosative stress occurred in EP and that Calv could be a marker of the disease activity.     

Pararalichus gen.n. (Acarina, Pterolichidae) from New World parrots (Aves, Psittacidae)

Pararalichus gen.n. (Pterolichidae, Pterolichinae) is described; two species groups, from species of Brotogeris Vigors and Touit Gray, respectively, include two named and ten new species. From Brotogeris : the type species Pararalichus dilatatus (Favette & Trouessart) stat.n., comb.n. [= Protolichus ( Mesolichus ) hemiphyllus dilatatus ] from Brotogeris jugularis (Müller), Brazil, Guatemala, Panama; P. chrysopteri sp.n. from B. chrysopterus (L.). Guyana, Surinam; P. cyanopterae sp.n. from B. cyanoptera (Pelzeln), Bolivia, Peru; P. pyrrhopteri sp.n. from B. Pyrrhopterus (Latham), Ecuador, Peru; P. sanctithomae sp.n. from B. sanctithomae (Müller), Bolivia, Peru; P. tiricae sp.n. from B. tirica (Gmelin), Brazil; P. versicolori sp.n. from B. versicolorus (Müller), Brazil, Peru. From Touit: P. hemiphyllus (Mégnin & Trouessart) comb.n. [ =Pterolichus (P.) hemiphyllus ] from Touit batavica (Boddaert), Surinam, Trinidad; P. dilectissimae sp.n. thrn T. dilectissima (Sclater & Salvin), Colmbia, Costa Rica; P. huetii sp.n. from T. huetii (Temminck), Brazil, Guyana, Peru; P. parpuratae sp.n. from T. purpurata (Gmelin), Brazil, Guyana, Surinam; P. surdae sp.n. from T. surda (Kuhl), Brazil. All hosts are Central and South American parrots. Mesolichus Trouessart, 1899 is recognized as a monotypical genus.     

Mealybugs of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dysmicoccus</Emphasis> Ferris (Homoptera,Pseudococcidae) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries

A key to six species of the genus Dysmicoccus from the former USSR is given, provided with comprehensive information on the nomenclature, morphology, and taxonomy of the widely variable D. walkeri. The following new synonymies are established: D. walkeri Newstead (= D. kazanskyi Borchs., syn. n.; = glandularis Baz., syn. n.; = badachshanicus Nurm., syn. n.; = innermongolicus Tang in Tang and Li, syn. n.). Lectotype of D. kazanskyi is designated. Dysmicoccus multivorus (Kir.) is considered in the revision of the genus Trionymus Berg (Danzig, 1997), the rest species are discussed in the monograph of the Far Eastern fauna (Danzig, 1980).     

A new combination in Pseudosymblepharis (Pottiaceae) from South and Central America

Abstract

Trichostomum schlimii Müll.Hal., a neglected Colombian taxon, is transferred to the genus Pseudosymblepharis Broth. as Pseudosymblepharis schlimii (Müll.Hal.) comb. nov. The species, known only from the type locality in Santa Marta, Colombia, is newly reported for the moss floras of Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guiana, Peru, and Venezuela. It is described, lectotypified, illustrated, and mapped. Diagnostic characters, and distinction from one closely related American species within the genus are discussed. Trichostomum mollissimum (Broth. ex E.B.Bartram) H.A.Crum and Pseudosymblepharis guatemalensis (E.B.Bartram) B.H.Allen are reduced to the synonymy of Pseudosymblepharis schlimii.     

Schulzia chiribita n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongylina, Molineoidea) parasite of Leptodactylus rhodonotus (Amphibian) from Peru

A third species of the genus Schulzia Travassos, 1937 a parasite of Leptodactylus rhodonotus (Amphibian, Leptodactylidae) originating from Peru is described. By the pattern of the caudal bursa, the specimens are closely related to the two other species. They are distinguished from Schulzia uzu Lent & Santos, 1989, parasite from Atelopus oxyrhynchus in Venezuela, by the shape of the ovejector and from Schulzia travassosi Durette-Desset, Baker & Vaucher, 1985, parasite from Bufo crucifer in Brasil, Bufo granulosus and Leptodactylus bufonius in Paraguay, by the shape of the spicules. The presence of a new species in Peru points out the wide geographic distribution of the genus in the Neotropical region.     

On the fauna of bristletails of the genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Petrobius</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigoniophthalmus</Emphasis> (Thysanura,Machilidae) from the Caucasus

Five new species, Petrobius caucasicus sp. n., Trigoniophthalmus presimplex sp. n., T. divnogorski sp. n., T. kislovodski sp. n., and T. adigei sp. n. (Machilidae), are described from the Caucasus. A key to all the known species of the genus Trigoniophthalmus is given. Two subgenera (Trigoniophthalmus s. str., Trigoniocellus subgen. n.) in the genus Trigoniophthalmus are described. 2 + 2 retractile vesicles are present on abdominal segments II–IV in the species of Trigoniocellus subgen. n. and on II–V abdominal segments in Trigoniophthalmus s. str. Analysis of the evolution and phylogenetic relations between the species of the genus Trigoniophthalmus is performed for the first time. The formation of bristletails of the genus Trigoniophthalmus appears to occur in the Caucasian mountain province of the European area, from where they penetrated to the Central European mixed province and the Mediterranean subarea. Among the described species of the genus, T. kislovodski is distinguished by the greatest number of plesiomorphic states of morphological characters.     

Stylotrichium glomeratum (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae), a new species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

Stylotrichium glomeratum (Asteraceae, tribe Eupatorieae, subtribe Gyptidinae) is described from Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil), where the genus is endemic. A key to the five species ofStylotrichium is presented.

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Descreve-seStylotrichium glomeratum (Eupatorieae, Asteraceae), uma nova espécie da Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brasil), onde este gênero é endêmico. é apresentada uma chave para as cinco espécies deStylotrichium.

     

Taxonomic review of Cratocerus Dejean, 1829 (Coleoptera,Carabidae) with the description of six new species

A diagnosis of the South and Central American genus Cratocerus Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and a key to all species is provided. Eight species are recognized including six species that are newly described: Cratocerus sinesetosus sp. n. from French Guiana and Peru; Cratocerus multisetosus sp. n. from Costa Rica and Panama; Cratocerus tanyae sp. n. from Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Mexico; Cratocerus indupalmensis sp. n. a species widely distributed throughout Central and South America; Cratocerus kavanaughi sp. n. from French Guiana and Peru; and Cratocerus culpepperi sp. n. from Peru. A lectotype for Cratocerus sulcatus Chaudoir is designated. Habitus images are provided along with illustrations and images of male genitalia, female genitalia, and diagnostic morphological characters.